Afro-Palestinians
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Palestine, Palestinian diaspora | |
| Languages | |
| Arabic | |
| Religion | |
| Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Afro-Jordanians, Afro-Syrians, Afro-Saudis, Al-Akhdam, Afro-Omanis, Afro-Iraqis |
Afro-Palestinians ke Mapalastina a boswa jwa Bantsho ba Aforika. Mo Gaza Strip, go fopholediwa gore bokana ka 1% ya baagi ke bantsho, ka batho ba ka nna dikete tse lesome le motso ba Afro-Palestinian ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya Al Jalla’a ya Toropo ya Gaza pele ga Phalane 2023.[1] Kwa Jerusalema, palo e e fopholediwang go nna magareng ga makgolo mabedi-makgolo mane le masome matlhano e nna mo lefelong la ditsola Aforika go dikologa Bab al-Majlis,[2][3] mo karolong ya MaMoslem,[4][5] mmogo le merafe mo mafelong a mangwe a Jerusalema jaaka Beit Hanina le A-Tur.[5]
Gape go na le batho ba Bedouin ba ba nang le mela ya losika e e ba golaganyang le batho ba ba tswang mo Aforika[6] jaaka kwa toropong ya West Bank ya Jericho. Batho ba ba tlhomologileng ba Afro-Palestinian ba akaretsa modiredi wa pele wa PLO Fatima Bernawi le modiredi wa PFLP Ali Jiddah.[7][8]
Ditso
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Tshimologo
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Go ya ka ditso Palastina e ne e le kgaolo e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga dipuso tsa mafatshe a sele. Go tloga ka Rashidun Caliphate ya lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go ya pele, makgoba a Aforika a ne a isiwa kwa lefelong la Caliphate go tswa kwa Egepeto ka lekgetho la makgoba la tumalano ya Baqt.[9] Ka nako ya dingwaga tsa bogare, makgoba a Aforika a ne a isiwa kwa Abbasid Caliphate ka Kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu go tswa kwa Aforika go kgabaganya Lewatle le Lehibidu.[10][11] Ka lekgolo la boferabongwe la dingwaga, go fopholediwa gore Maaforika a ka nna didikadike di le tharo a ne a fudusitswe gape jaaka batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba kwa Botlhabagare, ba bereka jaaka masole a makgoba le badiri ba makgoba mo itsholelong tsa masimo a a fa thoko ga noka.[2]
Go na le merafe mengwe ya Palastina e e latedisang tshimologo ya yone go baeti ba ba tswang kwa Sudan le Aforika Bogare (bogolo jang Chad) ba go bolelwang gore ba ne ba fitlha kwa Palastina go sa le gale mo lekgolong la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga. Maikaelelo a bone a ntlha e ne e le go tsaya karolo mo Hajj le go fitlha kwa Mecca, morago ga moo ba ne ba etela Jerusalema go etela Mosque wa al-Aqsa.[4] Jaaka go bontshiwa ke botshelo jwa ga Mansa Musa, kgosi ya Mmusomogolo wa Mali, loeto lwa bodumedi lwa batho ba Aforika ba ba neng ba sokologela mo Boiselamong lo ne lwa nna tlwaelo e e tlhomameng, le fa loeto lwa bodumedi lwa ka metlha lo ne lwa nna selo se se tlwaelesegileng fela mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga, fa tumelo ya Islam e ne e anama go feta melelwane e mesesane ya dikgotla tsa sultan go ya kwa bathong ka kakaretso.[2]
