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Anatoly Karpov

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Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov (Se-Russia: Анатолий Евге́ньевич Ка́рпов, IPA: o tshotswe ka Motsheganong 23, wa dingwaga tsa bo 1950

tsa kwa Russia. Mampodi wa Chess, ⁣le radipolotiki. E ne e le Mmampodi wa Lefatshe wa Chess wa bo 12 go tloga ka 1975 go fitlha ka 1985, Mmampodi wa Lefatshe wa FIDE makgetlo a le mararo (1993, 1996, 1998), mmampodi wa Lefatshe wa Chess makgetlo a le mabedi jaaka leloko la setlhopha sa USSR (1985, 1989), le mofenyi wa makgetlo a le marataro wa Chess team ya USSR a19. 1974, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988). Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Bobegadikgang jwa Tšhese o ne wa mo naya Di-Oscar di le robongwe tsa Tšhese (1973–77, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984).

Katlego ya ga Karpov mo kgaisanong ya tšhese e akaretsa go fetsa mo maemong a ntlha a a fetang 160.[1]O ne a na le tlhoro ya Elo ya 2780, mme dikgwedi tsa gagwe di le 102 tsa palogotlhe ya lefatshe nomoro ya ntlha ke ya boraro e telele go gaisa tsotlhe, morago ga Magnus Carlsen le Garry Kasparov. Karpov gape ke Leloko le le tlhophilweng la Duma ya Puso kwa Russia. Fa e sa le ka 2006, e ntse e le modulasetulo wa Khomišene ya Pabalesego ya Tikologo le Tshireletso ya Tikologo ya Phaposi ya Baagi ya Russian Federation, mme fa e sale ka 2007 e ntse e le leloko la Lekgotla la Setšhaba ka fa tlase ga Lefapha la Tshireletso.[2]

Botshelo jwa bogologolo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Anatoly Karpov
Анатолий Карпов
Karpov in 2017
Tsalo (1951-05-23) May 23, 1951 (age 73)
Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
TitleGrandmaster (1970)
Tempolete:Listen
Member of the State Duma for Tyumen Oblast's Party List
Assumed office
21 December 2011
Ka Ga Ena
MokgatlhoUnited Russia

Karpov o tsholetswe mo lelapeng la Ba-Russia ka Motsheganong 23, 1951,[3] [4]kwa Zlatoust, kwa kgaolong ya Urals ya Soviet Union ya pele, mme a ithuta go tshameka tšhese a le dingwaga di le nne.[5]Go tlhatloga ga gagwe ga ntlha mo tšheseng go ne ga nna bonako, ka gonne o ne a nna setswerere sa tšhese fa a le dingwaga di le 11. Fa a le dingwaga di le 12, o ne a amogelwa kwa sekolong se se tumileng sa tšhese sa ga Mikhail Botvinnik, le fa Botvinnik a ne a bua jaana ka Karpov yo mmotlana: "Mosimane yono ga a itse sepe ka isagwe ya gagwe ya tšhese, mme go na le tiro eno."[6]

Karpov o ne a dumela gore go tlhaloganya ga gagwe kgopolo ya tšhese go ne go tlhakane tlhogo thata ka nako eo, mme moragonyana o ne a kwala gore tiro ya sekolo e Botvinnik a neng a e abetswe e ne ya mo thusa thata, ka gonne e ne e tlhoka gore a lebe dibuka tsa tšhese le go dira ka natla.[7] Karpov o ne a tokafala ka bonako thata ka fa tlase ga tlhokomelo ya ga Botvinnik mo e leng gore o ne a nna mong yo mmotlana go gaisa botlhe wa Soviet mo hisitoring fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano ka 1966; seno se ne sa bofa rekoto e e neng ya tlhongwa ke Boris Spassky ka 1952.[8][9]

Mokgwa wa go itshetsa le tswelelopele

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mong yo mmotlana

Karpov o ne a nna wa ntlha mo kgaisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya boditšhabatšhaba, kwa Třinec, dikgwedi di le mmalwa moragonyana, a le kwa pele ga Viktor Kupreichik. Ka 1967, o ne a fenya Kgaisano ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Niemeyer kwa Groningen.[10] [11]Karpov o ne a gapa mmentlele wa gauta ka ntlha ya go dira sentle mo dithutong kwa sekolong se segolo, mme a tsena kwa Yunibesithing ya Naga ya Moscow ka 1968 go ya go ithuta dipalo. Moragonyana o ne a fudugela kwa Yunibesithing ya Puso ya Leningrad, mme kgabagare a aloga koo mo thutong ya ikonomi. Lengwe la mabaka a go fudusediwa kwa go ene e ne e le gore a nne gaufi le mokatisi wa gagwe, e bong Semyon Furman, yo o neng a nna kwa Leningrad. Mo dikwalong tsa gagwe, Karpov o akgola Furman jaaka tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgolong ya gagwe jaaka motshameki wa maemo a a kwa godimo.[12]

Ka 1969, Karpov e ne ya nna motshameki wa ntlha wa Soviet fa e sale ka Spassky (1955) go fenya Dikgaisano tsa Lefatshe tsa Basha, a ntsha 10/11 e e sa fenngwang mo setlhopheng sa bofelo sa A kwa Stockholm.[13] Phenyo eno e ne ya dira gore a nne le sekgele sa Mong wa Boditšhabatšhaba.[14]Ka 1970, Karpov o ne a lekana le Pal Benko mo maemong a bone le a botlhano kwa kgaisanong ya boditšhabatšhaba kwa Caracas, Venezuela,[15] mme a bona sekgele sa boditšhabatšhaba sa go nna moeteledipele wa boditšhabatšhaba.[16] FIDE e ne ya mo naya sekgele seno ka nako ya khonkerese ya yone ya bo 41, e e neng e tshwerwe ka nako ya Diolimpiki tsa Tšhese kwa Siegen, kwa Jeremane Bophirima ka Lwetse 1970.[17]

