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Alassane Ouattara
GColIH
Ouattara in 2024
5th President of Ivory Coast
Assumed office
4 December 2010[lower-alpha 1]
Prime MinisterGuillaume Soro
Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio
Daniel Kablan Duncan
Amadou Gon Coulibaly
Hamed Bakayoko
Patrick Achi
Robert Beugré Mambé
Vice PresidentDaniel Kablan Duncan
Tiémoko Meyliet Koné
Pele Ga GagweLaurent Gbagbo
2nd Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast
PresidentFélix Houphouët-Boigny
Pele Ga GagweFélix Houphouët-Boigny
Morago Ga GagweDaniel Kablan Duncan
24th Minister of the Economy and Finance
Ka Ga Ena
O tsetswe (1942-01-01) 1 January 1942 (age 84)
Dimbokro, Ivory Coast
MokgatlhoDemocratic Party (Before 1994)
Rally of the Republicans (1994–present)
Mo/Bakapelo
    Barbara Jean Davis
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1966, divorced)​
      ​
      (m. 1991)​
      Bana2
      Alma materDrexel University (BS)
      University of Pennsylvania (MA, PhD)
      MaranyaneOfficial Presidential website

      Alassane Dramane Ouattara (USR; go bidiwa ga mafoko ka Sefora: [alasan wataʁa]; o tshotswe ka Firikgong a rogwa ka 1942) ke lepolotiki le moitseanape wa itsholelo wa kwa Ivory Coast yo o e leng Tautona wa Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) fa e sale ka 2010. Moitseanape wa itsholelo ka tiro, o bereketse International Monetary Fund(IMF)[1]le Banka ya Mafatshe a Aforika Bophirima (Sefora: Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, BCEAO), mme e ne e le Tonakgolo ya Côte d'Ivoire go tloga ka Ngwanatsele 1990 go fitlha ka Sedimonthole 1993, a tlhomilwe mo maemong ao ke Tautona wa nako eo Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[2][3][4][5] Ouattara o ne a nna tautona wa Rally of the Republicans (RDR), e leng lekoko la sepolotiki la Ivory Coast, ka 1999.

      Botshelo jwa pele le jwa gagwe

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      Ouattara o tshotswe ka Firikgong a rogwa 1942,[2][3] kwa Dimbokro kwa Cote d’Ivoire[6] Ke setlogolwana ka fa go rraagwe sa babusi ba MaMuslim ba Burkina Faso, e ka nako eo e neng e le karolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Kong—o gape o neng o itsege jaaka Mmusomogolo wa Wattara (Ouattarra). Ouattara ke MoMuslim[7] mme ke leloko la batho ba Dyula.[8] O amogetse B.Sc. mo Tsamaisong ya Kgwebo ka 1965 go tswa kwa Drexel Institute of Technology (se jaanong e leng Yunibesithi ya Drexel), kwa Philadelphia, kwa Pennsylvania.[2] Morago ga moo Ouattara o ne a bona M.A. ya gagwe ya itsholelo ka 1967 le Ph.D. mo itsholelong ka 1972 go tswa kwa Yunibesithing ya Pennsylvania.[2]

      Ouattara o na le bana ba le babedi, David Dramane Ouattara le Fanta Catherine Ouattara, go tswa mo lenyalong la gagwe la ntlha le Moamerika Barbara Jean Davis. Ka 1991, Ouattara o ne a nyala Dominique Nouvian, mogwebi wa mosadi wa Mokatoliki wa Mofora yo o tsholetsweng kwa Algeria yo o tswang mo losikeng lwa Bajuta ka fa go mmaagwe.[9] Lenyalo la bone le ne la tshwarelwa kwa ntlolefalafala ya toropo ya kgaolo ya 16th arrondissement ya Paris.