Batho ba le bantsi ba Afro-Palastina le bone ba tswa mo bagologolwaneng ba ba neng ba tla kwa Palastina ba le makgoba go direla Ba-Ottoman[12] ka Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara go tswa kwa Egepeto mmogo le Kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu, e e neng ya tswelela go fitlha mo dinakong tsa segompieno. Sekepe sa bofelo sa semmuso sa makgoba sa Maaforika a a dirilweng makgoba se ne sa goroga kwa Haifa kwa Palastina go tswa kwa Egepeto ka 1876, morago ga moo kgwebo ya semmuso ya makgoba go ya kwa Palastina ya Ottoman e ne ya lebega e eme.[13] Bokgoba kwa Palastina bo ne jwa fokotsega ka iketlo mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, mme mo palong ya batho ya 1905 ya Palastina ke batho ba le borobabobedi fela ba ba neng ba kwadisitswe semmuso jaaka makgoba;[13] le fa go ntse jalo pego e e neng ya ya kwa Komiting ya Bogakolodi ya Bomankge ka ga Bokgoba ya Kgolagano ya Ditshaba ka 1934 e ne ya dumela gore makgoba a ne a sa ntse a beilwe mo gare ga di-shaykh tsa Maarabia tsa Bedouin kwa Jordan le Palastina, le gore bokgoba bo ne bo bo bipiwa ka fa tlase ga sebopego sa go nna bareki.[14]
Setshaba sa Jerusalema sa Afro-Palestinians, malwapa a le masome matlhano[15] a jaanong a nang le maloko a a ka nnang makgolo a mararo le masome matlhano (kgotsa makgolo mane le masome matlhano)[4], a nna mo malwapeng a mabedi a a kwa ntle ga Ḥaram ash-Sharīf (kwa bophirima jwa Kgoro ya Motlhatlhobi): Ribat al-Mansuri le Ribat Aladdii/Aladdin [5][16][4] Di agilwe magareng ga 1267 le 1382[4] mme di ne di dira jaaka di-ribat (dihosetele tsa baeti ba MaMoslem ba ba etileng) ka fa tlase ga Mamluks. Lefelo leno le le tlhaolang le ntse le bidiwa Harlem e Nnye ya Jerusalema.[17] Ka nako ya Tsogologo ya Maarabea ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha, Ba-Ottoman ba ne ba fetola dikago tse go nna dikgolegelo — e nngwe e ne e itsege jaaka ‘Kgolegelo ya Madi’ mme e nngwe e le ‘kgolegelo e e kaletsang’ — kwa magolegwa a neng a tshwarwa le go bolawa gone.[18] Baagi ba rulagantse sesha karolo ya kgolegelo eo ya pele go dira mosque.[19] Go fitlha ka nako ya go gapa ga Iseraele go simolola ka 1967, ba ne ba thapilwe jaaka bakati kwa Ḥaram ash-Sharīf, tiro e jaanong e tsewang ke masole a Iseraele.[16]
Tse di na le dikgolagano tse di gaufi le merafe e e tshwanang kwa Acre le Jericho, e e neng ya tlhongwa ka nako ya bokgoba kwa Umayyad Caliphate, fa makgoba a Aforika a ne a tla go dira mo lekaleng la sukiri ya Umayyad.[20] Batho ba kwa bokone jwa Jeriko gantsi ba ne ba bidiwa "makgoba a Duyuk" le mo dinakong tsa segompieno.[21]
Batho ba bagologolwane ba bone ba tswang kwa Nigeria, Sudan, Senegal le Chad ba dira bontsi jwa setshaba, mme bontsi jwa bone ba tlile kwa Palastina ka nako ya Taolo ya Borithane.[22] Ba le bantsi, go ya ka Abraham Milligram, ba ne ba tla e le badiri ba ba neng ba kwadisitswe ka nako ya letsholo la ga Mojenerale Edmund Allenby kgatlhanong le Ba-Turkey mo dikgatong tsa bofelo tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha.[23][5] Setlhopha se sengwe se latedisa losika lwa sone go ya kwa Sesoleng sa Poloko sa Maarabea se se neng se lwa mo letlhakoreng la Maarabea la Ntwa ya Maarabea le Iseraele ya 1948.[24]
Metlha ya segompieno
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]_at_Bethabara_2008.jpg)
Morago ga puso ya Ottoman, di-ribat di ne tsa nna karolo ya tshepo ya bodumedi (waqf).[18] Moeteledipele wa Palastina le mufti wa Jerusalema Sheikh Amin al-Husseini o ne a hirisetsa Mapalastina ba lemorago la Aforika dikago tseno,[4] go leboga boikanyegi jwa bone jaaka basireletsi ba Mosque wa al-Aqsa morago ga gore mongwe wa balebedi ba Aforika, Jibril Tahruri, a tseye lerumo le le neng le lebisitswe kwa go mufti.[25] Rente e sala e le ya leina fela.[5][26] Ba-Afro-Palestine ba kgolagano ya bone le Jerusalema e neng e le teng pele ga 1947 ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le mo go nngwe ya mafelo a a nang le mathata thata mo kgaolong.[4] Ka go rata motse wa Jerusalema[27] le go nna le kamano e e tseneletseng le Islam,[28] ba ne ba nyala Mapalastina mme ba tswelela go itshupa e le Mapalastina.[15]
