Jump to content

Bokgoba kwa Angola

Tsenya dikgolaganyo
Go tswa ko Wikipedia

Bokgoba kwa Angola bo ne bo le teng go tloga bogologolo pele ga bokhutlo jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga fa Portugal e ne e tlhoma dikgolagano le batho ba ba nnang kwa go se e leng Bokonebophirima jwa lefatshe la gompieno, mme ya tlhoma mafelo a le mmalwa a kgwebo mo lotshitshing la lewatle. Palo ya batho bao, jaaka Imbangala[1] le Mbundu,[2] e ne e le bagwebi ba ba tlhagafetseng ba makgoba ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga (bona Bokgoba mo Aforika). Mo bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga, batlhotlhomisi ba Bogosi jwa Portugal ba ne ba tlhoma lefelo la bonno le le sireleditsweng la Luanda, mme moragonyana mo mafelong a mannye a kgwebo le dikago tsa phemelo mo Nokeng ya Cuanza mmogo le mo lotshitshing lwa Atlantic go ya kwa borwa go fitlha kwa Benguela. Karolo e kgolo ya ditiro tsa bone tsa kgwebo e ne e le go nna le seabe se segolo mo Kgwebong ya makgoba ya Atlantic.[3] Go gweba ka makgoba go ne ga fedisiwa ka 1836 ke balaodi ba Mapotokisi.[4]

Kgwebo le phenyo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mmusomogolo wa Mapotokisi o ne wa fenya batho ba Mbundu ba Angola, wa tsenya itsholelo ya selegae mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya Atlantic.[5] Ka 1610, Friar Luís Brandão, tlhogo ya kholeje ya Bajesuite ya Luanda e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Mapotokisi, o ne a kwalela Mojesuite mongwe yo o neng a belaela gore a go dira batho ba lefatshe la Angola makgoba go kafa molaong, a re, "Re ntse re le fano ka borona dingwaga di le masome a mane mme go nnile le banna ba le bantsi ba ba rutegileng fano le kwa kgaolong ya Brazil ba ba iseng ba ko ba akanyetse fa kgwebo e ele e e sa siamang." O ne a tswelela ka go bolela gore ke palo e nnye fela ya Batho ba mo gae e e ka tswang e dirilwe makgoba e se ka fa molaong, le gore Mapotokisi ba ne ba ba fetolela mo Bokereseteng.[6] Angola e ne e romela makgoba kwa ntle ka selekanyo sa dikete tse lesome ka ngwaga ka 1612.[7] Mapotokisi a ne a aga maemelodikepe a masha kwa Benguela ka 1616 go atolosa phitlhelelo ya Portugal go makgoba a Angola.[8] Go tloga ka 1617 go fitlha ka 1621, ka nako ya puso ya ga Luís Mendes de Vasconcellos, batho ba Angola ba ba ka fitlhang go dikete tse masome a matlhano ba ne ba dirwa makgoba mme ba romelwa kwa Amerika ka dikepe.[9] Ba-Vergulde Valck, bagwebi ba makgoba ba MaDutch, ba ne ba reka makgoba a le makgolo a marataro le masome a supa le botlhano mo go a le sekete a a neng a rekisiwa kwa Angola ka 1660.[10][11]

Ka dingwaga tsa lekgolong la bolesome le ferabobedi le la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, Angola e ne e le motswedi o mogolo wa makgoba a a neng a patelediwa go tsena mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya Atlantic.[12]

Ka dingwagangwaga, kgwebo ya makgoba le kolone ya Mapotokisi ya Brazil e ne e le botlhokwa kwa Angola ya Mapotokisi; Dikepe tsa Brazil e ne e le tsone tse dintsi thata mo maemelodikepeng a Luanda le Benguela. Kgwebo eno ya makgoba e ne e akaretsa gape le bagwebi ba bantsho ba lefelo leo le batlhabani ba ba neng ba solegelwa molemo ke kgwebo eno.[13] Mo lekgolong la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, Ba-Imbangala ba ne ba nna bagaisani ba bagolo ba Ba-Mbundu mo go iseng makgoba kwa mmarakeng wa Luanda. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1750 Mapotokisi a ne a rekisa makgoba a le dikete tse tlhano go ya go tse lesome ka ngwaga, mme seno se ne sa senya itsholelo le baagi ba Mbundu.[14]

Mapotokisi a ne a naya masole a Imbangala ditlhobolo gore a ba neye makgoba. Ba tshwere dibetsa tse di kwa godimo, masole a Imbangala a ne a gapa le go rekisa batho ba lefatshe leo ka selekanyo se segolo thata fa lekgoba lengwe le lengwe le lesha le fetogela mo sesoleng se se tlhometseng botoka sa batlhasedi. Sesole se se kopaneng sa Mapotokisi le Imbangala se ne sa tlhasela le go gapa Bogosi jwa Ndongo go tloga ka 1618 go ya go 1619, sa dikaganyetsa motsemogolo wa Ndongo wa Kabasa. Mapotokisi a ne a rekisa diketekete tsa baagi ba Kabasa ka dikepe di le masome mararo le borataro tse di neng di tswa kwa maemelodikepeng a Luanda ka 1619, di tlhoma rekoto e ntsha, e e neng e lebisitswe kwa masimong a makgoba kwa mafatsheng a sele.[15] Mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga, ntwa fa gare ga Mapotokisi, dipuso tse dingwe tsa Yuropa le merafe e le mmalwa ya Aforika, ka iketlo e ne ya dira gore go nne le kgwebo.