      Tiro kwa ditheong tsa matlole

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      Ouattara e ne e le moitseanape wa ikonomi wa Letlole la Boditshabatshaba la Madi kwa Washington, D.C.[3] go tloga ka 1968 go ya go 1973, mme morago ga moo e ne e le Molaodi wa Thomo kwa Paris wa Banka ya Bogare ya Dipuso tsa Aforika ya Bophirima (Banka ya Bogare ya Aforika Bophirima) go tloga ka 1973 go ya go 1975.[2][3] Kwa BCEAO, ka nako eo e ne e le mogakolodi yo o kgethegileng wa mmusi le mokaedi wa patlisiso go tloga ka Tlhakole 1975 go fitlha ka Sedimonthole 1982 le Mothusa-mmusi go tloga ka Firikgong 1983 go fitlha ka Phalane 1984. Go tloga ka Ngwanaatsele 1984 go fitlha ka Phalane 1988 e ne e le Mokaedi wa Lephata la Aforika la IMF, mme ka Motsheganong 1987 mo godimo ga moo o ne a nna Mogakolola motsamaisi kwa IMF.[3] Ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi 1988 o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mmusi wa BCEAO, mme a ikanisiwa ka Sedimonthole a le masome mabedi le bobedi 1988.[10] Ouattara o itsege e le motho yo o dirang ka natla, yo o tlhwaafaletseng go dira dilo mo pontsheng le puso e e siameng.[1]

      Tiro ya sepolotiki

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      Tonakgolo

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      Ka Moranang 1990, IMF e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga Lenaneo la go Baakanya Dithulaganyo e ne ya pateletsa tautona wa Ivory Coast, e bong Félix Houphouët-Boigny, go amogela Ouattara go nna Modulasetilo wa Komiti ya Ditona Tse di Farologaneng ya Kgokaganyo ya Lenaneo la go Tsepamisa le go Tsosolosa Itsholelo la Côte d’Ivoire. Fa a ntse a tshwere maemo ao, Ouattara le ene o ne a nna mo maemong a gagwe a go nna Mmusi wa BCEAO. Morago ga moo o ne a nna Tonakgolo ya Côte d'Ivoire ka Ngwanaatsele a supa, 1990, a sa ntse a le ka fa tlase ga taolo ya IMF,[3][10] morago ga moo Charles Konan Banny o ne a mo emisetsa jaaka Mmusi wa Nakwana wa BCEAO.[10] Gape o ne a nna Tona ya Itsholelo le Matlole go tloga ka Phalane 1990 go fitlha ka Ngwanaatsele 1993.[11]

      Fa a ne a dira jaaka tonakgolo, Ouattara gape o ne a leka, e se ka fa molaong le kgatlhanong le molaomotheo, go dira ditiro tsa botautona ka palogotlhe ya dikgwedi di le lesome le boferabobedi, go akaretsa le paka go tloga ka Mopitlo go fitlha ka Sedimonthole 1993, fa Houphouët-Boigny a ne a lwala.[12] Houphouët-Boigny o ne a tlhokafala ka Sedimonthole a supa,1993, mme Ouattara o ne a itsise setshaba ka loso lwa gagwe, a re "Côte d'Ivoire ke khutsana".[13][14] Go ne ga nna le ntwa e khutshwane ya maatla fa gare ga Ouattara le Henri Konan Bédié, tautona wa Kokoano ya Bosetshaba, ka ntlha ya go tlhatlhamana ga botautona ka go itlhokomolosa molaomotheo gotlhelele o o neng o naya Bedié tshwanelo ya semolao ya go etelela lefatshe pele ka tlhamalalo fa Houphouet a ne a lwal. Bédié o ne a fenya mme Ouattara a rola tiro jaaka tonakgolo ka Sedimonthole a ferabongwe.[15] Ouattara o ne a boela kwa IMF jaaka Mothusa Mokaedi, a nna mo maemong ao go tloga Phukwi a rogwa, 1994[2][3] go fitlha ka Phukwi a le masome mararo le motso,1999.[3]

      Ditlhopho tsa 1995

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      Pele ga ditlhopho tsa botautona tsa October 1995, Kokoano ya Bosetshaba ya Côte d’Ivoire e ne ya amogela molao wa ditlhopho o o neng o thibela bontlhopheng fa mongwe wa batsadi ba bone e le wa morafe o sele le fa a ne a sa nna kwa Côte d’Ivoire dingwaga di le tlhano tse di fetileng. Go ne go akanngwa thata gore dithulaganyo tseo di ne di lebisitswe kwa Ouattara. Ka ntlha ya ditiro tsa gagwe le IMF, o ne a sa tlhole a nna mo lefatsheng leo fa e sale ka 1990. Gape, rraagwe a tsholetswe kwa Burkina Faso. Rally of the Republicans (RDR), e leng lekoko la kganetso le le neng la tlhamiwa e le go kgaogana le lekoko le le busang la Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI) ka 1994, le ne le batla gore Ouattara e nne ntlhopheng wa lone wa botautona. Mo bokhutlong jwa Seetebosigo 1995, Mokwaledikakaretso wa RDR Djéni Kobina o ne a kopana le Ouattara, ka nako eo, go ya ka Kobina, Ouattara o ne a re: "Ke ipaakanyeditse kopana le wena."[16] Lekoko le ne la tlhopha Ouattara go nna ntlhopheng wa lone wa botautona ka Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 1995[17] kwa khuduthamageng ya lone ya ntlha.[18] Puso e ne e ka se fetole molao wa ditlhopho, le fa go ntse jalo,[16] mme Ouattara o ne a gana go tlhophiwa.[19][20] RDR e ne ya kganela ditlhopho, mmogo le Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) wa ga Laurent Gbagbo, mme ya tlogela ntlhopheng wa PDCI, tautona yo o neng a le mo setilong Henri Konan Bédié, go fenya phenyo e e bonolo.[16]