Mogolo

Anatoly Karpov ka ngwaga wa 1967

Karpov o fentse kgaisano ya Segopotso sa Alekhine ya 1971 kwa Moscow (ka kopanelo le Leonid Stein), pele ga lebala le le tletseng dinaledi, ka phenyo ya gagwe ya ntlha e e botlhokwa ya bagolo.[18]Tekanyetso ya gagwe ya Elo e ne ya tswa go 2540 ka 1971 go ya go 2660 ka 1973,[19] e mo go yone a neng a nna mo maemong a bobedi mo dikgaisanong tsa Soviet tsa 1973, a le kwa morago ga Spassky ka ntlha e le nngwe[20] mme a tshwanelegela go tsenela dikgaisano tsa Leningrad.[21]

Motlhatlhojwa

Bommampodi ba lefatshe ba ba botlana ba Karpov ba ne ba mo tshwanelegela go tsenela nngwe ya di-Interzonal tse pedi,[22] [23]kgato mo modikologong wa Bommampodi ba Lefatshe ba 1975 go tlhopha mogwetlhani go tshameka mmampodi wa lefatshe Bobby Fischer. O ne a fetsa a lekana pele mo Leningrad Interzonal, a tshwanelegela Metshameko ya Bontlhopheng ya 1974.

Karpov o ne a fenya Lev Polugaevsky ka dino tsa +3=5 mo motshamekong wa ntlha wa Bontlhopheng, mme a bona tshwanelo ya go lebana le mmampodi wa pele Boris Spassky mo tikologong ya semifaenale. Karpov o ne a le mo rekotong a re o dumela gore Spassky o tla mo fenya bonolo fela mme a fenya modikologo wa Batlhophiwa go lebana le Fischer, le gore ene (Karpov) o tla fenya modikologo o o latelang wa Batlhophiwa ka 1977.

Makgaolakgang a Bontlhopheng a ne a tshamekelwa kwa Moscow le Victor Korchnoi. Karpov o ne a etelela pele go sa le gale, a fenya motshameko wa bobedi kgatlhanong le Sicilian Dragon, morago ga moo a ntsha phenyo e nngwe mo motshamekong wa borataro. Morago ga go tshwana ga lesome ka go latelana, Korchnoi o ne a latlha boemo jwa phenyo mo motshamekong wa bolesome le bosupa go naya Karpov ketapele ya 3-0. Mo motshamekong wa bo 19, Korchnoi o ne a atlega go fenya motshameko o moleele wa bokhutlo, morago ga moo a bona phenyo e e bonako morago ga go dira phoso ke Karpov metshameko e le mebedi moragonyana. Dithalo tse dingwe tse tharo, tsa bofelo tse di neng tsa dumalanwa ke Karpov fa a ne a le mo cboemo jo bo botoka, a tswala motshameko, ka Karpov a fenya +3−2=19, a mo naya tshwanelo ya go tswelela pele go gwetlha Fischer go bona sekgele sa lefatshe.[24]

Motshameko le Fischer ka 1975

Le fa go ne go solofetswe thata motshameko wa bommampodi ba lefatshe fa gare ga Karpov le Fischer, ditsholofelo tseo ga di ise di ko di diragadiwe. Fischer ga a ka a gatelela fela gore motshameko e nne wa ntlha go ya go diphenyo di le lesome (go tshwana ga go balwe), mme gape le gore mmampodi a boloke serwalatlhogo fa dino di lekana ka 9–9. FIDE, Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Chess, o ne wa gana go letlelela molao ono, mme wa naya batshameki ka bobedi letlha la bofelo la Moranang 1, 1975, go dumalana go tshameka motshameko ka fa tlase ga melao e e amogetsweng ke FIDE.[25]Fa Fischer a sa dumalane, Moporesidente wa FIDE Max Euwe o ne a bolela ka Moranang 3, 1975, gore Fischer o ne a latlhegetswe ke sekgele sa gagwe mme Karpov e ne e le Mmampodi yo mošwa wa Lefatshe.[26] Moragonyana Karpov o ne a leka go tlhoma motshameko o mongwe le Fischer, mme dipuisano di ne tsa wela fa fatshe. Seno se ne sa dira gore Karpov yo mmotlana a nne le seabe sa go nna Mmampodi wa Lefatshe Lotlhe a sa lebana le mmampodi yo o busang.

Garry Kasparov o ne a bolela gore Karpov o ne a tla bo a na le ditšhono tse di siameng ka gonne o ne a fentse Spassky ka tsela e e tlhomamisang mme e ne e le mofuta o mosha wa seporofešenale se se thata, mme eleruri o ne a na le metshameko ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo, fa Fischer ene a ne a sa dire sepe dingwaga di le tharo.[27]Kgopolo e e boeletswa ke Karpov ka boene.[28] Spassky o ne a akanya gore Fischer o ne a tla bo a fentse ka 1975, mme Karpov o ne a tla bo a tshwanelega gape mme a fenya Fischer ka 1978.[29]Karpov o boletse gore fa a ka bo a nnile le tshono ya go tshameka Fischer mo dikgaisanong tsa bommampodi mo dingwageng tsa gagwe tsa masome a mabedi, o ka bo a nnile motshameki yo o botoka thata ka ntlha ya seo.[30]

Mampodi wa lefatshe

Karpov le poresidente wa FIDE Max Euwe le mosadi wa gagwe ka 1976

E re ka Karpov a ne a ikemiseditse go itshupa e le mmampodi yo o kafa molaong, o ne a nna le seabe mo e ka nnang mo dikgaisanong tsotlhe tse dikgolo mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang. O ne a fenya kgaisano ya Milan ka tsela e e tlhatswang pelo ka 1975, mme a gapa sekgele sa gagwe sa ntlha mo go tse tharo tsa Soviet ka 1976. O ne a tlhama motseletsele o o gakgamatsang wa diphenyo tsa kgaisano kgatlhanong le batshameki ba ba nonofileng go gaisa mo lefatsheng. Karpov o ne a tshwere rekoto ya diphenyo tse dintsi tse di latelanang mo dikgaisanong (9) go fitlha e thubiwa ke Garry Kasparov (15). Ka ntlha ya moo, bontsi jwa baitseanape ba tšhese ba ne ba dumalana ka bonako gore Karpov e ne e le mmampodi wa lefatshe yo o kafa molaong.[31]