Ditsela tse dikgolo tsa kgwebisano le ditumalano tse di dirileng gore di kgonege e ne e le tsone tse di neng di tlhotlheletsa ditiro fa gare ga mafelo a a farologaneng; dikgaolo tsa merafe tse di ratang ntwa di nna dikgaolo tse di siametseng go tlhagisa le go rekisa. Kwa Planalto (dithoteng tse di kwa godimo), dikgaolo tse di botlhokwa thata e ne e le tsa Bié le Bailundo, ya bofelo e ne e itsege ka go dira dijo le rabara. Puso ya bokolone, Portugal, e ntse e huma le go feta le go nna le maatla, e ne e ka se itshokele kgolo ya dikgaolo tseno tse di mabapi mme ya di fenya ka bongwe ka bongwe, mo e leng gore kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo leno la dingwaga Mapotokisi a ne a na le taolo e e feletseng mo lefelong leo lotlhe.

Go tloga ka 1764 go ya pele, go ne ga nna le phetogo ka iketlo go tswa mo setshabeng se se ikaegileng ka makgoba go ya go se se ikaegileng ka tlhagiso ya tiriso ya selegae, mme moragonyana ya go romela kwa ntle. Fa Brazil e sena go bona boipuso mo Portugal ka 1822, motheo wa bokgoba mo dithotong tsa Portugal tse di kwa moseja o ne sa fedisiwa ka 1836 ke balaodi ba Portugal.

Portugal e ne ya thibela bokgoba mo dikoloning tsa bone ka 1854 ka iketlo, ka go bolela gore makgoba otlhe a a neng a le teng a gololesegile morago ga paka ya phetogo ya dingwaga di le masome a mabedi, mme ka 1878, makgoba otlhe a ne a fetogile go nna di-libertos tse di gololesegileng; le fa go ntse jalo, melao ya go tsamayatsamaya e ne ya dira gore makgoba a pele a nne mo kotsing ya go patelediwa ke puso go direla borakonteraka ba ba ikemetseng go fitlha seo se thibelwa ka 1910.[16]

  1. ↑ "African involvement in Atlantic Slave Trade". Kwaku Person-Lynn. Archived from the original on 2004-09-16. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  2. ↑ Mbundu, Onwuka N. Njoku, PH D Njoku, The Rosen Publishing Group, 1997 ISBN 0-8239-2004-6 ISBN 978-0-8239-2004-4. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  3. ↑ Joseph C. Miller, Way of Death: Merchant capitalism and the Angolan slave trade, Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1996. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  4. ↑ ANGOLA IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY - Slave Trading in the 1700s, "From the late sixteenth century until 1836, when Portugal abolished slave trafficking, Angola may have been the source of as many as 2 million slaves for the New World. More than half of these went to Brazil, nearly a third to the Caribbean, and from 10 to 15 percent to the Río de la Plata area on the southeastern coast of South America." countrystudies.com (Source: U.S. Library of Congress) E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  5. ↑ Njoku, Onwuka N. (1997). Mbundu. Rosen Pub. pp. 38–39. ISBN 9780823920044. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  6. ↑ Alden, Dauril (1996). The Making of an Enterprise. p. 510.
  7. ↑ Stearns, Peter N.; William Leonard Langer (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History. p. 394.
  8. ↑ Newitt, Malyn D. D. (2005). A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400-1668. London and New York: Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 0-203-32404-8. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Landers, Jane G.; Robinson, Barry M., eds. (2006). Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives: Blacks in Colonial Latin America. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780826323972. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Heywood, Linda Marinda; John Kelly Thornton (2007). Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585-1660. p. 44
  11. ↑ Vansina, Jan (1990). Paths in the Rainforests. p. 202.
  12. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  13. ↑ João C. Curto. Álcool e Escravos: O Comércio Luso-Brasileiro do Álcool em Mpinda, Luanda e Benguela durante o Tráfico Atlântico de Escravos (c. 1480-1830) e o Seu Impacto nas Sociedades da África Central Ocidental. Translated by Márcia Lameirinhas. Tempos e Espaços Africanos Series, vol. 3. Lisbon: Editora Vulgata, 2002. ISBN 978-972-8427-24-5
  14. ↑ Clarence-Smith, W. G. (2008). Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840-1926. pp. 32–38.
  15. ↑ Painter, Nell Irvin (2006). Creating Black Americans. pp. 23–24. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  16. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 38-39
Retrieved from "https://tn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bokgoba_kwa_Angola&oldid=40423"