      Tautona wa RDR

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      Fa a ne a dira jaaka Mothusa Motsamaisi kwa IMF, ka Mopitlo 1998, Ouattara o ne a tlhalosa maikaelelo a gagwe a go boela kwa Côte d'Ivoire le go tsaya karolo mo dipolotiking gape.[21] Fa a sena go tswa mo IMF ka Phukwi 1999, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna tautona wa RDR ka Phatwe a rogwa, 1999 kwa bokopanong jo bo sa tlwaelesegang jwa lekoko,[22] mmogo le go tlhophiwa jaaka ntlhopheng wa lone mo ditlhophong tse di latelang tsa botautona.[23] A re o tshwanelwa ke go ema mo ditlhophong tseo, a supa ditlankana tse a reng di supa fa ene le batsadi ba gagwe e le ba tlholego ya Ivory Coast.

      O ne a latofadiwa ka go dira dipampiri tseo ka boferefere, mme seo sa dira gore go dirwe dipatlisiso.[24][25] Tutona Bédié o ne a tlhalosa Ouattara jaaka Mo-Burkinabé mme a re Houphouët-Boigny "o ne a batla gore Alassane Ouattara a amege fela ka tsa itsholelo".[26] Setankana sa tlholego sa ga Ouattara, se se ntshitsweng kwa bokhutlong jwa Lwetse 1999,[27] se ne sa phimolwa ke kgotlatshekelo ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le bosupa.[27][28] Lekwalo la go tshwara Ouattara le ne la ntshiwa ka Ngwanaatsele a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe, le fa a ne a le kwa ntle ga lefatshe ka nako eo; le fa go ntse jalo o ne a re o tla boa kwa bokhutlong jwa Sedimonthole.[29]

      Ka Sedimonthole a le masome mabedi le bone, sesole se ne sa gapa puso, sa ntsha Bédié mo setilong. Ouattara o ne a boela kwa Côte d'Ivoire morago ga dikgwedi di le tharo kwa Fora ka Sedimonthole a le masome mabedi le boferabonwe, a akgola go ntshiwa ga ga Bédié mo setilong jaaka "e seng go menola puso", mme e le "phetogo e e neng e tshegediwa ke batho botlhe ba Ivory Coast".[30][31]

      Molaomotheo o mosha, o o amogetsweng ke patlomaikutlo ka Phukwi 2000, o ne wa thibela bontlhopheng ba botautona ka tsela e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ntle le fa batsadi ba bone ka bobedi e le Ba-Ivory Coast,[32] mme Ouattara o ne a kgaolwa mo ditlhophong tsa botautona tsa 2000.[33] Dikgang tse di amanang le seo e ne e le mabaka a magolo a Ntwa ya Selegae ya Ntlha ya Ivory Coast, e e neng ya runya ka 2002.

      Fa a bodiwa mo potsolotsong ka go tlholega ga ga Ouattara, Tautona wa Burkinabé Blaise Compaoré o ne a araba jaana, "Mo go rona, dilo di bonolo: ga a tswe kwa Burkina Faso, le fa e le ka botsalo, lenyalo, kgotsa go nna moagi wa lefatshe. Monna yoo e kile ya bo e le Tonakgolo ya Côte d'Ivoire."