Mapalastina a Aforika ba jaanong ba nnang mo mafelong a mabedi a a gaufi le mosque wa al-Aqsa ba sale ba bitsa lefelo leno legae fa e sale ka 1930.[18] Ba itemogetse go tlhaolwa, ka Maarabea mangwe a Palesatina[29] a ba bitsa "makgoba" (abeed) le boagisani jwa bone ba re ke "kgolegelo ya makgoba" (habs al-abeed).[15][5] Mo Searabeng sa puo ya tlwaelo sa Palastina, tiriso e e tlwaelesegileng e rata lefoko sumr (mmala o montsho) go na le sawd, e e nang le bokao jo bo sa siamang.[30] Mo potsolotsong ya 1997, maloko a baagi a tlhalositse tshimologo ya bone jaaka "Sudan" jaaka tshupiso ya polelo ya Searabea ya "lefelo la Bantsho." Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, "setshaba sa Aforika" (al-jaliyya al-Afriqiyya) se fetogile maemo a a tlwaelesegileng.[3]
Morago ga 1948, segolobogolo, banna ba bantsho ba Palastina ba ne ba nyala basadi ba ba tswang mo setshabeng sa balemibarui, mme ga ba ise ba ko ba nyale basadi ba Bedouin.[31] Go ya ka Mousa Qous, mokaedi wa Mokgatlho wa Baagi ba Aforika le leloko la pele la PFLP, "Ka dinako tse dingwe fa Mopalastina yo montsho a batla go nyala mosadi wa Mopalastina yo mosweu, maloko mangwe a lelwapa la gagwe a ka nna a ganetsa." Lenyalo la merafe e e farologaneng le Afro-Palestinians le tlwaelesegile thata mo dingwageng tsa bosheng.[24][32][33]
Ali Jiddah, mokaedi wa baeti mme gape e le leloko la pele la PFLP, o boletse gore ene ka boene ga a ise a ko a itemogele go tlhaolwa ka ntlha ya mmala wa letlalo la gagwe go tswa mo Maarabeeng a Palastina, a bolela gore Afro-Palestinians a itumelela maemo a a kgethegileng ka ntlha ya dineelo tsa bone mo kgaratlhong ya Palastina.[5][29] Fatima Barnawi, wa letso le le tlhakaneng lwa Nigeria le Palastina, e ne e le mosadi wa ntlha wa Mopalastina go tshwarwa ka dipelaelo tsa borukhutlhi ka ntlha ya go leka go thuntsha lefelo la dibaesekopo kwa toropong ya Jerusalema ka 1967. Le fa bomo e ne ya palelwa ke go thunya, o ne a atlholelwa dingwaga di le masome mararo kwa kgolegelong, mme kgabagare a nna fela mo kgolegelong. Jiddah o ne a baya dibomo di le nne mo Mmileng wa Strauss mo tlhaselong ya 1968 kwa toropong ya Jerusalema, mme a gobatsa baagi ba robabongwe ba Iseraele. Ntsalae e bong Mahmoud le ene o ne a tlhasela ka tsela e e tshwanang. Banna bano ka bobedi ba ne ba nna dingwaga di le lesome le bosupa kwa kgolegelong pele ga ba gololwa ka go ananya magolegwa ka 1985.[5]
Kgang ya 2018 ka ga Mohammad Obaid, modiragatsi wa Dabke yo o neng a fudusiwa kwa legaeng la gagwe la bagologolwane kwa Beersheba, o ne ya tlhalosa bosemorafe jo a neng a bo itemogela mo merafeng ya Gazan Palestina, a re o ne a tshwanetse go nna "mmini yo o gaisang" le go dira ka natla gabedi go tsenela setlhopha sa gagwe sa dabke. Obaid o lemogile go tlhaolwa mo go oketsegang go tswa mo mapodising. Ka nako eo, go ne go fopholediwa gore go na le batho ba le dikete tse lesome le motso ba Baaforika-Palestina ba ba neng ba nna mo kgaolong ya Al Jalla’a kwa Gaza City, mo tikologong e e bidiwang “Al Abeed,” e leng tshupiso ya ditso ya bokgoba.[34]
