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Bokgoba kwa Ethiopia

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Bokgoba kwa Ethiopia bo ne bo le teng ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga, go boela kwa morago kwa go bo 1495 BC mme bo felela ka 1942. Gape go na le metswedi e e supang theko ya makgoba go tswa kwa Mmusong wa Aksumite (100–940 AD). Mokgwa ono o ne o le karolo e e botlhokwa thata ya setshaba sa Ethiopia. Makgoba ka tlwaelo a ne a tsewa go tswa mo ditlhopheng tsa Nilotic tse di neng di itsege mo lefelong la gae jaaka Shanqella, mmogo le Oromos.[1] Batshwarwa ba ntwa e ne e le motswedi o mongwe wa makgoba, le fa temogo, tshwaro le ditiro tsa magolegwa ano di ne di farologane thata.[2] Molao wa bodumedi o ne o thibela beng ba makgoba ba Bakeresete go tsaya Bakeresete jaaka makgoba, le fa go ntse jalo bagwebi ba le bantsi ba makgoba ba maMuslim ba Ethiopia ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya MaArabea.[3][4]

Go fedisiwa ga bokgoba go ne ga nna selo se se beilweng kwa pele mo pusong ya ga Haile Selassie e e neng ya simolola ka 1930. Dikgatelelo tsa boditshabatshaba di ne tsa pateletsa go tsaya kgato, mme go ne go tlhokega gore lefatshe e nne leloko la Kgolagano ya Ditshaba. Ka nako ya fa Italy e ne e gapa lefatshe, puso ya nakwana e ne ya ntsha melao e mebedi ka Phalane 1935 le ka Moranang 1936 e e neng ya fedisa bokgoba mme ya golola makgoba a le 420 000 a Ethiopia. Fa Mantariana a sena go lelekwa, Mmusimogolo Haile Selassie o ne a boela mo pusong mme a fedisa semmuso bokgoba le bokgoba jo e seng ja boithaopi, ka go dira molao ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le borataro ka 1942.[5][6][7] Moragonyana Ethiopia e ne ya amogela Tumalano ya Bokgoba ya 1926 ka 1969.[8] Morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940, makgoba a a golotsweng a ne a thapiwa jaaka badiri ba ba senang botsipa ke beng ba bona ba pele.[9]

Mmusomogolo wa Aksumite

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Kgaolo ya Ethiopia le Eritrea, e e neng e le mo lefelong le le siameng fa gare ga ditsela tse pedi tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo, e ne e le lefelo le le botlhokwa la kgwebo ya makgoba. E ne e kgona go ya kwa Lewatleng le Lehibidu kwa botlhaba le kwa Mokgatsheng wa Nile kwa bophirima, mme seno se ne se e golaganya le mmaraka wa lefatshe lotlhe wa makgoba mo dingwageng di le dintsi. Mo godimo ga moo, kgaolo eno e ne e isa makgoba kwa mafatsheng a Bagerika le a Roma ka ntlha ya dikgolagano tsa yone le kgwebo ya Mediterranean. Mafelo a a fa gare ga mebuso ya Aksumite le ya Sudan, a a mo kgaolong ya Nilo-Sahara, gantsi a ne a tlhaselwa le go tshwarwa ga makgoba.[10] Maemelodikepe a Adulis a a neng a itsege jaaka lefelo la kgwebo ya makgoba go tloga ka lekgolo la ntlha la dingwaga ke Pliny the Elder.[11] Dipatlisiso kwa lefelong la Aksumite la Matara di ne tsa ribolola marapo a motho a a neng a sa ntse a rwele dikeetane.[12] Mo lekgolong la borataro la dingwaga, mojanala wa Mogerika Cosmas Indicopleustes o ne a supa gore bontsi jwa makgoba a ne a tlisiwa go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le kwa morago la Sasu (le go lebegang e le mafelo a gompieno a Fazogli Sudan[13]) le dikgaolo tsa Barbaria (Somaliland).[14]