      Tautona Gbagbo o netefaditse ka Phatwe a le malatsi marataro, 2007 gore Ouattara a ka nna mo ditlhophong tse di latelang tsa botautona tsa Ivory Coast.[34] Ouattara o ne a tlhomiwa jaaka ntlhopheng wa botautona wa RDR kwa bokopanong jwa yone jwa bobedi jo bo tlwaelesegileng go tswa Tlhakole a rogwa go ema a le malatsi a mararo ka 2008; gape o ne a tlhophiwa gape go nna tautona wa RDR dingwaga tse dingwe gape di le tlhano. Kwa bokopanong joo, o ne a laletsa New Forces ya pele e e neng e le marabele, e a neng a ikgaogantse le yone mo nakong e e fetileng, go kopana le RDR mo ditlhophong.[35]

      Ka nako eo, Ouattara o ne a bolela phatlalatsa gore ga a dumele gore Gbagbo o tla rulaganya ditlhopho tse di mo pepeneneng le tse di siameng.[36]

      RDR le PDCI ka bobedi ke maloko a Rally of Houphouëtistes, mme fa Ouattara le Bédié ba ne ba taboga ka go kgaogana mo tikologong ya ntlha, mongwe le mongwe o ne a dumalana go tshegetsa yo mongwe fa e le gore ke mongwe fela wa bone yo o neng a ka dira gore e nne tikologo ya bobedi e e ka nnang teng.[35]

      Ditlhopho tsa botautona tsa 2010 le ditlamorago tsa tsone

      [fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
      Ouattara kwa UNESCO ka Lwetse 2011

      Ditlhopho tsa botautona tse di neng di tshwanetse go bo di rulagantswe ka 2005 di ne tsa busediwa morago go fitlha ka Ngwanaatsele 2010. Maduo a ntlha a a itsisitsweng ka go ikemela ke tautona wa khuduthamaga ya Ditlhopho go tswa kwa ntlokgolong ya ga Ouattara ka ntlha ya go tshwenyega ka tsietso mo khuduthamageng eo.[37]

      FPI e e neng e busa e ne ya ganetsa maduo fa pele ga Lekgotla la Molaomotheo, e latofatsa tsietso e kgolo mo maphateng a a kwa bokone a a laolwang ke marabele a New Forces. Ditatofatso tseo di ne tsa ganetswa ke balebeledi ba lekgotla la Ditshaba (go farologana le balebeledi ba African Union). Pego ya maduo a ne a baka tlhakatlhakano e e tseneletseng le ditiragalo tsa thubakanyo. Lekgotla la Molaomotheo, le le neng le na le baemanokeng ba ga Gbagbo, le ne la bolela gore maduo a maphata a le supa a bokone ga a ka fa molaong le gore Gbagbo o fentse ditlhopho ka 51% ya ditalama – boemong jwa gore Ouattara a fenye ka 54%, jaaka go begilwe ke Khuduthamaga ya Ditlhopho.[37] Fa Gbagbo a sena go tlhongwa mo setilong, Ouattara—yo o neng a tsewa ke bontsi jwa mafatshe le lekgotla la Ditshaba e le ene yo o fentseng—o ne a rulaganya go tlhomiwa gape ka tsela e nngwe. Ditiragalo tseo di ne tsa tsosa poifo ya gore ntwa ya selegae e ne e tla tsoga gape; diketekete tsa batshabi di ne tsa tshaba mo lefatsheng.[37]

      Kopano ya Aforika e ne ya romela Thabo Mbeki, tautona wa pele wa Aforika Borwa, go ya go tshereganya mo kgotlhang eo. Lekgotla la Tshireletso la Ditshaba le ne la amogela tshwetso e e neng e amogela Alassane Ouattara jaaka mofenyi wa ditlhopho, e e ikaegileng ka boemo jwa Setshaba sa Itsholelo ya mafatshe a Aforika Bophirima, le le neng la emisa Ivory Coast mo ditheong tsotlhe tsa yone tse di tsayang ditshwetso[38] fa Kopano ya Aforika le yone e ne e emisa go nna leloko ga lefatshe le.[39]

      Ka 2010, mokolonele wa sesole sa Ivory Coast, Nguessan Yao, o ne a tshwarwa kwa New York mo tirong ya ngwaga otlhe ya U.S. ya Bofaladi le Melelwane a latofadiwa ka go bona le go romela kwa ntle e se ka fa molaong dibetsa le ditlhobolo: ditlhobolo di le dikete tse nne tsa 9 mm, marumo a le dikete tse makgolo mabedi, le dibomo tsa gase e e putsaputsisang dikeledi di le dikete tse masome matlhano, e le go tlola thibelo ya UN.[40] Badiredi ba bangwe ba le mmalwa ba Ivory Coast ba ne ba gololwa ka gonne ba ne ba na le dipasa tsa botsalano. Molekane wa gagwe, Michael Barry Shor, mogwebi wa boditshabatshaba, o ne a le kwa Virginia.[41][42]

