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Bana ba ba dirilweng masole kwa Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Ka nako ya ntwa ya ntlha ya Congo le ntwa ya bobedi ya congo tse di diragetseng ka Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), matlhakore otlhe a a neng a tsaya karolo mo ntweng a ne a thapa kgotsa a tsaya masole a e leng bana, a a neng a itsege kwa lefelong leo e le Kadogo, lefoko la puo ya Swahili le rayang ba ba botlana.[1] Ka ngwaga wa 2011, go ne go akanyediwa gore bana ba ka nna dikete di le masome a mararo ba santse ba bereka le ditlhopha tse di nang le dibetsa.[2] Lekgotla la United Nations la thomo ya go ritibatsa seemo la MONUSCO le ne la ntsha pego ka ngwaga wa 2013 e e neng e supa gore gareng ga Firikgong a rogwa ka ngwaga wa 2012, le Phatwe ngwaga wa 2013 bana ba ka nna sekete ba ne ba thapilwe ke ditlhopha tsa dibetsa , e tlhalosa fa go thapiwa ga masole a bana e le bolwetsi.[3]

Tautona wa pele Laurent Desire Kabila o ne a dirisa bana mo ntweng ya bobedi ya Congo go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1996 go ya pele, go akanyediwa fa bana ba ka nna dikete di le lesome, bangwe ba le dingwaga di supa fela, ba ne ba mo direla.[4] Kabila o ne a bolawa ke mongwe wa masole a a bana ka nako ya ntwa ya bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2001.

Kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshe ya International Criminal Court (ICC), mo ditshekong tsa ntlha tsa go tsuolola ditshwanelo tsa setho kwa DRC, di ne tsa baka katlholo ya ntlha, ditsheko tsa ntlha mo tirisong ya bana mo ntweng.[5]

Tse di diragetseng Pele

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Go akanyediwa mo pading ya thuto fa bana ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mararo e le bontlha jwa sesole mo mafatsheng, le gore palo e e golela pele. Mo Aforika go akanyediwa fa bana ba ka nna dikete di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi ba dirisiwa mo nakong e, e le balwantwa kgotsa ba ba ema nokeng ka ditsela tse dingwe. Lefatshe la Aforika le na le seelo sa kgolo ya palo ya bana ba ba dirisiwang mo dikgotlhang, dingwaga tsa bana ba ba thapilweng e wela tlase le yone.[6] Ka ngwaga wa 2003, go ne ga akanyediwa gore bana ba ka nna dikete di le masome a mararo ba ne ba dirisiwa e le masole kwa DRC, ka bana ba dira 40% ya masole mangwe.[7]

Ka ngwaga wa 1989, lekgotla la United Nations le ne la fitisa bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa bana. Tsebe ya masome mararo le borobabobedi e supa fa mafatshe le makgotla a a nang le seabe a tlaa tsaya dikgato go netefatsa fa batho ba ba iseng ba nne dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano ba sa tshwanela go tsaya karolo mo bosetlhogong.Molao o o itlhophelwang wa go nna le seabe ga bana mo dintweng tsa dibetsa o ne wa simolola go dirisiwa ka ngwaga wa 2002, o o supang gore batsaya karolo botlhe ba mafatshe ba tlaa diragatsa ditsela tsa go netefatsa gore batho ba ba kwa tlase ga dingwaga tsa lesome le borobabobedi ga ba a tshwanela go nna le seabe mo bosetlhogong le gore ga ba thapiwe ba patelediwa go tsena mo sesoleng.[8] Lefatshe la DRC ke lone le le bayang menwana ditumalano tsoo pedi. Maemo a a tserweng ke UNICEF ke gore tiriso ya bana mo dintweng tsa dibetsa ga e a nna sentle mo sethong ebile ga e ka fa molaong. [9]

Tsibogo ya mafatshe le makgotla

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Ka Mopitlo a le lesoke le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2006, Major Jean-Pierre Biyoyo o ne a atlholelwa dingwaga di le tlhano mo kgolegelong ka a ne a thapile ebike a katisa bana go nna masole, e ne e le lantlha kgotlatshekelo kwa DRC e leka,e be e kgona go atlholela lesole go thapa bana.[10]