Go ya ka Jiddah, bosemorafe bongwe le bongwe jo bo neng bo dirwa ke Maarabea a Palastina bo ne bo ka pegwa molato wa go tlhoka kitso,[15] a bolela gore o kile a itemogela go tlhaolwa go go tshwanang go tswa mo Baiseraeleng. "Rona Afro-Palestina re gatelelwa ka bobedi, jaaka Mapalastina mme ka ntlha ya mmala wa rona Baiseraele ba re bitsa 'kushis.'"[29] Go ya ka Mahmoud, mapodisi a Iseraele ke bone ba ba dirang ditiro tse dikgolo tsa bosemorafe kgatlhanong le setshaba.[29] Ka 2022, Mohammed Firawi o ne a gololwa mo kgolegelong morago ga dingwaga di le tlhano ka ntlha ya go tika mapodisi a Iseraele ka matlapa. Baagi ba ne ba keteka go boela ga gagwe kwa African Quarter, e e neng ya umakiwa jaaka lebaka la go tshwarwa ga gagwe gape morago ga moo le go lelekwa beke yotlhe kwa Jerusalema.[35]
Afro-Palestinians le bone ba itemogela dikgoreletsi tsa molao mo dikarateng tsa maeto le tsa boitshupo. Qous (yo gape a kwalwang Qaws) ga se moagi wa Iseraele, ga a kake a dira kopo ya pasa ya Chad ntle le go ineela mo Jerusalema, mme gape ga a letlelelwe dipampiri tsa Fora kgotsa tsa Jordan. Mo godimo ga moo, mafelo a go tlhola a oketsegile go dikologa Bab al-Majlis mme a tswala lefelo le ka tsela e e nang le matswela. Ka ntlha ya seo, baagi ba itemogela go tshwenngwa thata ke ba itshireletso mme gape ba itemogetse tatlhegelo e kgolo ya itsholelo kwantle ga pharakano ya bajanala.[3]
Mokgatlho wa Setshaba sa Aforika (ACS) o tlhomilwe ka 1983 jaaka letlhogela la Setlhopha sa Boitekanelo sa Sudan wa pele, e e neng ya phatlalala morago ga go gapiwa ga Jerusalema Botlhaba ke Iseraele. ACS e rulaganya ditiro tsa loago, metshameko, go thusana, le ditsela tse dingwe go thatafatsa Afro-Palestinians kwa Jerusalema.[35]
Jaaka fa bontsi jwa baagi bo fudugela kwa metsesetoropong, dikgolagano di a nonofa le Bakeresete ba Ethiopia le Bahebera ba Bantsho. Go batlile go nna le dikamano tse dinnye kgotsa tse di seyong le Bajuta ba Ethiopia ka ntlha ya tirelo ya bone mo Masoleng a Itshireletso a Iseraele.[3]
Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- Jericho, ka palo e ntsi ya Mapalastina a bantsho
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Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- ↑ Mukasa, Lyndon (15 April 2024). "Afro-Palestinians: the untold story of a community caught in Gaza's crossfire". Voice Online. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le boraro ka 2025.
- 1 2 3 Charmaine Seitz, Pilgrimage to a New Self: The African Quarter and its peoples Archived 10 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Jerusalem Quarterly 2002 Issue 16 pp. 43-51.
- 1 2 3 4 Teller, Matthew (Spring 2022). "The Dom and the African Palestinians: Platforming Two Marginalized Jerusalem Communities". Jerusalem Quarterly. Archived from the original on 8 April 2024.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jonarah Baker, 'The African-Palestinians: Muslim Pilgrims Who Never Went Home' Archived 17 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The New Arab, 26 Dec. 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ilan Ben Zion, The Old City's African secret Archived 6 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, The Times of Israel 6 April 2014.
- ↑ "The Black Diaspora in Israel, 1965 to 2011 •". 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le boraro ka 2025.