      Ditlhopho tsa botautona tsa 2010 di ne tsa baka mathata a Ivory Coast a 2010–2011 le Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Selegae ya Ivory Coast. Mekgatlho ya boditshabatshaba e ne ya bega gore matlhakore oomabedi a ne a tlola ditshwanelo tsa batho makgetlho a le mantsi. Kwa toropong ya Duékoué, go ne ga bolawa batho ba le makgolokgolo. Kwa Bloléquin e e gaufi, go ne ga bolawa batho ba le bantsintsi.[43] Masole a UN le a Fora a ne a tsaya kgato ya sesole kgatlhanong le Gbagbo.[44] Gbagbo o ne a tshwarwa morago ga go tlhaselwa kwa ntlong ya gagwe ka Moranang a le lesome le motso ka 2011. Lefatshe le ne la senngwa thata ke ntwa, mme balebeledi ba re e tla nna kgwetlho mo go Ouattara go aga itsholelo sesha le go kopanya batho ba Ivory Coast gape.[45]

      Ditiragalo tse di diragetseng mo lefatsheng di ne tsa amogelwa ke baeteledipele ba lefatshe. Tautona wa U.S. Barack Obama o ne a opela diatla dipego tsa ditiragalo tsa kwa Côte d'Ivoire, mme CNN e ne ya nopola Mokwaledi wa lefatshe wa U.S. Hillary Clinton a re go tshwarwa ga ga Gbagbo "go romela letshwao le le maatla go babusaesi le bagateledi.... Ba se ka ba itlhokomolosa lentswe la batho ba bone".[46]

      Ntwa ya molao wa lenyalo ka 2012

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      Mo kgatong e e neng ya baka dikganetsano ka Ngwanaatsele 2012, tautona Ouattara o ne a leleka puso ya gagwe ka ntlha ya go ngangisana ka ntlha ya molao o mosha wa lenyalo o o neng o tla dira gore basadi e nne ditlhogo tsa malapa le borre. Lekoko la gagwe le ne la tshegetsa diphetogo tseo, fela dikarolo tsa kopano e e busang di ne tsa gana, ka kganetso e e maatla e e neng e tswa kwa Lekokong la Democratic la Côte d'Ivoire.[47]

      Setlha sa bobedi, 2015–2020

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      Shinzo Abe le Alassane Ouattara kwa Guest House Akasaka Palace ka 2019

      Ouattara o fentse paka ya bobedi ya dingwaga di le tlhano ka 2015 ka mo e ka nnang 84% ya ditalama. Ka ditalama di le 2,118,229, kgotsa 83.66% ya ditalama tse di latlhetsweng, le 54.63% ya batho ba ba neng ba tlhopha, phenyo ya gagwe e ne e le e e kwa godimo thata fa e bapisiwa le 50% e e neng e tlhokega go tila go tlhopha gape le 9% ya moganetsi wa gagwe yo o gaufi thata, moeteledipele wa FPI Pascal Affi N'Guessan.[48]

      Kwa Khuduthamageng ya Boraro e e Tlwaelesegileng ya RDR ka Lwetse a ferabongwe go ya go a le lesome, 2017, go ne go solofetswe gore Ouattara o tla tlhophiwa jaaka tautona wa RDR, mme boemong jwa seo o ne a tlhomaletlhokwa Henriette Diabaté go nna mo maemong ao, mme o ne a tlhophiwa ka tshwanelo ka go akgolwa.[49]

