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Boimana

Fetola dikgolaganyo
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Pregnancy
Maina a mangweGestation
A woman in the third trimester of pregnancy
SpecialtyObstetrics, midwifery
DikaiMissed periods, tender breasts, nausea and vomiting, hunger, frequent urination[1]
DitamoragoMiscarriage, high blood pressure of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, iron-deficiency anemia, severe nausea and vomiting[2][3]
Duration~40 weeks from the last menstrual period[4][5]
CausesSexual intercourse, assisted reproductive technology[6]
Diagnostic methodPregnancy test[7]
PreventionBirth control (including emergency contraception)[8]
TreatmentPrenatal care,[9] abortion[8]
MedicationFolic acid, iron supplements[9][10]
Frequency213 million (2012)[11]
DeathsDecrease 230,600 (2016)[12]

Boimana, jo gape bo itsegeng jaaka boimana, ke nako e ka yona ngwana a le mongwe kgotsa go feta a golang mo teng ga mosadi . Boimana jo bontsi bo akaretsa bana ba ba fetang bongwe, jaaka mafatlha.[13] Boimana gantsi bo diragala ka thobalano, fela bo ka dirala ka maranyane a thuso ya tsalo.[6] Boimana bo ka felela ka pelegi ya ngwana yo tshelang, go senyegelwa ke mpa, go senya mpa go go tlhotlhelediwang, kgotsa ngwana yo o tlhokafetseng . Pelegi gantsi e diragala mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le masome a mane,dibeke go tloga ka tshimologo ya paka ya bofelo ya go bona setswalo (LMP).[4][5] Se se feta fela borobabongwe jwa  dikgwedi – ( dingwaga tsa boimana ) fa kgwedi nngwe le nngwe e nang le palo ya malatsi a le masome a mararo le bongwe.[4][5] Fa go dirisiwa dingwaga tsa gore matute a bong a kopane leng,e ka nna dibeke di le masome a mararo le borobabobedi.[5] Embryo ke ngwana/bana ba ba golang mo dibekeng tsa ntlha tse robedi morago ga go nontshiwa, (dibeke di le lesome tsa dingwaga tsa boimana) morago ga moo, lereo lesea le le mo popelong le dirisiwa go fitlha a tsholwa.[5] Dikai tsa go ima go sa le gale a ka akaretsa go sa bone kgwedi, mabele a a botlhoko, go feroga sebete le go kgwa, tlala, le go rota kgapetsakgapetsa. Boimana bo ka netefadiwa ka teko ya boimana .

Boimana bo kgaogantswe ka dikgwedi tse tharo, e nngwe le e nngwe e na le dikgwedi tse thato. Legato la ntlha leakaretsa go ima, e leng fa peo ya bonna e nontsha lee.[4] Go tswa foo lee le le nontshitsweng le tsamaya mo tšhupuneng ya fallopian mme le kgomarela mo teng ga popelo, koo le simololang go bopa lesea le le mo popelong.[4] Mo kgweding ya ntlha ya boimana, kgonagalo ya go senyegelwa ke mpa (loso lwa tlholego lwa lesea le le mo popelong kgotsa lesea le le mo popelong) e kwa godimo thata.[2] Mo e ka nnang mo bogareng jwa kgweditharo ya bobedi, go ka utlwala motsamao wa lesea le le mo popelong.[4] Ka dibeke di le masome s mabedi le borobabobedi, go feta 90% ya masea a ka tshela kwa ntle ga popelo fa a ka newa tlhokomelo ya kalafi ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo.[4]

