Bokgoba kwa Algeria
Bokgoba bo lemogilwe mo kgaolong e moragonyana e neng e bidiwa Algeria go tloga bogologolo. Algeria e ne e le lefelo la kgwebo ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan ya makgowa a bantsho ba Aforika go tswa kwa sub-Saharan Africa, gape e ne e le boremelelo jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Barbary ya Ba-Yuropa ba ba neng ba tshwerwe ke magodu a lewatle a Barbary.
Bokgoba bo ne jwa thibelwa semmuso ka 1848, mme balaodi ba bokolone jwa Fora kwa Algeria ba ne ba le bonya go gatelela kgololesego ka ntlha ya go boifa gore e tla baka dikhuduego mo bathong ba Algeria kgatlhanong le Mafora, mme bokgoba le kgwebo ya makgoba di ne di sa ntse di tsweletse mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga.
Kgwebo ya bokgoba
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Kgwebo ya makgoba mo Aforika
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Go tloga bogologolo, Algeria e ne e le lefelo la kgwebo ya makgoba ya Maafrika a a neng a dirwa makgoba go tswa kwa Sub Saharan Africa go kgabaganya sekaka sa Sahara go ya kwa lefatsheng la Mediterranean.
Oasis Ouargla kwa Sahara ya Algeria, e e neng e le fa gare ga Noka ya Niger le Lewatle la Mediterranean, e ne e le lefelo le legolo la kgwebo la MaAforika a a neng a le makgoba go tswa kwa go se MaArabea a neng a se bitsa bilad al-Sudan ('Lefatshe la Bantsho ') kwa borwa jwa Sahara go kgabaganya sekaka go rekisediwa kwa mabopong a borwa le botlhaba jwa Lewatle la Mediterranean.[1] Makgoba a MaAforika a ne a rekisiwa go kgabaganya sekaka sa Sahara, loeto lo bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba patelesega go le tsaya ka dinao, lo ne lwa bewa go ikhutsa kwa oasis morago ga loeto lo lo kotsi bontsi jwa bone ga ba a ka ba tshela, pele ba tswelela go ya kwa mmarakeng wa makgoba wa Mediterranean.[2] Makgoba a ne a rutwa SeArabea gore a kgone go buisana le beng ba bone ba isago, mme bangwe ba bagwebi ba makgoba le bone ba ne ba ba ruta Islam go ipaakanyetsa go sokologa.[3]
Kgwebo ya makgoba go tswa kwa sub-Saharan Africa e ne ya tswelela go fitlha mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga.
Batho ba ba fetang didikadike di le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ba kwa subSahara ba ne ba nna makgoba mo Afrika Bokone ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan.
Kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Yuropa
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Go na le bosupi jwa ditso tsa ditlhaselo tsa makgoba tsa MaMoslem tsa Afrika Bokone go ralala mabopo a Mediterranean go ralala Yuropa ya Bokeresete.[4] Bontsi jwa makgoba a a neng a rekisiwa go kgabaganya kgaolo ya Mediterranean e ne e le bontsi jwa batho ba kwa Yuropa go tloga ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa go ya go wa bolesome le botlhano.[5] Mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga, MaEthiopia ba ne ba rekisa makgoba go tswa kwa dikgaolong tsa molelwane wa bophirima (gantsi kwa ntle ga bogosi jwa Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia) kgotsa Ennarea.[6]
Magareng ga lekgolo la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga go fitlha mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, Algeria e ne e le lefelo la kgwebo ya makgoba ya Ba-Barbary ya Yuropa e e neng e tshwerwe ke magodu a Barbary kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic le Mediterranean.
Batlhabani ba Barbary le badiri ba sekepe go tswa kwa diporofenseng tsa Aforika Bokone tse di batlang di ikemetse[7] tsa Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, le Sultanate ya Morocco ka fa tlase ga puso ya segosi ya Alaouite (Lebopo la Barbary) e ne e le sefako sa Mediterranean.[8] Go tshwara dikepe tsa bagwebi le go dira makgoba kgotsa go rekolola badirisi ba tsone go ne ga dira gore babusi ba ditshaba tseno ba nne le khumo le maatla a dikepe. Taelo ya Tharonngwe, kgotsa taelo ya "Mathurins", e ne e dira go tswa kwa Fora ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga ka maikaelelo a a kgethegileng a go kgobokanya le go ntsha madi a go thusa le go rekolola bagolegwa ba magodu a dinokwane tsa Mediterranean.