Motlha wa bogare

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Diphenyo tsa ga Mmusimogolo Amda Seyon di ne tsa felela ka palo e e bonalang ya makgoba. Mokwadi wa gagwe o ne a bua gantsi ka go tshwarwa ga magolegwa a le mantsi mo maetong a gagwe a sesole: "O ne a ya kwa lefatsheng la Hadiya mme a bolaya batho ba le bantsi ba lefatshe leo mme ba bangwe a ba tshwara le kgosi ya bone, banna ba bagolo le ba bannye, banna le basadi, bagolo le ba bannye, mme a ba isa mo bogosing jwa gagwe."[15] Mafoko a a dirisitsweng ke bakwadi ba ditiragalo tsa ga Amda Seyon fa a tlhalosa katlego ya gagwe a supa sentle gore go tlhasela makgoba e ne e le selo se se botlhokwa sa matsholo a gagwe a le mantsi: "Ka nako eo Gemaldin kgosi ya MaMoslem a tla kwa kgosing a tshotse dimpho tse dintsi mme a re, 'Ke a go rapela, kgosi, boela kwa motsemogolo wa gago, ka gonne o mpeile mmusi wa gago, ke tla dira thato ya gago. Gonne bonang, lefatshe la Bamoseleme le sentswe. Togela mo go setsheng mo lefatsheng mme lo se ka lwa le senya gape, gore ba tle ba lo direle ka kgwebo; gonne nna le merafe yotlhe ya a MaMoslem re batlhanka ba lona.' Kgosi ya mo araba ka bogale, ya re: "Ha ke longwe ke diphiri le dintsa, bana ba dinoga le bana ba lefifi, ba sa tshepang Morwa wa Modimo, ke khutlele motseng wa ka; mme fa ke boa pele ke senya lefatshe la Adale, a ke tshwane le yo o ntsetseng, mme; a ke se ka ka bidiwa monna, mme e kete nka bidiwa mosadi."[16] Pego ya kereke ya bogologolo ya Ge'ez e naya setshwantsho sa ditiro tsa kgwebo: "[Bagwebi ba BaMoslem] ba ne ba dira kgwebo kwa India, kwa Egepeto le mo bathong ba Gerika ka madi a kgosi. A ba naya dinaka tsa tlou, le dipitse tse dintle tse di tswang kwa Shäwa le gauta e khibidu, e e sa pekwang go tswa kwa Enarya...mme MaMoslem a...a ya kwa Egepeto, Gerika le Roma mme ba fetola ka di-damask tse di humileng thata tse di kgabisitsweng ka matlapa a matala le a mahibidu le ka matlhare a gouta e khibidu, tse ba neng ba di tlisetsa kgosi"[17] Dinaka tsa tlou e ne e le kgwebo e e tlhwatlhwakgolo mo bogosing go tloga bogologolo, ka dinoka tsa Takaze, Barka le Ansäba, le dikgaolo tse dingwe di ne di humile ka ditlou le diphologolo tse dingwe tsa naga. Dikgosi di ne tsa rulaganya go tsoma ditlou ka thulaganyo mme tsa neela dinaka mo baemeding ba tsone ba kgwebo.

Mo lekgolong la bolesome le bone la dingwaga, mokanoki wa MoMoslem al-Umari o ne a tlhalosa kgwebo ya makgoba le tirisanommogo magareng ga dikgosi tsa Seiselamo le magosi a Bakeresete a a kwa godimo, a lemoga gore phaholo e ne e dirwa kwa lefelong le le rileng le le bidiwang Washlu, kwa borwa jwa Christian Ethiopia. Ba ba fagotsweng ba ne ba tla folla kwa lefelong la MaMoslem la Hadiya pele ba rekisiwa ka ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo kwa Arabea, koo batlhanka ba neng ba le tlhwatlhwa thata. Karoganyo eno ya tiro magareng ga Washlu, lefelo la boheitane, le le itsegeng thata mo go fagoleng, le Hadiya, le le itsegeng thata mo go fodiseng, François-Xavier Fauvelle o ne a bolela gore "e ne e tlhotlhelediwa go se kae ke mabaka a itsholelo go na le boitimokanyi jo bo tlwaelegileng jo bo neng bo letla Bakeresete le MaMoslem go dirisana mmogo mo tirong e ba neng ba sa batle go e bona."[18]

