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Afro-Mexicans

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Afro-Mexicans
Afromexicanos (Spanish)
Percentage of total and partial Afro-Mexicans in each municipality (2020 census)
Total population
Sub-Saharan ancestry predominates
2,576,213 (2020 census)[1]
2.04% of the Mexican population
Regions with significant populations
Guerrero, Lázaro Cárdenas, Huetamo, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Greater Mexico City, Guadalajara and Múzquiz Municipality
Languages
Religion
Christianity (Catholicism, Protestantism), Afro-American religions
Related ethnic groups
African Americans, West Africans, Afro–Latin Americans, Blaxicans, Haitian Mexicans, and other Mexicans

Afro-Mexicans (Spanish: Afromexicanos), ba ba itsegeng gape jaaka Ba-Mexico ba Bantsho (Spanish: Mexicanos negros),[2] ke Ba-Mexico ba letso lotlhe kgotsa bontsi jwa lone la Aforika yo o kwa Borwa jwa Sahara.[3][2] Jaaka palo e le nngwe, Afro-Mexicans ba akaretsa batho ba ba tswang mo Maaforikeng a a gololesegileng le a a dirilweng makgoba a a gorogileng kwa Mexico ka nako ya bokolone,[3] mmogo le bafaladi ba morago ga boipuso. Batho ba ba akaretsa batho ba ba tswang mo losikeng lwa Aforika go tswa kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi a a buang Seesemane, Sefora le Spanish tsa Caribbean le Amerika Bogare, ditlogolwana tsa Maaforika a a dirilweng makgoba kwa Mexico[4] le ba ba tswang kwa Borwa jo bo kwa teng ka nako ya Bokgoba kwa United States, le ka selekanyo se sennye bafaladi ba bosheng ba ba tswang kwa Aforika ka tlhamalalo. Gompieno, go na le merafe ya selegae kwa Mexico e e nang le letso le le botlhokwa le fa e se le legolo la Aforika. Tseno di dintsi thata mo mafelong a a rileng, go akaretsa le batho ba ba nnang kwa dikgaolong tsa Oaxaca, Michoacán, Guerrero le Veracruz.

Mo lekgolong lotlhe la dingwaga morago ga gore Spain e fenye Mmusomogolo wa Ba-Aztec ka 1519, go ne ga tlisiwa palo e e bonalang ya makgoba a Baaforika kwa Veracruz. Go ya ka buka ya ga Philip D. Curtin ya The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census, go fopholediwa gore Maaforika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ka nna dikete tse makgolo a mabedi a ne a gapiwa ka dikgoka mme a tlisiwa kwa New Spain, e moragonyana e neng ya nna Mexico ya segompieno.[5]

Go tlhamiwa ga boitshupo jwa bosetshaba jwa Mexico, segolobogolo morago ga Phetogo ya Mexico, go ne ga gatelela boswa jwa batho ba tlholego ba Amerindians ba Mexico le boswa jwa Yuropa jwa Spain, go sa akarediwe ditso tsa Aforika le meneelo go tswa mo tlhaloganyong ya bosetshaba ya Mexico. Le fa Mexico e ne e na le palo e e bonalang ya Maaforika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba ka nako ya bokolone, bontsi jwa batho ba ba tswang mo Aforika ba ne ba tsenelela mo bathong ba Mestizo (Bayuropa/Amerindia ba ba tlhakaneng), Mulatto (Bayuropa/Aforika ba ba tlhakaneng), le Batho ba Tlhago ka go kopana ga ditlhopha tse. Mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, bakanoki ba Mexico ba ne ba buelela gore Bantsho ba bonale. E ne e le ka 1992 fa puso ya Mexico e ne e amogela semmuso setso sa Aforika jaaka sengwe sa ditlhotlheletso tse tharo tse dikgolo mo setsong sa Mexico, tse dingwe e le tsa Spanish le batho ba tlhago.[6]