Ka 1978, tshireletso ya ntlha ya ga Karpov ya setlhogo e ne e le kgatlhanong le Viktor Korchnoi, moganetsi yo a neng a mo fentse mo modikologong wa Bontlhopheng ba 1973–75; motshameko ono o ne wa tshamekelwa kwa Baguio, kwa Philippines, mme mofenyi o ne a tlhoka go fenya makgetlo a le marataro. Jaaka ka 1974, Karpov o ne a etelela pele go sa le gale, a fenya motshameko wa borobedi morago ga go tshwana ga supa go bula motshameko. Fa dino di ne di le +5−2=20 mo go Karpov, Korchnoi o ne a dira thulaganyo ya go boela morago, mme a fenya metshameko e le meraro mo go e mene e e latelang go lekana le Karpov. Karpov o ne a fenya motshameko o o latelang go boloka sekgele (+6−5=21).[32] Dingwaga di le tharo moragonyana, Korchnoi o ne a tlhagelela gape jaaka mofenyi wa Bontlhopheng kgatlhanong le mofenyi wa makgaolakgang wa Jeremane Robert Hübner go gwetlha Karpov kwa Merano, kwa Italy. Karpov o fentse motshameko ono ka diatla, 11–7 (+6−2=10), mo go se se gakologelwang jaaka "Polao ya Batho kwa Merano".

Tiro ya ga Karpov ya dikgaisano e ne ya fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa kgaisanong ya "Kgaisano ya Dinaledi" ya Montreal ka 1979, koo a neng a fetsa e le wa ntlha (+7−1=10) le Mikhail Tal pele ga lebala la batshameki ba ba nonofileng ba ba neng ba weditswe ke Jan Timman, Batho ba ba neng ba le teng, ba ne ba dira jalo. O ne a laola Las Palmas ka 1977 ka 131⁄2/15. O ne gape a fenya kgaisano e e tumileng ya Bugojno ka 1978 (e e neng e abelanwa), 1980 le 1986, kgaisano ya Linares ka 1981 (e e neng e abelanwa le Larry Christiansen) le 1994, kgaisano ya Tilburg ka 1977, 1979, 1980, Champiship1982, le 1983, 1976, 1983, le 1988.[33]

Karpov o ne a emela Soviet Union kwa Diolimpiading di le thataro tsa Chess, tse mo go tsone tsotlhe USSR e neng ya gapa mmentlele wa gauta wa setlhopha. O ne a tshameka jaaka motshamiki wa ntlha kwa Skopje ka 1972, a fenya sekgele sa boto ka 13/15. Kwa Nice 1974, o ne a tswelela go palama e le nngwe mme a gapa gape sekgele sa boto ka 12/14. Kwa La Valletta ka 1980, o ne a nna gape mo botong ya ntlha mme a bona maduo a le 9/12. Kwa Lucerne 1982, o ne a bona maduo a le 61⁄2/8 mo sekepeng se le sengwe. Kwa Dubai 1986, o ne a bona 6/9 mo sekepeng sa bobedi. Ya gagwe ya bofelo e ne e le Thesalonika 1988, koo mo sekepeng sa bobedi a neng a bona maduo a le 8/10. Mo motshamekong wa Olympiad, Karpov o ne a latlhegelwa ke metshameko e le mebedi fela mo go e le 68 e e neng ya tshamekiwa.[34] Go tshwantsha kafa Karpov a neng a laola balekane ba gagwe ka gone jaaka mmampodi, maduo a gagwe e ne e le +13−1=22 fa a bapisiwa le Spassky, +8=19 fa a bapisiwa le Robert Hübner, +12−1=29 fa a bapisiwa le Ulf Andersson, +3−1=10 fa a bapisiwa le Vasily L Smyslov, +1=19 fa a bapisiwa le Mikhail L-9=19. [35]

Kgaisano le Kasparov

Karolo e ke nopolo go tswa mo kgaisanong ya ga Karpov le Kasparov § Kakaretso.[tseleganya]

Karpov o ne a tiisitse boemo jwa gagwe jaaka motshameki yo o gaisang mo lefatsheng le mmampodi wa lefatshe ka nako ya fa Garry Kasparov a goroga mo lefelong la tiragatso. Mo motshamekong wa bone wa ntlha, e leng Kgaisano ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Chess ya 1984 kwa Moscow, motshameki wa ntlha go fenya metshameko e le merataro o ne a tla fenya motshameko. Karpov o ne a aga ketapele ya 4-0 morago ga metshameko e le robongwe. Metshameko e e latelang e le 17 e ne ya tshwana, mme seno sa tlhoma rekoto ya metshameko ya go gapa sekgele sa lefatshe, mme go ne ga tsaya Karpov go fitlha mo motshamekong wa bo 27 go bona phenyo ya gagwe ya botlhano. Mo motshamekong wa bo 31, Karpov o ne a na le maemo a go fenya mme a palelwa ke go dirisa sebaka seno mme .ba tlhomamisitse go tshwana. O ne a latlhegelwa ke motshameko o o latelang, morago ga moo go ne ga latela di-draw tse dingwe gape di le 14. Karpov o ne a na le boemo jo bo tiileng jwa phenyo mo Motshamekong wa 41, mme gape o ne a dira phoso mme a tshwanelwa ke go kgotsofalela go tshwana. Morago ga gore Kasparov a fenye metshameko ya bo 47 le ya bo 48, Moporesidente wa FIDE Florencio Campomanes o ne a fedisa motshameko ka boene, a umaka botsogo jwa batshameki.[36] Karpov go bolelwa fa a latlhegetswe ke dikilogerama di le lesome (22 lb) mo tsamaong ya motshameko.[37]Go ne ga rulaganngwa gore go nne le motshameko wa gape moragonyana ka 1985, le kwa Moscow. Ditiragalo tsa Marathon Match di ne tsa pateletsa FIDE go boela kwa sebopegong se se fetileng, ka motshameko o o neng o lekanyeditswe go metshameko e le 24 (ka Karpov a sala mmampodi fa motshameko o ne o ka felela ka 12–12). Karpov o ne a tlhoka go fenya motshameko wa bofelo gore a kgone go tshwara motshameko le go boloka sekgele sa gagwe mme a latlhegelwa, a neela moganetsi wa gagwe sekgele. Maduo a bofelo e ne e le 13–11 (+3−5=16) a a neng a rata Kasparov.