Puso ya Sekeresete ya Ethiopia ka nako eno e ne e tlhomilwe go ikgolaganya le batho ba bangwe ba "bantsho" ba ba itsegeng jaaka Shanqellas, ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa Blue Nile. Fela jaaka Ba-baryas, naga ya Ba-Shanqellas e ne e tla nna motlhofo mo go phuruphutshweng ga makgoba gangwe le gape ke Ba-Abyssinia. Go ya ka pina ya lesole la lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga la Mmusimogolo Yeshaq I, Ba-Shanqellas ba ne ba patelesega go duela lekgetho go Ba-Abyssinia. Mo e ka nnang ka nako eno, palo e e itsegeng e le Fetha Negest (Molao wa Dikgosi), e ne ya ranolelwa mo puong ya Ge'ez mme e ne ya simolola go dirisiwa jaaka molao wa setso wa Bakeresete ba Orthodox ba kwa Ethiopia. Go ya ka molao ono, Bakeresete ba ba gololesegileng ba ne ba gololesegile e bile ba sireleditswe mo bokgobeng, fa batho ba e seng Bakeresete ba ba tshwerweng mo ntweng ba ne ba ka nna makgoba. Ka jalo bokgoba bo ne bo bakilwe ke go tlhoka tumelo, mme le fa go ntse jalo, go sokologela ga makgoba a boheitane mo Bokereseteng morago ga go tlhomiwa ga tshwanelo ya go nna mong wa beng ga bone ga go a ka ga fedisa bokgoba. Ka tsela e, palo e e ne ya neela mabaka a go kgaolwa le go tsenngwa mo bokgobeng ga batho ba e seng Bakeresete le Bakeresete ba bokgoba jwa bone bo neng bo bakilwe ke go tlhoka tumelo mo nakong e e fetileng. [19][page needed][20]

Ka nako ya puso ya ga Sarsa Dengel, batho ba kwa borwa ba baheitane ba ne ba fetogile go nna BaKeresete go itsa ditlhaselo tse dingwa tsa bokgoba. Gareng ga ba ba neng ba kopile go fetolwa e ne e le batho ba morafe wa Gafat kwa kgaolong ya Shat kwa Damot; Sarsa Dengel o ne a amogela kopo ya bone ka ngwaga wa 1581. Ka mo go tshwanang, batho ba kwa Ennarea ba ne ba kopile go fetolwa, se Sarsa Dengel a neng a se amogela ka ngwaga wa 1587. Ka nako ya diphudugo tsa Oromo ka dingwaga tsa lekgolo la lesome le borataro batho ba mo gae ba ne ba tsena mo maemong a Gabaros.[21][22] Batho ba Oromos ba ne ba tsaya batho ba Gabaros ba le bantsi, ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa quomo mo tsamaisong e e itsegeng e le Mogasa le Gudifacha. Merafe e e ne ya fiwa ditatelano tsa malwapa mme ba simolola go ba bala e le bangwe ba bone ka jalo ba tshwanela go direla bafenyi ba bone[22][23] jaaka Damot ba go ya ka Bahrey morafe wa Boran o neng wa dikologa kgaolo ya bone wa thwara makgoba wa bo wa utlwa le dikgomo tsa bone.[24]

Bokgoba jwa kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika

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Ditsela tsa pele tsa kwa Ethiopia tsa kgwebo ya bokgoba