Go ya ka Robert Davis, magareng ga sedikadike se le sengwe le se le sengwe le sephatlo sa sephatlo wa Bayuropa ba ne ba tshwarwa ke dirukutlhi tsa Barbary mme ba rekisiwa jaaka makgoba magareng ga lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le borataro le la bolesome le boferabongwe.[9]
Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Bayuropa e ne ya khutla morago ga dintwa tsa Barbary mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Go ne ga nna le letsholo le le neng le tswelela pele ke masole a lewatle a a farologaneng a Yuropa le masole a lewatle a Amerika go gatelela borukhutlhi jwa lewatle kgatlhanong le Bayuropa ke dinaga tsa Barbary tsa Aforika Bokone. Le fa go ntse jalo, boikaelelo jo bo kgethegileng jwa loeto lono e ne e le go golola makgoba a Bakeresete le go emisa mokgwa wa go dira Bayuropa makgoba. Go fitlhelela se, e ne ya atlega ka bontlhabongwe, jaaka Dey ya Algiers e ne ya golola makgoba a ka nna dikete tse tharo morago ga Bombardment ya Algiers (1816) mme ya saena tumalano kgatlhanong le bokgoba jwa Bayuropa. Le fa go ntse jalo, mokgwa ono ga o a ka wa fela gotlhelele go fitlha Bafora ba gapa Algeria.
Ba-Dey ba ne ba golola makgoba a Bakeresete a le 1 083 le Moemedi wa Borithane mme ba duela madi a thekololo a a neng a tserwe ka 1816, a a ka nnang £80 000. Makgoba a a fetang dikete tse tharo ka kakaretso a ne a gololwa moragonyana. Drescher o tshwaela Algiers jaaka "kgetse e le nosi mo dingwageng di le masome a marataro tsa kgatelelo ya kgwebisano ya makgoba ya Borithane e mo go yona palo e kgolo ya matshelo a Borithane e neng ya latlhega mo ntweng ya mmatota."[10] Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go ne go na le maiteko a sesole sa lewatle sa Borithane, go nnile thata go sekaseka ditlamorago tsa nako e telele tsa Bombardment of Algiers fa Ba-Dey ba aga Algiers sesha, ba fetola makgoba a Bakereste ka babereki ba BaJuta, mme kgwebisano ya makgoba ya Barbary e ne ya tswelela ka fa tlase ga Deys e e neng ya latela (bona Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)). Go nna le seabe ga Algiers mo kgwebong ya makgoba ga go a ka ga felela gotlhelele go fitlha ka nako ya fa Fora e tlhasela Algiers ka 1830.[11]
Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- ↑ Brower, B. C. (2009). A Desert Named Peace: The Violence of France's Empire in the Algerian Sahara, 1844-1902. USA: Columbia University Press. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
- ↑ Brower, B. C. (2009). A Desert Named Peace: The Violence of France's Empire in the Algerian Sahara, 1844-1902. USA: Columbia University Press.
- ↑ Brower, B. C. (2009). A Desert Named Peace: The Violence of France's Empire in the Algerian Sahara, 1844-1902. USA: Columbia University Press.
- ↑ Conlin, Joseph (2009), The American Past: A Survey of American History, Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 206, ISBN 978-0-495-57288-6, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
- ↑ McDaniel, Antonio (1995), Swing low, sweet chariot: the mortality cost of colonizing Liberia in the nineteenth century, University of Chicago Press, p. 11, ISBN 978-0-226-55724-3. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
- ↑ Emery Van Donzel, "Primary and Secondary Sources for Ethiopian Historiography. The Case of Slavery and Slave-Trade in Ethiopia," in Claude Lepage, ed., Études éthiopiennes, vol I. France: Société française pour les études éthiopiennes, 1994, pp.187-88.
- ↑ Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne (in French). 1834. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
- ↑ Masselman, George. The Cradle of Colonialism Archived 4 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963. OCLC 242863. p. 205.
- ↑ R. Davis (2003). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. https://news.osu.edu/when-europeans-were-slaves--research-suggests-white-slavery-was-much-more-common-than-previously-believed/[1][page needed]. ISBN 978-1-4039-4551-8. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
- ↑ Seymour Drescher (2009), p. 235
- ↑ 2012, Stephen Taylor, Commander: The Life and Exploits of Britain's Greatest Frigate Captain, foyer and foyer, p.295