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Basetsana ba maratagolejwa

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Sesupo sa 1806 sa thekiso ya mosetsana, Clary, yo o rekilweng ke Robert Jardine ka diponto di le masome matlhano

Mosetsana wa maratagolejwa, yo ka dinako tse dingwe a bidiwang lelata la maphatsiphatsi, e ne e le lekgarebe la lotso lwa Aforika le le nang le letlalo le le botlhofo le le neng le rekisiwa ka boikaelelo jwa go patelediwa go gweba ka mmele le go nna legadingwana.[1] Thekiso eno gantsi e ne e bidiwa kgwebo ya maphatsiphatsi mo teng ga hisitori e kgolo ya bokgoba kwa United States. Mogwebi mongwe wa makgoba wa Moamerika le ene o ne a bapatsa basimane ba ba maratagolejwa gore ba rekisiwa.

Basetsana ba ba maratagolejwa ba ne ba rekwa le go rekisiwa mo teng ga borwa jwa Amerika ke bagwebi ba makgoba jaaka Rice C. Ballard le Robert Jardine. Makgarebe ano gantsi a ne a rekisiwa kwa dipalobalong le batho ba bangwe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba, le fa ba ne ba bewa mo mafelong a a farologaneng le bone. Go ne go tlwaelesegile gore mosetsana wa maratagolejwa a rekisiwe kwa mebarakeng ya New Orleans[2] ka ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo thata go feta tse motho yo o tlwaelesegileng yo o dirileng lekgoba a neng a rekisiwa ka tsone. Lekwalo lengwe la thekiso la lekgarebe lengwe le le bidiwang Clary le ne la bolela gore le rekilwe ka diponto di le masome a matlhano,[3] kgotsa mo e ka nnang $5,000 ka madi a segompieno. Sekai se sengwe sa boleng jwa thekiso jo bo bapisiwang jwa Maamerika a a dirilweng makgoba a a rekisiwang go dirisiwa botlhaswa ka tlhakanelodikobo se tlhagelela mo thekisong ya makgoba ya ga Joseph Erwin ya 1818: diatla tse tharo tsa banna ba dingwaga tse di kwa godimo tsa tshimo, Hooper, Sam, le Peter, di ne tsa rekisiwa ka $1,250, $1,250, le $1,500, fa Dominie DeVerbois a ne a duela $1,800 go reka quadroon, Chloe, wa dingwaga di le lesomelebobedi mme o ne a tshwanelwa ke go nna lekgoba botshelo jotlhe".[4]

Dipapatso tsa basetsana ba maratagolejwa gantsi di ne di ba tlhalosa e le "ba botlhale," "ba ikanyegang," kana "ba nang le boitshwaro"; ba ne ba kgabisitswe mme gantsi ba kgabisitswe ka diaparo tse dintle le mekgabisa e mengwe fa ba romelwa go rekisiwa.[5] Dikgopolo tse di neng di akanyeditswe pele tsa basadi ba bantsho jaaka ba ba tlhakanelang dikobo thata di ne tsa dira gore beng ba makgoba ba tlhotlheletsege go ba reka le go nyatsiwa ga basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ke bahumagadi ba bone.[6] Makgarebe a ne a bewa mo mafelong a bone a legae kgotsa mo kagong e e kgethegileng mo lefelong la mong wa makgoba, gore a se ka a tisa babogedi.[6] Tshedimosetso ka ga nako ya basetsana ba ba maratagolejwa e e dirilweng makgoba e lekanyeditswe; go itsiwe go le gontsi ka matshelo a bone pele ga ba rekisiwa le morago ga kgololesego ya bone.

Mogwebi wa makgoba wa Nashville Rees W. Porter o ne a bapatsa "Basimane ba maratagolejwa ba No. 1" ba dingwaga di le lesome le lesome le bobedi.[7]

Basetsana ba ba tumileng ba maratagolejwa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Avenia White le Susan Johnson ba ne ba rekwa ke Rice C. Ballard ka 1832 mme ba bewa mo tshimong ya gagwe dingwaga di le dintsi. Botlhokwa jwa bone mo go Ballard bo supiwa ke nako e e tswelelang go nna mo lefelong la gagwe, gantsi a tsamaya le ene ka nako ya go fuduga gangwe le gape.[6] Basadi ba babedi bano ka bobedi ba ne ba na le bana mme matsalo a bone a ne a kwalwa mo direkotong tsa ga Ballard, go bontsha gore ba ne ba le botlhokwa mo go ene.