Karpov, le Kasparov (kafa molemeng) le Moeteledipele wa Ditshameko tsa Mo-Dutch e bong Jan Timman (kafa mojeng) kwa Amsterdam, ka 1987

Karpov o ne a nna moganetsi yo o boitshegang le No. 2 mo lefatsheng go fitlha mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990. O ne a lwa le Kasparov mo metshamekong e mengwe e meraro ya bommampodi ba lefatshe ka 1986 (e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Lontone le kwa Leningrad), ka 1987 (kwa Seville) le ka 1990 (kwa New York City le kwa Lyon). Metshameko yotlhe e meraro e ne e le gaufi thata: maduo e ne e le 111⁄2–121⁄2 (+4−5=15), 12–12 (+4−4=16), le 111⁄2–121⁄2 (+3−4=17). Mo metshamekong yotlhe e meraro, Karpov o ne a na le ditshono tsa go fenya go fitlha ka metshameko ya bofelo. Bokhutlo jwa motshameko wa Seville wa 1987 bo ne bo gakgamatsa thata. Karpov o ne a fenya motshameko wa bo23 fa Kasparov a ne a sa balele motswako o o siameng. Mo motshamekong wa bofelo, a tlhoka fela go tshwana go fenya sekgele, Karpov o ne a phanyega ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo ya nako kwa bokhutlong jwa thulaganyo ya ntlha ya motshameko, a foswa ke pharologano e e neng ya felela ka go tshwana go go batlang go patelediwa, mme a letla Kasparov go busetsa motshameko morago ka pawn e e oketsegileng. Morago ga phoso e nngwe gape mo thulaganyong ya bobedi, Karpov o ne a tlhotlhorega ka iketlo mme a rola tiro ka motsamao wa bo 64, a fedisa motshameko mme a letla Kasparov go boloka sekgele.

Mo metshamekong ya bone e le metlhano ya bommampodi ba lefatshe, Karpov o ne a fenya makgetlo a le 19, a latlhegelwa makgetlo a le 21, le go tshwana makgetlo a le 104 mo metshamekong e le 144.[38] Ka kakaretso, Karpov o ne a tshameka metshameko e le metlhano kgatlhanong le Kasparov go bona sekgele go tloga ka 1984 go ya go 1990 a sa mo fenye mo motshamekong ope. Go ya ka chessgames.com, go tloga ka 2022, mo metshamekong ya Bogologolo, Kasparov o etelela Karpov pele ka diphenyo di le 28, ditatlhegelo di le 20, le go tshwana ga 119 mo metshamekong e le 167. Go akaretsa le metshameko e e bonako/ya dipontsho, Kasparov o etelela Karpov pele ka diphenyo di le 39, ditatlhegelo di le 25, le go tshwana ga 129 mo metshamekong e le 193.[39]

Mampodi wa FIDE gape (1993–1999)

Anatoly Karpov

Ka 1992, Karpov o ne a latlhegelwa ke Motshameko wa Bontlhopheng kgatlhanong le Nigel Short. Mme mo Dikgaisanong tsa Lefatshe Lotlhe tsa Chess tsa 1993, Karpov o ne a bona gape sekgele sa Mmampodi wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa FIDE fa Kasparov le Short ba ne ba kgaogana le FIDE. Karpov o ne a fenya Timman – yo o neng a latlhegelwa ke makgaolakgang a Bontlhopheng kgatlhanong le Short.

Kopano e e latelang e kgolo ya ga Kasparov le Karpov e ne e le kgaisano ya tšhese ya Linares ya 1994. Tshimo, ka tatelano ya go fetsa kwa bofelong, e ne e le Karpov, Kasparov, Shirov, Bareev, Kramnik, Lautier, Anand, Kamsky, Topalov, Ivanchuk, Gelfand, Illescas, Judit Polgár le Beliavsky; ka palogare ya Elo rating ya 2685, e e kwa godimo go gaisa tsotlhe ka nako eo. E re ka Kasparov a ne a kgatlhilwe ke maatla a kgaisano eno, o ne a boletse malatsi a le mmalwa pele ga kgaisano eno gore mofenyi o ne a ka bidiwa ka tshwanelo gore ke mmampodi wa lefatshe lotlhe wa dikgaisano. Gongwe ka ntlha ya go tlhotlhelediwa ke kakgelo eno, Karpov o ne a tshameka kgaisano e e gaisang tsotlhe mo botshelong jwa gagwe. O ne a sa fenngwa mme a bona dintlha di le 11 mo go tse 13 (peresente e e gaisang ya phenyo ya kgaisano ya maemo a a kwa godimo fa e sale Alekhine a fenya San Remo ka 1930), a fetsa ka dintlha di le 21⁄2 kwa pele ga Kasparov le Shirov ba ba mo maemong a bobedi. Bontsi jwa diphenyo tsa gagwe di ne di kgatlha (segolobogolo, phenyo ya gagwe mo go Topalov e tsewa e le e e molemo go gaisa tsotlhe mo tirong ya gagwe). Tiragatso eno kgatlhanong le batshameki ba ba gaisang mo lefatsheng e ne ya baya tiragatso ya gagwe ya kgaisano ya tekanyetso ya Elo kwa go 2985, e leng tekanyetso e e kwa godimo ya tiragatso ya motshameki ope mo hisitoring go fitlha ka 2009, fa Magnus Carlsen a ne a fenya kgaisano ya tšhese ya setlhopha sa XXI ya Pearl Spring ka tiragatso ya 3002. hisitori.[40]