Boswa jwa tshika jwa palo e e kileng ya bo e le botlhokwa ya Mexico ya Maaforika a a neng a le makgoba a motlha wa bokolone bo supiwa mo bathong ba ba seng Bantsho ba Mexico jaaka selekanyo se sennye sa DNA ya Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara e e fitlhelwang mo Momexico yo o tlwaelegileng. Mo palong ya batho ya 2015, 64.9% (896,829) ya Afro-Mexicans le bone ba ne ba itshupa e le Ba-Mexico ba tlhago ba Amerindian. Gape go ne ga begwa gore 9.3% ya Afro-Mexicans ba bua puo ya tlholego ya Mexico.[7]

Mo e ka nnang 2.4-3% ya baagi ba Mexico e na le letso le legolo thata la Aforika, ka didikadike di le pedi le sephatlo tse di ikamogetseng ka nako ya Tekanyetso ya 2020 ya Palobatho ya Magareng. Le fa go ntse jalo, metswedi mengwe e baya palo ya semmuso mo go bokana ka 5% ya palogotlhe ya baagi. Le fa metswedi e mengwe e kaya gore ka ntlha ya go phimolwa ga batho ba Bantsho mo setshabeng sa Mexico, le tshekamelo ya batho ba Afro Mexico go ikamanya le merafe e mengwe kwa ntle ga Afro Mexico, phesente ya Afro-Mexicans e ka tswa e le kwa godimo thata go feta se palo ya semmuso e se buang. Mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi le motso la dingwaga, batho bangwe ba ba itlhaolang jaaka Afro-Mexicans ke bana le ditlogolwana tsa bafaladi ba Bantsho ba ba tlholegileng go tswa kwa Aforika le kwa Caribbean.[8] Tekanyetso ya dipalobatho tsa 2015 e ne e le lekgetlho la ntlha le mo go lone Afro-Mexicans ba neng ba ka itshupa jalo mme e ne e le maiteko a ntlha a go akaretsa boitshupo pele ga palobatho ya 2020 e jaanong e bontshang gore palo ya batho ba lefatshe ke 2.04%. Potso e e neng ya bodiwa mo patlisisong e ne e le "Go ikaegilwe ka setso sa gago, ditso, le dingwao, a o itsaya o le Montsho, go kaya gore o le Afro-Mexican kgotsa o le wa setlogolwana sa Aforika?"[9] mme e ne ya tla morago ga dingongorego tse di farologaneng tse di dirilweng ke ditlhopha tsa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le badiredipuso.

Bangwe ba balwela-kgololesego ba bone, jaaka Benigno Gallardo, ba akanya fa baagi ba bone ba tlhoka "temogelo le pharologano", ka se a se bitsang "setso se se tlwaelesegileng sa Mexico".

Makgoba a ne a goroga kwa Mexico ka folaga ya sekepe go tloga ka 1450 go ya go 1866

Maaforika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a tlisiwa kwa Mexico segolobogolo ke bagwebi ba makgoba ba Mapotokisi le Borithane.

Sefikantswe sa ga Gaspar Yanga, mothei wa toropo ya ntlha e e gololesegileng ya makgoba a a tshabileng kwa Amerika Bokone. Gone jaanong bonno jo bo itsege e le Yanga, kwa Veracruz.

Afro-Mexicans ba ne ba dira ditiro tse di farologaneng tsa itsholelo e le makgoba le e le batho ba ba gololesegileng. Mexico ga e ise e ko e nne setshaba se se theilweng mo bokgobeng, jaaka go ne ga direga kwa dikoloning tse di kwa borwa tsa Anglo-American kana kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Caribbean, koo masimo a neng a dirisa makgoba a mantsi a masimo gone. Fa Mexico e ne e fenngwa, bogare jwa Mexico bo ne bo na le batho ba le bantsi ba Baindia ba ba rulagantsweng ka tatelano ba ba neng ba dira tiro e e patelediwang thata. Itsholelo ya Mexico e ne e dirisa tiro ya makgoba ya Aforika ka nako ya bokolone, segolobogolo kwa ditoropong tsa Spain e le badiri ba mo gae, bataki le badiri mo madirelong a go dira matsela (obrajes). Le fa Mexico e ketekile medi ya yona e e tlhakaneng ya tlholego le ya Yuropa mestizaje, go nna teng ga Maaforika le meneelo go fitlha bosheng e ne e se karolo ya puo ya bosetshaba. Ka go oketsega, rekote ya ditso e ile ya tlhabololwa go tsaya tsia go nna teng ga batho ba Afro-Mexicans ka lobaka lo loleele kwa Mexico.