      Ka Mopitlo 2020, Ouattara o ne a itsise gore ga a kitla a tsenelela ditlhopho tsa botautona gape tsa Phalane a le masome mararo le motso, 2020,[50] mme a tshegetsa Tonakgolo Amadou Gon Coulibaly jaaka ntlhopheng wa botautona wa RDR. Morago ga loso lwa tshoganyetso lwa ga Coulibaly ka Phukwi a ferabobedi, 2020, Ouattara o ne a akanyetsa go tlhagisa Tona ya Tshireletso Hamed Bakayoko, pele ga a fetola mogopolo wa gagwe ka ntlha ya dikgolagano tse go belaelwang gore di amana le go gweba ka diritibatsi. Ka Phukwi, o ne a itsise gore o tla tsenelela ditlhopho tsa paka ya boraro mo setilong. Go nna ntlhopheng ga gagwe go ne ga tsosa dikganetsano, ka gonne molaomotheo wa Ivory Coast o letla dipaka tse pedi fela tsa botautona. Kgotlatshekelo ya Molaomotheo e ne ya atlhola gore paka ya ntlha ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo o o farologaneng ga e balelwe mo maikaelelong a puso ya dipaka tse pedi tsa molaomotheo wa ga jaana, ka jalo ya letla Ouattara go nna ntlhopheng; seo se ne sa baka ditshupegetso tse di bogale kwa Abidjan le mo lefatsheng lotlhe.[51] Ka jalo ditlhopho tsa Phalane 2020 di ne tsa se tsenelelwe ke karolo e kgolo ya kganetso, mme tsa bona go tlhophiwa gape ga ga Alassane Ouattara ka 95.31% ya ditalama ka fa tlase ga 53.90% ya batho ba ba neng ba tla go tlhopha.[nopolo e a tlhokafala]

      Ka Seetebosigo 2025, Ouattara o ne a tlhophiwa gape ke lekoko la gagwe go tsenelela ditlhopho tsa botautona tsa Ivory Coast tsa 2025.[52] O netefaditse bontlhopheng ba gagwe ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe.[53]