- ↑ "First Palestinian woman jailed by Israel dies". Middle East Monitor. 4 November 2022. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le boraro ka 2025.
- ↑ Murphy, Maureen Clare (10 July 2015). "African-Palestinian community's deep roots in liberation struggle". The Electronic Intifada. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le boraro ka 2025.
- ↑ Manning, P. (1990). Slavery and African life: occidental, oriental, and African slave trades. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 28-29
- ↑ Black, J. (2015). The Atlantic Slave Trade in World History. USA: Taylor & Francis. p. 14 [1]
- ↑ [2] Hazell, A. (2011). The Last Slave Market: Dr John Kirk and the Struggle to End the East African Slave Trade. Storbritannien: Little, Brown Book Group.
- ↑ Arthur Neslen, In Your Eyes a Sandstorm: Ways of Being Palestinian, Archived 30 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine University of California Press ISBN 978-0-520-26427-4 2011 pp.50-51
- 1 2 Buessow, Johann. "Domestic Workers and Slaves in Late Ottoman Palestine at the Moment of the Abolition of Slavery: Considerations on Semantics and Agency." Slaves and Slave Agency in the Ottoman Empire (2020): 373–433. Web.
- ↑ [3]Clarence-Smith, W. (2020). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. USA: Hurst.
- 1 2 3 4 Isma'il Kushkush, "'Afro-Palestinians' forge a unique identity in Israel" Archived 28 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press 12 January 2017
- 1 2 Sarah Irving, Palestine, Bradt Guides, 2012 ISBN 978-1-841-62367-2 p.94
- ↑ Abraham Ezra Milligram, Jerusalem Curiosities, Archived 30 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine Jewish Publication Society, 1990 ISBN 978-0-827-60358-5 p.254.
- 1 2 3 Sara Hassan, The hidden resistance of African-Palestinians Archived 10 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine TRT World 15 May 2019
- ↑ Abraham Ezra Milligram, Jerusalem Curiosities, Jewish Publication Society, 1990 ISBN 978-0-827-60358-5 p.256.
- ↑ "Enslaved People's work on sugar plantations – The Saint Lauretia Project". Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2025.
- ↑ Qous, Yasser. "The Africans of Jerusalem: alienation and counter-alienation". Goethe-Institut Cairo/Perpectives. Chris Somes-Charlton. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2025.
- ↑ K. K. Prah, Reflections on Arab-led Slavery of Africans, Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society 2005 p. 198
- ↑ Abraham Ezra Milligram, Jerusalem Curiosities, Archived 30 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine Jewish Publication Society, 1990 ISBN 978-0-827-60358-5 p.255.
- 1 2 Kushkush, Isma'il (12 January 2017). "'Afro-Palestinians' forge a unique identity in Israel". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2025. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2025.
- ↑ "Nominal leases | Tax Guidance | Tolley". www.lexisnexis.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2025.
- ↑ iller, Daniel. "The history of 'Israel' and 'Palestine': Alternative names, competing claims". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2025.E
- ↑ "Falling in love with Jerusalem". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2025.
- ↑ "Islamic world - Islamic history from 1683 to the present: reform, dependency, and recovery | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2025.
- 1 2 3 4 David Love, 'In Jerusalem, Afro-Palestinians Are the Hardest Hit in the Israeli Occupation' Archived 17 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Atlanta Black Star 29 March 2016,
- ↑ K. K. Prah, Reflections on Arab-led Slavery of Africans, Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society 2005 p. 195
- ↑ K. K. Prah, Reflections on Arab-led Slavery of Africans, Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society 2005 p. 204
- ↑ Mustafa, Maysa (11 February 2025). "'Jerusalem lost part of its soul': Tributes to Afro-Palestinian leader flow online". Middle East Eye.
- ↑ "Israel prevents afro-Palestinian artist from attending father's funeral". Middle East Monitor. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2025.
- ↑ Alnaouq, Ahmed (1 November 2018). "Black Palestinians face subtle racism in Gaza". Gulf News. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2025.
- 1 2 Qous, Mousa (8 August 2022). "In the heart of the Old City, generations of Afro-Palestinians persevere in the face of occupation". Skin Deep. Archived from the original on 10 October 2022. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2025.