Tshimologo ya bonno le kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Dikarolo tsa lefelo la phemelo kwa San Juan de Ulúa di ne tsa agiwa ke batho ba Aforika Bophirima ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba le batho ba tlhago ba Mexico. Ka 2017, kago ya phemelo le toropo ya Yanga di ne tsa itsisiwe jaaka "Mafelo a Kgopolo" ke INAH le UNESCO jaaka karolo ya Porojeke ya Tsela ya Makgoba.[10]

Le fa babusiwa ba Spain ba ne ba sa letlelelwe go nna le seabe mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya Atlantic, asiento de negros (konteraka ya monopoly e e neng ya ntshiwa ke Kgosi ya Spain go merafe e mengwe ya Yuropa go tlamela ka Maaforika a a dirilweng makgoba kwa dikoloning tsa Spain kwa Amerika) e ne ya netefatsa go nna teng ga Bantsho mo go botlhokwa kwa Amerika ya Spain,go akaretsa le Mexico. Bontsi jo bogolo bo ne bo simolotse mo Aforika, ga se makgoba otlhe a a neng a tsaya loeto ka tlhamalalo go ya kwa New Spain, bangwe ba ne ba tswa kwa mafelong a mangwe a Spain, segolobogolo kwa Caribbean. Nueva España kgotsa New Spain e ga jaana e leng Mexico, go ne go na le makgoba a a neng a tsamaisiwa ka dikepe go tloga ka 1521 go ya go 1810. Ba ba tswang Aforika e ne e le ba ditlhopha tse di tswang kwa Bophirima jwa Sudan, Congo le morafe wa Bantu.

Tshimologo ya makgoba e itsiwe ka ditokomane tse di farologaneng jaaka dikwalololo tsa thekiso. Kwa tshimologong makgoba a ne a tswa kwa Cape Verde le Guinea.[go tlhokega nopolo] Moragonyana makgoba le one a ne a tsewa kwa Angola.[11]

Go dira tshwetso ya bong jwa makgoba a a neng a tla romelwa kwa Lefatsheng le Lesha, go ne ga dirwa dipalo tse di neng di akaretsa go dira sentle mo mmeleng le go tsala. Kwa tshimologong, sephatlo sa makgoba a a neng a tswa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe e ne e le basadi mme sephatlo se sengwe e le banna. Le fa go ntse jalo, moragonyana go ne ga lemogiwa gore banna ba ka bereka nako e telele ba sa lape le gore ba ne ba ntsha dipholo tse di tshwanang mo kgweding yotlhe, fa basadi bone ba ne ba tshwarwa ke ditlhabi le malwetse bonolo.[11] Moragonyana, ke bongwe mo borarong fela jwa makgoba otlhe jo e neng e le basadi.

Go tswa mo lefatsheng la Aforika go ne ga tsewa makgoba a letlalo le lentsho; "bantsho ba ntlha ba nnete ba ne ba ntshiwa mo Arguin."[Nopolo eno e tlhoka go nopolwa] Moragonyana mo lekgolong la dingwaga la bolesome le borataro, makgoba a Bantsho a ne a tswa kwa Bran, biafadas le Gelofe (kwa Cape Verde). Makgoba a batho ba batsho a ne a arogatswe ka mefuta e le mmalwa, go tswa fela ka setlhopha sa bona sa morafe le kwa ba tlholegang teng, mme segolobogolo ba ne ba farologannwa ka dipharologanyo tsa mebele. Go ne go na le ditlhopha tse pedi tse dikgolo. Sa ntlha, se se bidiwang Retintos, se gape se bidiwang swarthy, se ne se tswa kwa Sudan le kwa Letshitshing la Guinea. Mofuta wa bobedi e ne e le amulatados kgotsa amembrillados ba mmala o o botlhofo wa letlalo, fa ba bapisiwa le Bantsho ba bangwe mme ba ne ba farologanngwa ka mebala ya letlalo la bone le le serolwana.[12]