Karpov o ne a sireletsa sekgele sa gagwe sa FIDE kgatlhanong le naledi e e tlhatlogang Gata Kamsky (+6−3=9) ka 1996. Ka 1998, FIDE e ne ya tlosa thata tsamaiso ya bogologolo ya Metshameko ya Bontlhopheng, go na le moo ya nna le tiragalo e kgolo ya go kgaola e mo go yone palo e kgolo ya batshameki ba neng ba gaisana kgatlhanong le metshameko e mengwe e mekhutshwane fela. Mo go ya ntlha ya ditiragalo tseno, e leng Kgaisano ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Tšhese ya FIDE ya 1998, mmampodi Karpov o ne a tsenngwa ka tlhamalalo mo makgaolakgannyeng, a fenya Viswanathan Anand (+2−2=2, go kgaogana ka bonako ka 2–0). Mo modikologong o o latelang, sebopego se ne sa fetolwa, mme mmampodi a tshwanelwa ke go tshwanelega. Karpov o ne a gana go sireletsa sekgele sa gagwe, mme a kgaotsa go nna Mmampodi wa Lefatshe wa FIDE morago ga Dikgaisano tsa Lefatshe tsa Chess tsa FIDE tsa 1999.[41]

Go ya go rola tiro

Motshameko wa ga Karpov wa bogologolo wa dikgaisano o ntse o lekanyeditswe thata fa e sa le ka 1997, ka gonne o rata go nna le seabe thata mo dipolotiking tsa Russia. O ne a kile a nna leloko la Khomišene e Kgolo ya Soviet ya Merero ya Dinaga di Sele le poresidente wa Letlole la Kagiso la Soviet pele ga Soviet Union e phatlalala. Mo godimo ga moo, o na le o nnile le seabe mo dikgotlhang di le mmalwa le FIDE.[42] Mo lenaaneng la ditekanyetso la FIDE la Lwetse 2009, o ne a tswa mo lenaaneng la Top 100 la lefatshe lekgetlo la ntlha. Karpov gantsi o lekanyetsa motshameko wa gagwe go ditiragalo tsa dipontsho, mme o tlhabolotse setaele sa gagwe go nna le bokgoni jwa go tshameka tšhese e e bonako. Ka 2002, o ne a fenya motshameko kgatlhanong le Kasparov, a mo fenya mo motshamekong wa taolo ya nako ka bonako 21⁄2–11⁄2. Ka 2006, o ne a lekana le Kasparov mo kgaisanong ya ntlha, a le kwa pele ga Korchnoi le Judit Polgár.[43]

Karpov le Kasparov ba ne ba tshameka motshameko o o tlhakaneng wa metshameko e le 12 go tloga ka Lwetse 21–24, 2009, kwa Valencia, kwa Spain. E ne e na le metshameko e le mene e e bonako (kgotsa e e potlakileng go sekae) le e le robedi ya blitz mme e ne ya diragala dingwaga di le 25 fela morago ga gore batshameki ba babedi bano ba kopane kwa World Chess Championship ka 1984.[44] Kasparov o fentse motshameko ka 9-3. Karpov o ne a tshameka motshameko kgatlhanong le Yasser Seirawan ka 2012 kwa St. Ka Ngwanatsele 2012, o ne a fenya kgaisano ya ka bonako ya Cap d'Agde e e nang le leina la gagwe (Sejana sa Anatoly Karpov), a fenya Vasyl Ivanchuk (yo o neng a le mo maemong a bo 9 mo maemong a lefatshe a FIDE a Diphalane 2012) mo makgaolakgannyeng.[45]

Tiro ya seporofešenale le ya sepolotiki morago ga go rola tiro ya tšhese

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Karpov o ne a tlhoma sekolo sa gagwe sa tšhese mo kagong ya tan. Letshwao le le nang le leina la gagwe le tlositswe, mme sekolo se mo thulaganyong ya go fetola leina la sone.

Ka 2003, Karpov o ne a bula sekolo sa gagwe sa ntlha sa tšhese sa Amerika kwa Lindsborg, kwa Kansas.[46]Ka Mopitlwe 2, 2022, sekolo se ne sa itsise ka go fetolwa ga leina go nna Setheo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Tšhese sa Bophirimagare ka ntlha ya go tlhaselwa ga Russia ke Ukraine.[47]

Karpov e nnile leloko la Dumas ya Puso ya Russia ya borataro, ya bosupa le ya borobedi.Fa e sa le ka 2005, e ntse e le leloko la Phaposi ya Setšhaba ya Russia. [48]O ile a nna le seabe mo ditirong di le mmalwa tsa thuso ya batho, jaaka go buelela tiriso ya letswai le le nang le iodise. Ka Sedimonthole 17, 2012, Karpov o ne a tshegetsa Molao wa ga Dima Yakovlev o o neng o thibela go amogela masiela a Russia ke baagi ba U.S.[49]

Karpov o tlhagisitse tshegetso ya go tsewa ga Crimea ka letlhakore le le lengwe ke Mokgatlho wa Russia, mme a latofatsa Yuropa ka go leka go dira Putin[50] sedimona. Ka Phatwe 2019, Maxim Dlugy o ne a bolela gore Karpov o ne a ntse a letile go tloga ka Mopitlwe gore a amogelwe visa ya go ya kwa United States e e seng ya mofaladi, le fa a ne a etela naga eo kgapetsakgapetsa fa e sale ka 1972.[51] Karpov o ne a rulaganyeditswe go ruta kwa kampeng ya selemo kwa Chess Max Academy. Dlugy o boletse gore Karpov o ne a bodiwa dipotso kwa boemeding jwa Amerika kwa Moscow ka ga gore a o rulagantse go buisana le boradipolotiki ba Amerika. Karpov o ne a le gareng ga maloko a Duma ya Puso ya Russia a a neng a beilwe ka fa tlase ga dikiletso ke EU le UK ka nako ya Ntwa ya Russia le Ukraine. [52][53]Ka Mopitlwe 2022, morago ga go simolola ga tlhaselo ya Russia kwa Ukraine, Lekgotla la FIDE le ne la emisa sereto sa ga Karpov sa Moemedi wa Botshelo wa FIDE.[54]