Go ya ka Francisco Alvares ba ne ba tseelwa kwa godimo ke ma Arabea ba ba neng ba sa ba letlelelel go tsamaya ka tlhwatlha epe fela. Mafatshe a Arabia, India le Egypt a ne a na le makgoba go tswa kwa Ethiopia, bogolo jang kwa borwa kwa go neng go na le makgoba a e seng BaKeresete, mme ba ne ba fetogela kwa Islam ba dirwa bagaka ba ntwa.[25] Bontsi e ne e le malata a mo gae, le ntswa bangwe ba ne ba dira e le badiri ba temothuo, badisa, makgweetsi ba dikamela jalojalo. Ba ba lesego ba ne ba bereka e le badisa ba baeteledipele kgotsa ba tlhokomela barekisi. Ntle le basetsana ba Javanese le ba ma China ba ba neng ba rekisiwa go tswa kgakala kwa botlhaba, basetsana ba ma Ethiopia le bone ba ne ba le gareng ga dinyatsi tse di neng di tseelwa kwa godimo. Ba bantle thata ba ne ba akola botshelo jwa khumo ba nna basadi ba bahumi le batsadi ba baeteledipele.[26] Palo e se kae ya banna ba ba senang bana e ne e tserwe ke bagwebi ba bokgoba kwa borwa jwa Ethiopia.[27] Bontsi e le bana ba bannye, ba ne ba tshela matshelo a a siameng, ebile ba lopa tlhwatlwa e e kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya bokgoba ka ba ne ba sa tlwaelesega. Ba ne ba bereka kwa bogosing kgotsa kwa matlong a a sireleditsweng.[26] Bontsi jwa makgoba a a neng a isitswe kwa Arabia a ne a itshupa ka bontsho jwa mmalawa batho ba Tihamah. [28]

Mefuta ya Bokgoba

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Mefuta e le mentsi ya bokgoba le botlhanka e nnile teng mo ditsong tsa Aforika, ebile e ne e gwethiwa ke ka fa beng gae ba neng ba tshela ka teng le ka fa batho ba Roma ba neng ba dira bokgoba ka teng[29] (le BaKeresete ba morago), dithulaganyo tsa bokgoba tsaa Islam ka tsela ya Muslim ya thekiso ya makgoba, le kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic.[30][31] Bokgoba e ne e le bontlha bongwe jwa ditsela tsa itsholeleo tsa merafe ya Aforika dingwaga di le dintsi le ntswa ka fa bo dirwang ka teng go ne go farologana.[32][31] Kwa borwa jwa Aforika, botsalano jwa bokgoba bo ne bo le marara, ka batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba neelwa fithata le ditshwanelo tsa ka fa ba tshwanetseng go rekisiwa ka teng le ka fa beng ba bone ba tshwanetseng go ba tshwara ka teng.[33]

Popego le mekgwa

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Bokgoba go ya ka fa bo neng bo dirwa ka teng kwa Ethiopia, bo ne bo farologana go ya ka maemo a makgoba. Makgoba a Tiqur a mmala o montsho a ne a rekisiwa ka madi a a kwa tlase. Bangwe ba ne ba neelwa ditiro mo matlong kgotsa kwa masimong, fa bangwe ba ne dirwa masole. [2]

Mo letsogong le lengwe, ba basweu ka mmala ba ne ba na le tlhwatlhwa e e fa godingwana ebile a tlhophiwa go ya ka dingwaga le tiro: bana ba bannye thata go tsena ka dingwaga tsa lesome ba ne ba bidiwa Mamul. Tlhwatlhwa ya bone e ne e le kwa tlase fa e tshwantshanngwa le ya ba ba lesome go stena ka lesome le borataro ba basimane. Basimane ba ba ne ba katisiwa go nna malata. Oromos ba ne ba batlega thata kwa Arabia ebile bontsi bo ne bo felela koo. Bann aba ba dingwaga tse di mo masomeng a mabedi ba ne ba bidiwa Kadama, ka ba nen ba bonwa ba fetile dingwaga tsa go katisiwa ba ne lopa tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase go gaisa ba Gurbe. Ka jalo tlhwatlhwa ya banna e ne e ya kwa tlase le dingwaga tsa gagwe. Basetsana ba ba neng ba le tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo e ne e le ba makgarejwana ba ba neng ba bidiwa wosif. Ba ba neng ba le bantle go gaisa ba ne ba felela ba nna basadi le dinyatsi. Basadi ba bangwe ba ne ba tlhophiwa go ya ka bokgoni jwa bone jwa go bereka mo matlong le ka thata ya bone.[2]