Tsibogo ya mafatshefatshe

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Setlhopha sa bana ba ba dirilweng masole kwa DRC

Go ya ka David M. Rosen, go kgadilwe lefatshe la US go bo le ema nokeng mafatshe a a thapang bana mo dintweng. Go obamela molao wa tshireletso ya bana ba ba dirilweng masole wa 2009, lephata la mafatshe a select le ne la kwala mafatshe a le marataro a a tshwanetseng go lebisiwa molao; mafatshe a ke a Burma, Chad, DRC, Somalia, Sudan le Yemen. Ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 2009, Barack Obama o ne a fokolotsa mafatshe a mane a a marataro a a neng a boletswe dikatlholo. Fa a tlhalosa mabaka a go dira jalo, Barack Obama o ne a re mafatshe a a neng a na le seabe a botlhokwa ka a dirisana le dikgatlhego tse di botlhokwa mo molaong wa mafatshe wa US. Lebaka le le filweng go golola DRC ke letlhoko la go tswelela ka ditirelo tsa phetogo ya tshireletso le go rotloetsa maitshwaro a a sa siamang a sesole go nna sesole se eseng sa polotoki se tlotla ditshwanelo tsa setho. Obama o ne gape are mafatshe otlhe ka bone a dira maiteko a go emisa go dirisa bana. Le fa go ntse jalo, kwa DRC go thapiwa ga bana go ka tswa go ile magoletsa.[11]

Pego ka MONUSCO e ne ya tlhomamisa gore batsaya karolo botlhe ba kgotlhang ba ne ba thapa bana ba basetsana go nna masole a bana, le gore bana ba gangwe le gape ba ne ba betelelwa kgotsa ba dirisiwa dikgoka jaaka makgoba a tlhakanelo dikobo kgotsa go nna basadi kwa dikgweng ke ditlhopha tdi tshwana le Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC) le Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (FPLC).[12] Tota go ya ka pampiri e e gatisitsweng ke International Peace Support Training centre kwa Nairobi, Kenya, basetsana ba dira sephatlo se setona sa masole a bana kwa Democratic Republic of the Congo.[13] Patlisiso ka Milfrid Tonheim ya 2011, e e neng e sekaseka basetsana ba ba kileng ba nna masole kwa botlhaba jwa Congo, e ne ya bona gore bontsi jwa basetsana ba, ba boela magaeng go tlhaolwa mo go golo, mo gantsi go neng go amana le tiriso dikgoka ya tlhakanelo dikobo e e neng e dirilwe mo go bone.[14]

Dipuisano tsa ICC

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Thomas Lubanga Dyilo o e neng e le moeteledipele wa UPC, setlhopha se se neng se berekela kwa kgaolong ya   Ituri kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa DRC, se ne sa atlholelwa melato e meraro ke lekgotla la ICC ka ngwaga wa 2006;molato wa tlolo molao mo ntweng, go thapa le go dirisa bana ba ba kwa tlase ga dingwaga tsa di lesome le botlhano mo ntweng.[15] Go ya ka Michael Bocheneck o e leng mogogi wa tsamaiso ya molao mo lekgotleng la Amnesty International, katlholo e tlaa dira gore ba ba dirang molato o wa go dirisa le go dirosa bana dikgoka mo ntweng le kwa ntle, mo lefatsheng la bophara ba name ba eme pele.[16] Luis Moreno Ocampo o ne a re Lubanga ke tshomologo fela ya ditsheko tse di amanang le dingwaga tsa tiriso dikgoka mo sesoleng kwa Ituri kwa go boailweng dikete ebile go dirilwe batshabi ba ka nna dikete di le masome a marataro.[17]