      1. ↑ The presidency was disputed between Ouattara and Laurent Gbagbo from 4 December 2010 to 11 April 2011.
      Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found
      1. 1 2 "Ivory Coast's Alassane Ouattara in profile" Archived 20 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 11 April 2011.
      2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Profile at IMF website". Archived from the original on 21 December 2005. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mararo ka 2025.
      3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CV at Ouattara's website Archived 9 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in French).
      4. ↑ "A tale of 2 presidents". CBC News. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mararo ka 2025.
      5. ↑ "Gbagbo: Preventing ECOWAS military misadventure in Cote d'Ivoire". Archived from the original on 8 July 2011.
      6. ↑ Laing, Aislinn, "Ivory Coast: Alassane Ouattara profile" Archived 24 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Telegraph, 6 April 2011.
      7. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire's new president – The king of Kong – Alassane Ouattara takes charge but can he keep the peace?" Archived 5 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine He studied at the High School Zinda Kaboré in Ouaga (Burkina Faso) The Economist, 20 April 2011.
      8. ↑ Oved, Marco Chown (28 November 2010). "How ethnicity colors the Ivory Coast election". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mararo le motso ka 2025.
      9. ↑ Smith, David (15 April 2011). "Alassane Ouattara reaches summit but has more mountains to climb". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mararo le motso ka 2025.
      10. 1 2 3 "Basic texts and milestones" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, bceao.int.
      11. ↑ "Historique". finances.gouv.ci. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mararo le motso ka 2025.
      12. ↑ "Houphouët-Boigny et ADO: du comité interministériel à la Primature"[permanent dead link], ado.ci (ka Sefora).
      13. ↑ "Décès du Président Félix Houphouët-Boigny", ado.ci (ka Sefora).
      14. ↑ "African Leader Dies", Newsday, 8 December 1993.
      15. ↑ "Prime minister decides to quit", Associated Press (San Antonio Express-News), 10 December 1993.
      16. 1 2 3 Mundt, Robert J. (1997). "Côte d'Ivoire: Continuity and Change in a Semi-Democracy". In Clark, John Frank; Gardinier, David E. (eds.). Political Reform in Francophone Africa. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 194–197. ISBN 0-8133-2785-7.
      17. ↑ "Jul 1995 - Selection of Ouattara as RDR presidential candidate", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 41, July 1995 Cote d'Ivoire, p. 40630.
      18. ↑ Brahima, Coulibaly, "Côte d'Ivoire: Organisation du 2ème congrès ordinaire du Rdr, des cadres manoeuvrent pour le report" Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Nord-Sud (allAfrica.com), 27 July 2007 (ka Sefora).
      19. ↑ "ADO est élu Président du RDR, le 1er Août 1999"[permanent dead link], ado.ci (ka Sefora).
      20. ↑ "Oct 1995 – Presidential elections", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 41, October 1995 Cote d'Ivoire, p. 40759.
      21. ↑ "Ivorian ex-premier to quit IMF for return to politics" Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 30 March 1998.
      22. ↑ Biography at Ouattara's website (ka Sefora).
      23. ↑ "Ivorian opposition elects former premier as presidential candidate", Associated Press, 1 August 1999.
      24. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire: Police arrest scores outside politician's home" Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, IRIN, 15 September 1999.
      25. ↑ "Ivory Coast opposition leader under investigation" Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 22 September 1999.
      26. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire: Former political foes strike pact to oust Gbagbo" Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, IRIN, 18 May 2005.
      27. 1 2 "Cote d'Ivoire: Court annuls presidential candidate's nationality certificate", AFP, 27 October 1999.
      28. ↑ "Opposition leader blasts 'undemocratic' government" Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 29 October 1999.
      29. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire: Arrest warrant issued for opposition politician" Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, IRIN, 9 December 1999.
      30. ↑ "Ivory Coast coup a 'popular revolution'" Archived 12 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 29 December 1999.
      31. ↑ "COTE D'IVOIRE: Former Prime Minister returns home" Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, IRIN, 4 January 2000.
      32. ↑ "Jul 2000 – Referendum on new constitution", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 46, July 2000 Cote d'Ivoire, p. 43661.
      33. ↑ Daddieh, Cyril K. (2001). "Elections and Ethnic Violence in Côte d'Ivoire: The Unfinished Business of Succession and Democratic Transition". African Issues. 29 (1–2): 14–19. doi:10.2307/1167104. JSTOR 1167104.
      34. ↑ "La présidentielle envisagée par Gbagbo pour fin 2007" Archived 6 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, L'Humanité, 8 August 2007 (ka Sefora).
      35. 1 2 "Alassane Ouattara prêt à s'associer aux ex-rebelles" Archived 3 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 3 February 2008.
      36. ↑ ""We Don't Believe Gbagbo Will Organise Transparent Elections" Michael Deibert interviews Alassane Ouattara". Inter Press Service. 23 October 2007. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011.
      37. 1 2 3 "Thousands flee Ivory Coast for Liberia amid poll crisis". BBC News. 26 December 2010. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. E nopotswe Phatwe a supa ka 2025.
      38. ↑ "Final Communique on the Extraordinary Session of the Authority of Heads of State and Government on Cote D’Ivoire" Archived 3 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 7 December 2010.
      39. ↑ "Communique of the 252nd Meeting of the Peace and Security Council" Archived 6 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine, African Union, 9 December 2010.
      40. ↑ "ICE deports Ivory Coast army colonel convicted of arms trafficking". Immigration and Customs Enforcement. 30 November 2012. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
      41. ↑ "FBI nabbed colonel on official business" Archived 25 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, UPI, 21 September 2010.
      42. ↑ United States Court of Appeals Memorandum Archived 27 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 18 December 2015.
      43. ↑ DiCampo, Peter (27 April 2011). "An Uncertain Future". Ivory Coast: Elections Turn to War. Pulitzer Center. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
      44. ↑ Lynch, Colum; Branigin, William (11 April 2011). "Ivory Coast strongman arrested after French forces intervene". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
      45. ↑ Griffiths, Thalia (11 April 2011). "The war is over — but Ouattara's struggle has barely begun". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
      46. ↑ "Obama, Clinton welcome new developments". CNN. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
      47. ↑ Ouattara dissolves Ivorian government over marriage law, BBC News, 2012, archived from the original on 15 November 2012, retrieved 15 September 2025.
      48. ↑ "Alassane Ouattara wins Ivory Coast election by a landslide". TheGuardian.com. 28 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
      49. ↑ Sylvestre-Treiner, Anna, "Côte d’Ivoire : Alassane Ouattara choisit Henriette Dagri Diabaté pour présider son parti" Archived 12 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Jeune Afrique, 10 September 2017 (in French).
      50. ↑ Ivorians react to Ouattara’s exit. Archived 30 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine africanews.com, 6 March 2020
      51. ↑ Ivory Coast court clears President Ouattara's contentious third-term bid. Archived 30 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine Deutsche Welle (dw.com), 15 September 2020.
      52. ↑ "I. Coast president Ouattara tapped to run for fourth term". France 24. 21 June 2025. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
      53. ↑ "Ivory Coast President Ouattara to run for fourth term in October election". France 24. 29 July 2025. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
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