Maiteko a ntlha a go emisa bokgoba a nnile ka ngwaga wa 1850 o simologa fa kgosi Tewodros wa bobedi a ne a dira gore bokgoba bo seka jwa nna ka fa molaong mo kgaolong ya gagwe mme le fa se se ne sa seka sa nna le maduo. Boleng teng jwa ba kwa Britain le ba lewatle le le hibidu bo ne jwa baka kgatelelo mo kgwebong.[34] Kgosi Tewodros wa bobedi le Yohannes wa bone ba ne ba ntsha bokgoba mo molaong, mme ka merafe yotlhe e ne e se kgatlhanong le bokgoba ebile lefatshe le dikaganyeditswe ke bagwebi ba bokgoba, go ne go le thata go emisa tiro e le go tsena ka dingwaga tse di makgolo a le masome mabedi. [35] Ka dingwaga tsa 1890 di le fa gare, Menelik o ne a isitse tlase kgwebo, a senya ditoropo tsa bokgoba a bo a otlhaa makgoba ka go ba kgaola mabogo le maoto.[36] Go ya ka Chris Prouty, Menelik o ne a le kgatlhanong le bokgoba le fa nne go se mo maruding a gagwe go fetola megopolo ya batho ka selo se se saleng se dirwa bogologolo, ebile se aname le lefatshe.[37]

Gore lefatshe la gagwe le lemogiwe mo mafatsheng a mangwe, Haile Selassie o ne a kwala semmuso go nna bontlha bongwe jwa lekgotla la League of Nations ka ngwaga wa 1919. Go amogelwa ga Ethiopia go ne ga ganwa peel ka ntlha ya matshwenyego a bokgoba, le thekiso ya bone kwa lefatsheng leo. Mafatshe a Italy le Britain a ne a eteletse pele go nna kgatlhanong le go amogelwa ga Ethiopia ba supa fa bokgoba kwa Ethiopia e ele lone lebaka legolo la go gana ga bone. Lefatshe la Ethiopia le ne la amogelwa ka ngwaga wa 1923, ba sena go baya monwana molao wa St. Germain o ba neng ba dumalana go dira maiteko a go emisa bokgoba.[38][39] Lekgotla la League of Nations morago le ne la tlhopha komishini ya ngwaga wa 1924 e e lebelelang bokgoba mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso. Le ntswa maiteko a nnile teng, bokgoba bo ne jwa tswelela jwa nna ka fa molaong kwa Ethiopia le ba sena go baya monwana molao wa 1926.[7]