Ka Ngwanatsele 2022, Karpov o ne a bewa mo koma e e neng e tlhotlheleditswe morago ga go gobala mo tlhogong.[55]Morwadia Karpov Sofia le Mokgatlho wa Chess wa Russia ba ne ba bolela gore o ne a wa ka phoso.[56]Karpov o ne a fola ka botlalo mo kgobalong.[57]

Ntlhopheng wa boporesidente jwa FIDE

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Ka March 2010, Karpov o ne a itsise gore o tla nna ntlhopheng wa boporesidente jwa FIDE. Ditlhopho di ne tsa tshwarwa ka Lwetse 2010 kwa Diolimpiading tsa bo 39 tsa Tšhese.[58]Ka Motsheganong, tiragalo ya go kokoanya madi e ne ya tshwarelwa kwa New York ka botsayakarolo jwa ga Kasparov le Magnus Carlsen, ba ka bobedi ba neng ba tshegetsa kopo ya gagwe le go mo tlhotlheletsa.[59]Nigel Short le ene o ne a tshegetsa bontlhopheng ba ga Karpov. Ka Lwetse 29, 2010, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov o ne a tlhophiwa gape go nna mopresidente wa FIDE, ka diboutu di le 95 go ya go di le 55.[60]

Setaele

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Mokgwa wa go tshameka wa ga Karpov, o o tlhalosiwang jaaka "boa constrictor",[61]o[62] tlhomame mo maemong, o tsaya dikotsi tse dinnye mme o tsiboga ka tsela e e senang kutlwelobotlhoko mo phosong e nnye fela ya moganetsi wa gagwe. Ka ntlha ya seo, gantsi o bapisiwa le José Raúl Capablanca, mmampodi wa boraro wa lefatshe.[63]Karpov ka boene o tlhalosa setaele sa gagwe jaana:

A re re motshameko o ka tswelela ka ditsela tse pedi: nngwe ya tsone ke go itaya go gontle ga boferefere go go dirang gore go nne le dipharologano tse di sa ineeleng mo dipalong tse di tlhomameng; e nngwe ke kgatelelo e e bonalang ya maemo e e isang kwa motshamekong wa bokhutlo o o nang le ditšhono tse dinnye tsa phenyo.... Ke ne ke tla tlhopha [ya bofelo] ke sa akanye gabedi. Fa moganetsi a neelana ka motshameko o o tlhoafetseng ga ke gane; mme mo maemong a a ntseng jalo ga ke kgotsofale thata, le fa nka fenya, go na le mo motshamekong o o tsamaisiwang go ya ka melao yotlhe ya leano ka tlhaloganyo ya one e e setlhogo.[64]

Metshameko e e tlhomologileng

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Karolo eno e dirisa go kwala ga alejebora go tlhalosa metsamao ya tšhese.

1973 Karpov o ntsha pawn setlhabelo sa tlhaselo e e nonofileng ya mo gare le ya kgosigadi.

Anatoly Karpov kgatlhanong le Gyula Sax, Linares 1983 Karpov o intsha setlhabelo ka ntlha ya tlhaselo e e fenyang motshameko ditshutiso di le 20 moragonyana, morago ga go intsha setlhabelo go gongwe go go gakgamatsang go tswa go Karpov le go intsha setlhabelo go go kgatlhanong go tswa go Sax. E ne ya gapa sekgele sa ntlha sa botlhale sa kgaisano eno. E ne e se lekgetlo la ntlha Karpov a dirisa Tlhaselo e e bogale ya Keres (6.g4) – bona phenyo ya gagwe mo go Anatoly Karpov kgatlhanong le Vlastimil Hort, Kgaisano ya Segopotso sa Alekhine, Moscow 1971.

1994 Motshameko ono o na le sham sehlabelo sa dikotwana tse peli, tseo Karpov regains le qobella phapang, culminating ka tlhōlo ea phapanyetsano le setsebi hlōla endgame.

Ditiro tsa go itlosa bodutu

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Karpov o ne a tlhoma sekolo sa gagwe sa tšhese mo kagong ya tan. Letshwao le le nang le leina la gagwe le tlositswe, mme sekolo se mo thulaganyong ya go fetola leina la sone

Pokello e kgolo ya ditempe tsa Karpov tsa ditempe tsa philately tsa Belgium le tsa Belgium Congo le nalane ya poso e akaretsang poso ho tloha ka 1742 ho isa ho 1980 e ile ya rekiswa ke khamphani ya fantisi ya David Feldman pakeng tsa Sedimonthole 2011[65]le 2012. Gape o tsejwa ka ho ba le setempe se seholo sa tšhese le pokello ya dibuka tsa tjhese. Laeborari ya gagwe ya poraefete ya tšhese e na le dibuka di le 9 000.[66] Karpov gape ke motshameki yo o matlhagatlhaga wa Backgammon.[67]

Diawate le Diawate

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  • Sekgele sa Merit for the Fatherland, sa maemo a boraro (2001) – ka ntlha ya seabe se se tlhomologileng mo go tsenyeng tirisong mananeo a bopelotshweu, go nonotsha kagiso le botsalano fa gare ga batho
  • Order of Friendship (2011) – ka ntlha ya seabe sa gagwe se segolo mo go nonotsheng kagiso le botsalano fa gare ga batho le ditiro tsa loago tse di nang le matswela
  • Mokgatlho wa ga Lenin (1981)
  • Taelo ya Folaga e Khibidu ya Badiri (1978)
  • Kaelo ya Boleng, ya maemo a bobedi (Ukraine) (Ngwanatsele 13, 2006) – ka ntlha ya seabe sa gagwe mo batswasetlhabelong ba masetlapelo a Chernobyl
  • Taolo ya Kgosana e e Boitshepo Daniel wa Moscow, ya maemo a bobedi (1996)
  • Taolo ya ga Moitshepi Sergius wa Radonezh, ya maemo a bobedi (2001)
  • Medal "Bakeng sa monehelo o ikhethang ho Collector kgwebo ka Russia".
  • Leloko le le Tlotlegang la Mokgatlho wa Dikwalo wa Soviet (1979)
  • Dipoloma ya Duma ya Puso ya Mokgatlho wa Russia No. 1
  • Taelo "Ka diphitlhelelo tse di tlhomologileng mo metshamekong" (Rephaboliki ya Cuba)
  • Metlele ya Mokgatlho wa Dipatlisiso tsa Lefaufau wa Tsiolkovsky wa Russia
  • Metlele ya "Go nonotsha tsamaiso ya kotlhao", ya maemo a ntlha le a bobedi
  • Seiphemelo sa sehuba sa dikerii ya ntlha ya Lefapha la Merero ya Selegae
  • Mokgatlo wa Matjhaba wa Chess Press, makhetlo a 9 a ile a vouta molemo ka ho fetisisa chess sebapali sa selemo mme a fuwa "Chess Oscar".
  • Mokgatlho wa ga Moitshepi Nestor Mokwadi wa Ditiragalo, wa maemo a ntlha
  • Polanete ya 90414 Karpov e teeletswe ka Karpov[68]
  • Kgaisano ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Tšhese ya ga Anatoly Karpov, e leng kgaisano ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e tshwarwang go mo tlotla kwa Poikovsky, kwa Kgaolong e e Ikemetseng ya Khanty-Mansi, kwa Russia fa e sa le ka 2000[69]