Tlhokomelo ya pele ga pelegi e tokafatsa ditlamorago tsa boimana.[9] Tlhokomelo ya pele ga pelegi e ka akaretsa go nwa dipilisi tsa foliki esiti e e oketsegileng, go tila diritibatsi, go goga motsoko, le bojalwa, go itshidila mmele gangweble gape , go dira ditlhatlhobo tsa madi, le go tlhatlhobiwa mmele ka metlha . Mathata a boimana a ka akaretsa mathata a kgatelelo e kgolo ya madi, bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa boimana, anemia e e tlhaelang tshipi, le go feroga sebete le go kgwa thata . Mo tirong e e siameng ya pelegi e simolola ka boyone fa mosadi a le "mo pakeng". Masea a a tsholwang pele ga dibeke di le masome a mararo le bosupa a " tsholwa pele ga nako " mme a mo kotsing e tona ya go nna le mathata a boitekanelo a a tshwanang le cerebral palsy . Masea a a tshotsweng magareng ga dibeke masome a mararo le bosupa le masome a mararo le borobabongwe a tsewa e le "a paka ya ntlha" fa a a tshotsweng magareng ga dibeke masome a mararo le borobabongwe le masome a mane le bongwe a tsewa e le "a paka e e tletseng".[4] Masea a a tshotsweng fa gare ga dibeke di le masome a mane le bongwe le dibeke di le masome a mane le bobedi a tsewa e le " a a tshotsweng morago ga nako " fa morago ga dibeke di le masome a mane le bobedi a tsewa e le " morago ga nako ".[4] Go belega pele ga dibeke di le masome a mararo le borobabongwe ka tsosetswa ditlhabi kgotsa ka karo ya karo ga go rotloediwe ntle le fa go tlhokega ka ntlha ya mabaka a mangwe a kalafi.

Boimana bo ka nna dimilione di le makgolo a mabefi le lesome le boraro bo diragetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012), mme mo go jone, dimilione di le lekgolo le masome a robabongwe (89%) di ne di le kwa mafatsheng a tlhabologang mme dimilione di le masome a mabedi le boraro (11%) di ne di le kwa mafatsheng a tlhabologileng.[11] Palo ya boimana mo basading ba dingwaga tse di fa gare ga lesome le botlhano le masome a mane le bone ke lekgolo le madome a mararo le boraro mo basading ba le sekete.[11] Mo e ka nnang 10% go ya go 15% ya boimana jo bo amogelwang bo felela ka go senyegelwa ke mpa.[2] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro, mathata a boimana a ne a felela ka dintsho tsa baimana ba le 230 600, e leng kwa tlase go tswa go dintsho di le 377 000 ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990.[12] Mabaka a tse di tlwaelegileng a akaretsa go dutla madi, ditshwaetso, malwetse a kgatelelo e e kwa godimo ya madi a boimana, go kgoreletsega ga pelegi, le mathata a a amanang le go senyegelwa ke mpa, go senya mpa, kgotsa boimana jo bo kwa ntle ga popelo.[12] Lefatshe ka bophara, 44% ya boimana ga bo a rulaganngwa.[14] Go feta sephatlo (56%) boimana jo bo sa rulaganngwang bo a senngwa.[14] Gareng ga boimana jo bo sa ikaelelwang kwa United States, 60% ya basadi ba ne ba dirisa thibelo ya pelegi ka selekanyo se se rileng mo kgweding e boimana bo neng jwa diragala ka yone.

Ditshupiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NIH2013Sym".
  2. 1 2 3 The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics (4 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-4511-4801-5. Archived from the original on 10 Lwetse 2017.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NIH2013Compli".
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NIH2013Def".
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Abman, Steven H. (2011). Fetal and neonatal physiology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-1-4160-3479-7. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  6. 1 2 Shehan, Constance L. (2016). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 4 Volume Set (in Sekgoa). John Wiley & Sons. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-470-65845-1. Archived from the original on 10 Lwetse 2017.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NIH2012Diag".
  8. 1 2 Taylor D, James EA (2011). "An evidence-based guideline for unintended pregnancy prevention". Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 40 (6): 782–93. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01296.x. PMC 3266470. PMID 22092349.
  9. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NIH2013Prenatal".
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Keats2019".
  11. 1 2 3 Sedgh G, Singh S, Hussain R (September 2014). "Intended and unintended pregnancies worldwide in 2012 and recent trends". Studies in Family Planning. 45 (3): 301–314. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00393.x. PMC 4727534. PMID 25207494.
  12. 1 2 3 GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators (September 2017). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016". Lancet. 390 (10100): 1151–1210. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9. PMC 5605883. PMID 28919116. {{cite journal}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  13. ↑ Wylie, Linda (2005). Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care (Second ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-443-10041-3. Archived from the original on 10 Lwetse 2017.
  14. 1 2 Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Alkema L, Sedgh G (April 2018). "Global, regional, and subregional trends in unintended pregnancy and its outcomes from 1990 to 2014: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model". The Lancet. Global Health. 6 (4): e380–e389. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30029-9. PMC 6055480. PMID 29519649.
  15. Womack, Mari (2010). The anthropology of health and healing. Plymouth: AltaMira Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-7591-1044-1. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
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