  1. ↑ Shell, Sandra (2018). Children of Hope: The Odyssey of the Oromo Slaves from Ethiopia to South Africa. 31 S Court St Suite 143, Athens, OH 45701, USA: Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821423189. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 Abir, Mordechai (1968). Ethiopia: the era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and re-unification of the Christian Empire, 1769-1855. Praeger. p. 57. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  3. ↑ Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (1989). The Economics of the Indian Ocean slave trade in the nineteenth century (1. publ. in Great Britain. ed.). London, England: Frank Cass. ISBN 0714633593. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  4. ↑ Tegegne, Habtamu M. "The Edict of King Gälawdéwos Against the Illegal Slave Trade in Christians: Ethiopia, 1548" E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  5. ↑ Hanibal Goitom, "Abolition of Slavery in Ethiopia" On Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress February 14, 2012. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  6. ↑ Christine Whyte, "‘Everyone Knows that Laws Bring the Greatest Benefits to Mankind’: The Global and Local Origins of Anti-Slavery in Abyssinia, 1880–1942." Slavery & Abolition 35.4 (2014): 652-669.
  7. 1 2 Ethiopia : the land, its people, history and culture. [S.l.]: New Africa Press. April 2013. ISBN 978-9987160242. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  8. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection". treaties.un.org. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Congrès international des sciences anthropologiques et ethnologiques, Pierre Champion (1963). VIe [i.e. Sixième] Congrès international des sciences anthropologiques et ethnologiques, Paris, 30 juillet-6 août 1960: Ethnologie. 2 v. Musée de l'homme. p. 589. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Bonacci, Giulia; Meckelburg, Alexander (January 2023), "Slavery and the Slave Trade in Ethiopia and Eritrea", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.836, ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  11. ↑ Jr, Richard A. Lobban (2021-04-10). Historical Dictionary of Ancient Nubia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-3339-2. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  12. ↑ Insoll, Timothy (2003-07-03). The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-521-65702-0. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  13. ↑ Horn, Ethiopia & The. "Sewasew | Fazoġli (ፋዙቁሎ)". en.sewasew.com. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  14. ↑ Cosmas (Indicopleustes) (1897). Christian Topography of Cosmas. Hakluyt Society. p. 67. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  15. ↑ Taddesse Tamrat.; Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) (1972). Church and state in Ethiopia, 1270-1527. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  16. ↑ "Document – Selection from The Glorious Victories of Amda Seyon - Patterns of World History 3e Dashboard Resources - Learning Link". learninglink.oup.com. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  17. ↑ Taddesse Tamrat.; Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) (1972). Church and state in Ethiopia, 1270-1527. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  18. ↑ Bonacci, Giulia; Meckelburg, Alexander (2023-01-31), "Slavery and the Slave Trade in Ethiopia and Eritrea", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.836, ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4, E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  19. ↑ Tegegne, Habtamu M. "The Edict of King Gälawdéwos Against the Illegal Slave Trade in Christians: Ethiopia, 1548" E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  20. ↑ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780932415196. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  21. ↑ Richard Pankhurst The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. The Red Sea Press (1997) pp. 35–300
  22. 1 2 Paul Trevor William Baxter, Jan Hultin, Alessandro Triulzi. Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries. Nordic Africa Institute (1996) pp. 253–256
  23. ↑ Paul Trevor William Baxter, Jan Hultin, Alessandro Triulzi. Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries. Nordic Africa Institute (1996) pp. 254
  24. ↑ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 165. ISBN 9780932415196.
  25. ↑ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 151. ISBN 9780932415196.
  26. 1 2 Campbell, Gwyn (2004). Abolition and Its Aftermath in the Indian Ocean Africa and Asia. Psychology Press. p. 121. ISBN 0203493028.
  27. ↑ Abir, Mordechai (1968). Ethiopia: the era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and re-unification of the Christian Empire, 1769-1855. Praeger. p. 56.
  28. ↑ The Cambridge History of Africa (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 120.
  29. ↑ Stilwell, Sean (2013), "Slavery in African History", Slavery and Slaving in African History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 29–59, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003, ISBN 978-1-139-03499-9
  30. ↑ Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip; Yildirim, Onur. "Slavery, Slave Trade". Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. doi:10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_000524.
  31. 1 2 Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.
  32. ↑ Painter, Nell Irvin; Berlin, Ira (2000). "Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America". African American Review. 34 (3): 515. doi:10.2307/2901390. ISSN 1062-4783. JSTOR 2901390.
  33. ↑ Fage, J.D. (1969). "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History". The Journal of African History. 10 (3): 393–404. doi:10.1017/s0021853700036343. S2CID 162902339.
  34. ↑ Hinks, Peter; John McKivigan, eds. (2006). Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition : Greenwood milestones in African American history. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 246. ISBN 0313331421.
  35. ↑ Jean Allain The Law and Slavery: Prohibiting Human Exploitation (2015) pp. 128 Google Books
  36. ↑ Raymond Jonas The Battle of Adwa: African Victory in the Age of Empire (2011) pp. 81 Google Books
  37. ↑ Chris Prouty Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910. Ravens Educational & Development Services (1986) pp. 16 Google Books
  38. ↑ Markakis, John (2011). Ethiopia : the last two frontiers. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey. p. 97. ISBN 978-1847010339.
  39. ↑ Vestal, Theodore M. (2 February 2011). The Lion of Judah in the New World Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and the Shaping of Americans' Attitudes Toward Africa. Westport: ABC-CLIO. p. 21. ISBN 978-0313386213.
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