Bokgoba kwa Libya
Bokgoba kwa Libya[1][2][3] bo na le ditso tse ditelele le tshusumetso ya se nnela ruri mo setsong sa Libya. Bo amana thata le bokao jo bo anameng jwa bokgoba mo Aforika Bokone le kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara.
Fa e sa le ka ditso tsa bogologolo, kgaolo ya Libya ya segompieno e ne e le lefelo le kgwebo ya makgoba e neng e feta mo go lone go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa Borwa jwa Sahara go kgabaganya sekaka sa Sahara go ya kwa Lewatleng la Mediterranean. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Trans-Sahara e ne e itsiwe go tloga bogologolo mme e ne ya tswelela go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga. Bokgoba kwa Libya ya Ottoman bo ne bo thibetswe ka leina fela mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme melao ya go fedisa bokgoba e ne e sa diragadiwe.
Ka nako ya bokolone jwa Italy (1912–1951) bokgoba le kgwebo ya makgoba di ne tsa feleletsa di gatelelwa mo tirisong. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fedisiwa ga bokgoba e ne e le thulaganyo e e neng e dirwa ka iketlo le ka bonya, mme go tlhongwa ga bokgoba go ne ga tswelela nako e telele go fitlha ka nako ya bokolone, segolobogolo mo mafelong a a kwa teng a sekaka, kwa taolo ya Italy e neng e le bokoa gone. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Trans-Sahara kwa bogareng jwa Libya e ne e santse e dira go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930.
Mo lekgolong la bomasome a mabedi le motso la dingwaga, kgwebo ya makgoba ya Libya ya MaAforika go kgabaganya Sahara e tsweletse, ka mebaraka ya makgoba e e bulegileng e e begilweng mo ditoropong di le mmalwa tsa Libya, go akaretsa le motsemogolo, Tripoli.[4][5][6][7]
Ditso
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Libya wa Roma
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Jaaka kgaolo ya Roma, Tripolitania e ne e le moromedi yo mogolo wa dikungo tsa temothuo, mmogo le lefelo la gauta le makgoba a a neng a isiwa kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle ke Garamentes, fa Cyrenaica e ne e ntse e le motswedi o o botlhokwa wa mefine, diritibasi le dipitse.[8]
Go dirwa ga Ba-Berber le Bajuta makgoba
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Fa Amr ibn al-As a ne go gapa Tripoli ka 643, o ne a pateletsa Bajuta le Bakeresete ba Berber go neela basadi le bana ba bone jaaka makgoba mo sesoleng sa Maarabea jaaka karolo ya jizya ya bone.[9][10][11] Uqba ibn Nafi gantsi o ne a itirela makgoba (le go rekisetsa ba bangwe) basetsana ba le bantsintsi ba Berber, "ba ba tshwanang le bone go se nang ope mo lefatsheng yo o kileng a ba bone."[12]
Ibn Abd al-Hakam o bolela gore Mojenerale wa Moarabia e bong Hassan ibn al-Nu’man gantsi o ne a tla gapa “makgoba a mannye a basadi a Ba-Berber a a neng a le mantle thata, a mangwe a one a neng a ja didinare di le sekete.” Al-Hakam o netefatsa gore makgoba a a ka fitlhang go dikete di le lekgolo a ne a gapiwa ke Musa le morwawe le setlogolo sa gagwe ka nako ya fa ba ne ba gapa Afrika Bokone. Kwa Tangier, Musa o ne a dira baagi botlhe ba Ba-Berber makgoba. Musa o ne a thuba kago ya phemelo gaufi le Kairouan mme a tsamaya le bana botlhe jaaka makgoba. Palo ya Ba-Berber ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba "e ne e le palo e e iseng e ko e utlwiwe mo go epe ya dinaga tse di neng di busiwa ke Boiselamo" go fitlha ka nako eo. Ka ntlha ya seo, "bontsi jwa ditoropo tsa Aforika di ne tsa tlhoka batho, [mme] masimo a ne a sala a sa lengwa." Le fa go ntse jalo, Musa "ga a ka a kgaotsa go kgarameletsa diphenyo tsa gagwe go fitlha a goroga fa pele ga Tangiers, kago ya phemelo ya naga ya bone [ya Ba-Berber] le mmaagwe metse ya bone, e le yone a neng a e dikanyetsa le go e tsaya, a pateletsa banni ba yone go amogela Boiselamo."