Dibuka

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  • Karpov o kwadile kgotsa o kwadile mmogo le ene dibuka di le mmalwa, tse bontsi jwa tsone di ranoletsweng mo Seesemaneng.
  • Karpov, A.E. Borobongwe jo bo emeng. 1978. Moscow: Mosadi yo o tlhomologileng.
  • Karpov, Anatoli; Roshale, Aleksandere (1979). Chess Ke Botshelo Jwa Me. Bogatisetso jwa Peregamone. ISBN 0802-3119-5.
  • Karpov, Anatoly (1988). Motshameko o o Buletsweng mo Tirong. Batsford. ISBN 978-0713460964.
  • Karpov, Anatoly (1988). Motshameko wa Semi-Open o o Dirang. Collier. ISBN 978-0020218012.
  • Karpov, Anatoly (1990). Diphatlha tse di Tswaletsweng mo Tirong. Koliere/Macmillane. ISBN 978-0020339854.
  • Karpov, Anatoly (1990). Diphatlha tse di Tswaletsweng go Sekae mo Tirong. Koliere/Macmillane. ISBN 978-0020218050.
  • Karpov, Anatoly (1990). Karpov ka Karpov: Dikgopolo tsa mmampodi wa lefatshe wa tšhese. Kgatiso ya Kgololesego. ISBN 0689-12060-5. (gape ke kgatiso ya ga Simon le Schuster ya 1992)
  • Karpov, Anatoly (1992). Go itaya Grünfeld. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-6468-9.
  • Karpov, Anatoli (2006). Tshireletso ya Caro-Kann: Pharologano ya Pele le Tsamaiso ya Gambit. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-9010-1.
  • Karpov, Anatoly (2007). Metshameko Yame e e Gaisang. Kgatiso ya Olms. ISBN 978-3-2830-1002-7.
  • Karpov, Anatoli; Ron (2007). Ditayari tsa ga Elista: Metshameko ya Bommampodi ba Lefatshe Lotlhe ba Tšhese ya Toropo ya Mexico ya 2007. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-923891-97-8.
  • Karpov, Anatoly (2007). Kamoo O Tshamekang Pulo Ya Sekgowa. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-9065-7.