Kgabagare, bobedi jo bo ne jwa gololwa ke Ballard mme jwa fudugela kwa Cincinnati ka 1838, kwa ba neng ba fetsa matshelo a bone otlhe gone.[6] Ballard o ne a fudusetsa basadi bao le bana ba bone kwa toropong ka boene, a tsamaya ka koloi e le nngwe ya terena mme a robala mo phaposing e le nngwe ya marobalo le basadi ba. Ka nako eo, Cincinnati e ne e na le batho ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba pele le bana ba bone ba ba tlhakaneng, mme e ne e dira jaaka lefelo le le babalesegileng la ba ba mo maemong a a tshwanang le a ga White le Johnson.[6] White o ne a tswelela go kwalela Ballard morago ga go gololwa ga gagwe, a mmolelela ka botshelo jwa gagwe kgotsa a kopa thuso mo go ene. Ballard o ne a tswelela go etela basadi bao gantsi ka "kgwebo."[6]

Louisa Piquet o ne a na le dingwaga di le lesome le bone ka 1841 fa a ne a kgaoganngwa le mmaagwe mme a rekisiwa mo palabalong kwa mmarakeng wa makgoba kwa Mobile. John Williams o ne a mo reka ka $1,500. Ka pego ya gagwe, o ne a laelwa go apola ka bonako fela fa a sena go rekwa gore Williams a tlhomamisege gore se a se rekileng se ne se le botlhokwa.[8]

Piquet o ne a tsholelwa mo bokgobeng, mme kwa tshimologong o ne a sa rekisiwe jaaka mosetsana wa maratagolejwa, mme o bolela gore ene le mmaagwe ba ne ba itshokela tirisobotlhaswa ya thobalano mo diatleng tsa beng ba bone ba pele.[8] O ne a nna le Williams dingwaga di le thataro, a tshola bana ba gagwe ba le bane mme a mo tlhokomela go fitlha a swa. O ne a tlogelela Piquet dilwana tsa ntlo tsotlhe tse di neng di le mo ntlong ya gagwe mme a mo fa kgololesego le bana ba gagwe. Williams o ne a mo rotloetsa go fudugela kwa New York, mme o ne a swetsa go fudugela kwa Cincinnati ka a ne a na le ditsala kgotsa ba losika koo.[6]

  1. ↑ White Gray, Deborah (1985). Ar'n't I A Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South (Revised ed.). W.W. Norton & Company (published February 17, 1999). ISBN 978-0393314816.
  2. ↑ Gordon, Tiye (2015). "The Fancy Trade and the Commodification of Rape in the Sexual Economy of 19th Century U.S. Slavery". University of South Carolina Scholar Commons. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ka 2025.
  3. ↑ "Bill of Sale for a Girl Named Clary Purchased by Robert Jardine for 50 Pounds". Museum of African American History and Culture. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ka 2025.
  4. ↑ White, Alice Pemble (April 1944). "The Plantation Experience of Joseph and Lavinia Erwin, 1807–1836". Louisiana Historical Quarterly. XXVII (2). Cabildo, New Orleans: Louisiana Historical Society: 343–477 [383–384]. ISSN 0095-5949 – via Internet Archive.
  5. ↑ Johnson, Walter (1 January 1999). Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674005396. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ka 2025.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Green, Sharony (2015). Remember Me to Miss Louisa: Hidden Black-White Intimacies in Antebellum America. DeKalb, Illinois 60115: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 9780875807232. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ka 2025.
  7. ↑ Carey, Bill (2018). Runaways, Coffles and Fancy Girls: A History of Slavery in Tennessee. Nashville, Tennessee: Clearbrook Press. pp. 121–124. ISBN 978-0972568043. LCCN 2018903570. OCLC 1045068878. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ka 2025.
  8. 1 2 Fulton Minor, Doveanna (20 November 2009). Speaking Lives, Authoring Texts: Three African American Women's Oral Slave Narratives. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1438429656. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ka 2025.
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