Raditso e bong Pascual de Gayangos o ne a bolela jaana: “Ka ntlha ya thulaganyo ya ntwa e e neng ya amogelwa ke Baarabia, ga go kgonege gore palo ya batshwarwa ba ba tlhalosiwang fano e ne ya wela mo diatleng tsa ga Musa. ba gogelwa kwa botshwarong.”
Babusi ba Bamoseleme ba ba neng ba latelana ba Aforika Bokone ba ne ba tswelela ba dira Ba-Berber makgoba ka bontsi. Rahisitori Hugh N. Kennedy o lemogile gore "jihad ya Boiselamo e lebega e sa phuthologa jaaka kgwebo e kgolo ya makgoba." Ditiragalo tsa Maarabia di kwala palo e ntsi ya makgoba a Berber a a tserweng, segolobogolo mo dipegelong tsa ga Musa ibn Nusayr, yo o neng a nna mmusi wa Aforika ka 698, mme yo o neng a "tlhokomela Mamoseleme ope fela tumelo, mme a le pelotshweu le go nna bonolo mo go ba ba neng ba sokologa." Rahisitori wa Momoseleme Ibn Qutaybah o anela Musa ibn Nusayr a lwa "dintwa tsa go fedisa" kgatlhanong le Ba-Berber le ka fa a neng a "bolaya diketekete tsa bone ka teng, mme a dira palo e e gakgamatsang ya magolegwa."
Go ya ka raditiragalo As-sadfi, palo ya makgoba a a tserweng ke Musa ibn Nusayr e ne e le kgolo go feta mo diphenyong dipe tse di fetileng tsa Boiselamo.
Musa o ne a tswa kgatlhanong le Ba-Berber, mme a ba lelekisa kgakala go ya kwa dikaka tsa bone tsa tlholego, a tlogela gongwe le gongwe kwa a neng a ya teng metlhala ya go feta ga gagwe, a bolaya dipalo tsa bone, a tsaya magolegwa a le diketekete, mme a tswelela ka tiro ya go senya le go senya. Fa merafe e e neng e nna mo dipoaleng tse di tlhomolang pelo tsa Afrika e bona se se neng se diragaletse Ba-Berber ba ba kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle le ba ba kwa teng ga naga, ba ne ba itlhaganelela go kopa kagiso mme ba ipaya ka fa tlase ga kutlo ya ga Musa, yo ba neng ba mo kopa gore a ba tsenye mo sesoleng sa gagwe .
Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- ↑ TRT World (12 April 2017). "Libya Slave Trade: Rights group says migrants sold off in markets". Archived from the original on 2021-12-21 – via YouTube. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
- ↑ TRT World (26 April 2017). "Profiting off the misery of others: Libya's migrant 'slave trade'". Archived from the original on 2021-12-21 – via YouTube. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
- ↑ "Immigrant Women, Children Raped, Starved in Libya's Hellholes: Unicef". 28 February 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
- ↑ Quackenbush, Casey (2017-12-01). "What You Need to Know About the Libyan Slave Trade". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
- ↑ Baker, Aryn (2019-03-14). "'It Was As if We Weren't Human.' Inside the Modern Slave Trade Trapping African Migrants". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
- ↑ Naib, Fatma (2018-01-26). "Slavery in Libya: Life inside a container". Al Jazeera. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
- ↑ "Libya migrant 'slave market' footage sparks outrage". BBC News. 2017-11-18. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
- ↑ Mommsen, Theodore. The Provinces of the Roman Empire Chapter: Africa
- ↑ Pipes, Daniel (1981). Slave Soldiers and Islam: The Genesis of a Military System. Daniel Pipes. pp. 142–43. ISBN 9780300024470. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
- ↑ Kennedy, Hugh (2007). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Da Capo Press. p. 206. ISBN 9780306815850.
- ↑ The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain: Known as the Futuh. Cosimo. January 2010. p. 170. ISBN 9781616404352. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
- ↑ Barbarians, Marauders, And Infidels. Basic Books. 26 May 2004. p. 124. ISBN 9780813391533.