Germain Katanga, o e neng e le moeteledipele wa Front for Patriotic Resistance of Ituri (FRPI), le Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui ba ne ba atlholelwa melato e supa ya ntwa, le e meraro kgatlhanong le setho ka ngwaga wa 2008, e e neng e akaretsa tiriso ya bana ba ba kwa tlase ga dingwaga tse di lesome le botlhano mo ntweng, ke lekgotla la ICC.[18] Katanga o ne a atlholelwa go tsaya karolo mo kganyaolong ya Bogoro ka Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 2003. Melato ya tiriso dikgoka mo go tsa tlhakanelo dikobo le tiriso ya bana mo sesoleng e ne ya sutlhiwa.[19]

  1. ↑ Whiteman, Shelly L. (2012). "Child Combatants and Peace Processes Challenges of Inclusion and Exclusion". In Rosemary Sheehan; Helen Rhoades; Nicky Stanley (eds.). Vulnerable Children and the Law: International Evidence for Improving Child Welfare, Child Protection and Children's Rights. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 75–124. ISBN 978-1849058681.
  2. ↑ Drumbl, Mark A. (2012). Reimagining Child Soldiers in International Law and Policy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199592654.
  3. ↑ "Child recruitment remains 'endemic' in DR Congo, UN says in new report". United Nations. 24 October 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  4. ↑ Singer, Peter Warren (2006). Children at War. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520248762.
  5. ↑ Novogrodsky, Noah Benjaman (2013). "After the Horror: Child Soldiers and the Special Court for Sierra Leone". In Charles Chernor Jalloh (ed.). The Sierra Leone Special Court and its Legacy: The Impact for Africa and International Criminal Law. Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–372. ISBN 978-1107029149.
  6. ↑ Rakisits, Claude (2008). "Child Soldiers in the East of the Democratic Republic of the Congo". Refugee Survey Quarterly. 27 (4): 108–122. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdn054.
  7. ↑ Wessells, Michael G. (2007). Child Soldiers: From Violence to Protection. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674023598.
  8. ↑ Esack, Farid (2012). "Islam, children, and modernity A Qur`anic perspective". In Marcia J. Bunge (ed.). Children, Adults, and Shared Responsibilities: Jewish, Christian and Muslim Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–118. ISBN 978-1107011144.
  9. ↑ Rosen, David M. (2012). Child Soldiers: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598845266.
  10. ↑ Chikuhwa, Tonderai W. (2009). "The Evolution of the United Nations Protection Agenda for Children". In Scott Gates; Simon Reich (eds.). Child Soldiers in the Age of Fractured States. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 37–54. ISBN 978-0822960294.
  11. ↑ Rosen 2012, pp. 89–90
  12. ↑ Grover, Sonja C. (2012). Humanity S Children: ICC Jurisprudence and the Failure to Address the Genocidal Forcible Transfer of Children (2013 ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3642325007.
  13. ↑ Nduwimana, Donatien (2013). "Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Challenges and Prospects" (PDF). International Peace Support Training Centre (IPSTC). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  14. ↑ Tonheim, Milfrid (2012-02-01). "'Who will comfort me?' Stigmatization of girls formerly associated with armed forces and groups in eastern Congo". The International Journal of Human Rights. 16 (2): 278–297. doi:10.1080/13642987.2010.538922. ISSN 1364-2987. S2CID 143653441.
  15. ↑ Feinstein, Lee; Lindberg, Tod (2009). Means to an End: U.S. Interest in the International Criminal Court. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0815703259.
  16. ↑ Bochenek, Michael (14 March 2012). "Landmark ICC verdict over use of child soldiers". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  17. ↑ Soderlund, Walter C.; Briggs, E. Donald; Najem, Tom Pierre; Roberts, Blake C. (2012). Africa's Deadliest Conflict: Media Coverage of the Humanitarian Disaster in the Congo & the United Nations Response, 1997-2008. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-1554588350.
  18. ↑ Bouchet-Saulnier, Françoise (2013). The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law (Third English Language ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442221123.
  19. ↑ "DR Congo warlord Germain Katanga found guilty at ICC". BBC. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2025
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