Tlhokeho ya makgoba e tlile nakong ya pele ga bokolone, segolobogolo fa gare ga 1580 le 1640, fa palo ya batho tlhago e neng e fokotsega ka ntata ya malwetsi a masha a a tshelanwang.[13] Carlos V o ne a simolola go ntsha palo e e golang ya dikonteraka (asientos) fa gare ga Kgosi ya Spain le batshwari ba makgoba ba ba ikemetseng ka tlhamalalo go tlisa Maaforika kwa dikoloning tsa Spain. Batshwari bao ba ne ba dira ditumalano le Mapotokisi, a a neng a laola mmaraka wa makgoba wa Aforika.[14] Mexico e ne e na le maemelodikepe a a botlhokwa a makgoba mo Lefatsheng le lesha, ka dinako tse dingwe a ne a tshotse makgoba a a tlisitsweng ke MaSpanish pele ga a romelwa kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa Latin America le Caribbean.[15]

Go ya ka komponi ya diteko tsa tshika ya 23andMe, bagologolwane ba ba kwa Borwa jwa Sahara kwa Mexico ba tswa kwa kgaolong ya Senegambia le Guinea.[16] Se se farologana le letso le legolo la Nigeria kwa United States le dikarolo tsa Caribbean.[16]

  1. ↑ "Principales resultados del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020" (PDF). inegi.org.mx (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 20, 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  2. 1 2 Archibold, Randal C. (2014-10-25). "Negro? Prieto? Moreno? A Question of Identity for Black Mexicans". New York Times. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le botlhano ka 2025.
  3. 1 2 "Afromexicanos, un rostro olvidado de México que pide ser reconocido". CNN México. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le botlhano ka 2025.
  4. ↑ "South to Freedom". The National Endowment for the Humanities. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  5. ↑ Sluyter, Andrew (2012). Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900. Yale University Press. p. 240. ISBN 9780300179927. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  6. ↑ "Africa's Lost Tribe In Mexico". New African. January 10, 2012. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  7. ↑ "Página no encontrada" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-10.
  8. ↑ "Documento Informativo sobre Discriminación Racial en México" (PDF). CONAPRED. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-22. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  9. ↑ De Castro, Rafa Fernandez (December 15, 2015). "Mexico 'discovers' 1.4 million black Mexicans—they just had to ask". Fusion. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  10. ↑ "El Fuerte de San Juan de Ulúa y Yanga, en Veracruz, son declarados Sitios de Memoria de la Esclavitud". Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Hostoria. 7 December 2017. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le botlhano ka 2025.
  11. 1 2 Tatiana Mendez, 2009, Escuela de Trabajo Social UNAM.[page needed][full citation needed]
  12. ↑ Aguirre Beltrán, 1989 p.166[full citation needed]
  13. ↑ Frank T. Proctor III. Afro-Mexican Slave Labor in the Obrajes de Paños of New Spain, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (PDF) (Report). University of Western Ontario. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2018. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le boraro ka 2025.
  14. ↑ Vaughn, Bobby (14 June 2020). "Blacks In Mexico - A Brief Overview". MexConnect.
  15. ↑ Ariane Tulloch. Afro-Mexicans: A short study on Identity (PDF) (MA). University of Kansas. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  16. 1 2 "Reports for Caribbean and Latin American Customers". 23andMe Blog. 15 May 2019. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro.
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