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ In his 1994 book My Best Games, Karpov says he played some 200 tournaments and matches, and won more than 100.
  2. ↑ "Anatoly Karpov elected as Deputy Secretary General of the Assembly". Official site of the Eurasian Peoples' Assembly. February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
  3. ↑ How Karpov Wins, p. xiii
  4. ↑ Deep Blue: An Artificial Intelligence Milestonebats, p. 44
  5. ↑ Keene, Raymond (October 1978). "Anatoly Karpov". Chess Life & Review. Vol. XXIII, no. 10. p. 539.
  6. ↑ Arrabal, Fernando (March 1, 1992). "Getting It Off His Chess". The New York Times. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  7. ↑ Karpov, A. (1992). Karpov on Karpov: A Memoirs of a Chess World Champion. Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-12060-5.
  8. ↑ Editorial Staff (April 15, 2022). "Boris Spassky - The Russian Chess Grandmaster Legend - Chess Player Profile". The Chess Journal. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  9. ↑ "ANATOLY KARPOV". Федерация шахмат России. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  10. ↑ "Junior Meet". Chess Review. Vol. 36, no. 4. April 1968. p. 99. The Niemeyer International Junior Tournament in Groningen, Holland, went to Karpov of the Soviet Union with 5½–1½, half a point ahead of Jocha of Hungary.
  11. ↑ "EU-ch U18 f-A 6768 1967". 365Chess.com. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  12. ↑ Arrabal, Fernando (March 1, 1992). "Getting It Off His Chess". The NY Times. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
  13. ↑ "Wch U20 fin-A". 365Chess.com. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  14. ↑ Trifunovich, Petar (October 1969). "Tenth Junior World Championship. Stockholm, August 10 – 29, 1969". Chess Review. Vol. 37, no. 10. p. 315.
  15. ↑ "Caracas 1970". 365Chess.com. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  16. ↑ Kavalek, Lubosh (September 1970). "Don't Walk – Run". Chess Life & Review. Vol. XXV, no. 9. p. 483. Anatoli Karpov is a new International Grandmaster. Playing "waiting chess" he just made the grandmaster norm.
  17. ↑ Cramer, Fred (January 1971). "FIDE'S 41st -and Greatest -Congress". Chess Life & Review. Vol. XXVI, no. 1. p. 24. The Congress awarded IGM titles to Anatoly Karpov and Buchuti Gurgenldze of the USSR and to Walter Browne of Australia.
  18. ↑ "Alekhine mem 1971". www.365chess.com.
  19. ↑ "FIDE rating history: Karpov, Anatoly"
  20. ↑ "41st Soviet Chess Championship, Moscow 1973". www.olimpbase.org.
  21. ↑ "Leningrad Interzonal 1973". www.365chess.com.
  22. ↑ Zonal Qualifiers 1972-1975, Mark Weeks' Chess Pages
  23. ↑ Cramer, Fred (January 1973). "The 1973 Interzonals". Chess Life & Review. Vol. XXVIII, no. 1. p. 34.
  24. ↑ chessgames.com, Karpov - Korchnoi Candidates Final (1974)
  25. ↑ Hochberg, Burt (May 1975). "News & Views". Chess Life and Review. Newburgh, New York: United States Chess Federation.
  26. ↑ Byrne, Robert (1976). Anatoly Karpov, The Road to the World Chess Championship. New York: Bantam Books. p. 1. ISBN 0-553-02876-6.
  27. ↑ Kasparov, My Great Predecessors, part IV: Fischer, p. 474
  28. ↑ "Karpov on Fischer, Korchnoi, Kasparov and the chess world today". Chessbase. February 5, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  29. ↑ In an article (PDF) published in 2004 on the Chesscafe website Susan Polgar wrote: "I spoke to Boris Spassky about this same issue and he believes that Bobby would have won in 1975, but that Anatoly would have won the rematch."
  30. ↑ Seirawan, Yasser (2005). Winning Chess Strategies. Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-1857443851.
  31. ↑ Seirawan, Yasser (2005). Winning Chess Strategies. Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-1857443851.
  32. ↑ chessgames.com, Karpov vs Korchnoi, 1978
  33. ↑ chessgames.com, Anatoly Karpov
  34. ↑ "Karpov at 70: "My great blunder was I agreed to hold the match with Kasparov in the Soviet Union"". chess24.com. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  35. ↑ chessgames.com, Anatoly Karpov
  36. ↑ 1984 Karpov–Kasparov Title Match Highlights Mark Weeks' Chess Pages
  37. ↑ "Karpov vs Kasparov, 1984-85"
  38. ↑ Weeks, Mark. "World Chess Championship, The Great Rivalries, Kasparov - Karpov". The Great Rivalries. Retrieved July 11, 2022
  39. ↑ "Listing of games played between Karpov and Kasparov". chessgames.com.
  40. ↑ "Facts and figures: Magnus Carlsen's performance in Nanjing". ChessBase. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
  41. ↑ Leonard Barden (September 4, 1999). "Games". The Guardian. Greater London. p. 37. Anatoly Karpov refused to defend his title because of the absence of a challenge round and has now filed a breach of contract suit against the world chess body, claiming more than $1m in compensation.
  42. ↑ "Karpov may sue over LV tourney - Las Vegas Sun Newspaper". lasvegassun.com. July 22, 1999. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  43. ↑ "The Credit Suisse Blitz – in pictures". ChessBase. August 27, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  44. ↑ "Kasparov and Karpov to play 12 games match in Valencia". Chessdom. Archived from the original on July 12, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2009
  45. ↑ "Karpov, Seirawan Head to Rapid Play in Saint Louis". St Louis Chess Club. June 12, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  46. ↑ "Anatoly Karpov International School of Chess". www.anatolykarpovchessschool.org. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
  47. ↑ "International School of Chess of the Midwest". www.facebook.com.
  48. ↑ "Stories from the region". www.unicef.org. Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  49. ↑ "(2 чтение) ФЗ №186614-6 "О мерах воздействия на лиц, причастных к нарушению основополагающих прав и свобод человека, прав и свобод граждан РФ" – Система анализа результатов голосований на заседаниях Государственной Думы". vote.duma.gov.ru. Retrieved March 26, 2018
  50. ↑ Кожемякин, Владимир (June 23, 2015). "Анатолий Карпов: Европа пытается демонизировать Путина, а не Россию". www.aif.ru. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  51. ↑ "Russian chess legend Anatoly Karpov unable to get U.S. visa, friend says". Reuters. August 22, 2019. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  52. ↑ "Анатолий Карпов попадает под санкции Европейского союза". chess-news.ru. February 23, 2022. Archived from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  53. ↑ "CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK" (PDF). Retrieved April 16, 2023.
  54. ↑ "The Official Statement of FIDE Council". www.fide.com. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  55. ↑ "Breaking News: Anatoly Karpov in hospital with fractured skull". Chess News. October 31, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  56. ↑ "Conflicting claims as Anatoly Karpov enters induced coma: Assault or a domestic accident?". MARCA. October 31, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  57. ↑ "Karpov is back home". November 18, 2022.
  58. ↑ "Big Karpov fund-raiser in New York". ChessBase. May 18, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  59. ↑ "Big Karpov fund-raiser in New York". ChessBase. May 18, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  60. ↑ "Kirsan Ilyumzhinov wins 2010 FIDE elections". Chessdom.com. 2010. Archived from the original on October 2, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
  61. ↑ "Keres Annotates... Two Karpov Wins". Chess Life & Review. Vol. XXVIII, no. 1. January 1973. p. 8. His general style of play is rather calm, centered on positional considerations and somehow recalling Capablanca's attitudes towards the game.
  62. ↑ "Keres Annotates... Two Karpov Wins". Chess Life & Review. Vol. XXVIII, no. 1. January 1973. p. 8. His general style of play is rather calm, centered on positional considerations and somehow recalling Capablanca's attitudes towards the game.
  63. ↑ "Keres Annotates... Two Karpov Wins". Chess Life & Review. Vol. XXVIII, no. 1. January 1973. p. 8. His general style of play is rather calm, centered on positional considerations and somehow recalling Capablanca's attitudes towards the game.
  64. ↑ "Keres Annotates... Two Karpov Wins". Chess Life & Review. Vol. XXVIII, no. 1. January 1973. p. 8. His general style of play is rather calm, centered on positional considerations and somehow recalling Capablanca's attitudes towards the game.
  65. ↑ "Belgium collection formed by Anatoly Karpov". David Feldman. 2011. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  66. ↑ "Belgium collection formed by Anatoly Karpov". David Feldman. 2011. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  67. ↑ "Belgium collection formed by Anatoly Karpov". David Feldman. 2011. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  68. ↑ "Anatoly Karpov: The Owner of the Unique Stamp Collection". Watch-Clone.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
  69. ↑ Magriel, Paul (December 23, 1979). "Backgammon". The New York Times.
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