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Bokgoba kwa Morocco

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Ismail lbn Sharif, yo o itsegeng ka serapa sa dinyatsi tsa makgoba ga mmogo le sesole sa makgoba.
Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 044
Sesupo sa makgoba a rwelwe go ralala sekaka sa Sahara
Mmaraka wa bokgoba kwa Marrakesh jaaka o supiwa mo kgabareng ya Le Petit Parisien ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mabedi, 1907.[1]
Tafilet; tlhaloso ya loeto lwa go sika kwadithabeng tsa Atlas le megobe ya Bokone-bophirima jwa Sahara (1895) (14596234198)

Bokgoba bo ne bo ntse bo le teng kwa Morocco go tloga bogologolo go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga. Morocco e ne e le bogare jwa tsela ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan ya Maaforika a Bantsho a a dirilweng makgoba go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga, mmogo le bogare jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Barbary ya Bayuropa ba ba neng ba tshwerwe ke dirukutlhi tsa lewatle tsa Barbary go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Kgwebo ya makgoba e e bulegileng e ne ya feleletsa e gatelelwa kwa Morocco ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920. Ba-haratin le ba-gnawa ba nna ba bidiwa ditlogolwana tsa batho ba e kileng ya bo e le makgoba.

Kgwebo ya makgoba

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Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika

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Go tloga ka lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga ka nako ya Metlha ya Bogare go fitlha kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, Morocco e ne e le lefelo la kgwebo ya makgoba ya MaAforika a a neng a dirwa makgoba mo tseleng e e tswang kwa Timbuktu go ya kwa mmarakeng wa makgoba kwa Marrakesh, kwa ba neng ba rwalwa teng go isiwa kwa Morocco yotlhe le lefatshe lotlhe la Mediterranean.[2]

Go ya ka molao wa Seiselamo wa gore MaMoslem ba ne ba gololesegile go dira batho ba e seng MaMoslem makgoba, merafe ya MAaforika e e neng e sokologela mo Islam e ne ya tshwara batho ba e seng MaMoslem mme ya ba romela kwa ntle mo tseleng ya kgwebo go bapa le lotshitshi lwa bokone go ya kwa Morocco.

Ka nako ya puso ya Almoravid (1040–1147) tsela ya kgwebo e ne ya romela dibetsa le masela go tswa kwa Spain kwa bokone go ya kwa Senegal kwa borwa jwa Sahara, ka phapanyetsano ya gauta, tlou, letswai le makgoba go tswa kwa mafelong a e seng a SeIslam kwa borwa jwa Senegal go ya kwa Morocco, al-Andalus kwa Spain le lefatshe la Mediterranean.[3]

Jaaka thopo ya ntwa morago ga go fenya Mmusomogolo wa Songhai, sultan Isma'il ibn Sharif wa kwa Morocco o ne a romelelwa diketekete tsa makgoba a a tswang kwa borwa jwa Sahara go tswa kwa Timbuktu ngwaga le ngwaga, bao ba neng ba oketsa setlhopha sa gagwe se segolo sa makgoba a bantsho ba Aforika le masole a makgoba a Haratin a a bidiwang Black Guard (kgotsa Abid al-Bukhari). Ba ne ba sokologela kwa Islam ka fa tlase ga Maarabea le Berbers[4] mme ba ne ba tsenngwa mo sesoleng sa Morocco ba pateletswa ke Ismail Ibn Sharif (Sultan wa Morocco go tloga ka 1672 go ya go 1727) go tiisa maatla.[5]

Tsela ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan go tswa kwa toropong ya Timbuktu e ne e ya kwa toropong ya Marrakesh kwa Morocco, e e neng e itsege e le lefelo le legolo la mmaraka wa Mediterranean wa makgoba a Aforika go tloga ka lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go ya pele, mme e ne ya tswelela go nna jalo ka dingwaga tse di fetang sekete, go fitlha Morocco e nna ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya Fora mo lekgolong la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga.[2]

Mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, makgoba a a magareng ga 3500 le 4000 a Maaforika a ne a rekisiwa kwa Morocco ka kgwebo ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan ngwaga le ngwaga. ka bo1880, a ne a santse a le makgolo a matlhano ka ngwaga.[6]

Bontsi jwa dinyatsi kwa Morocco e ne e le batho ba bantsho, ka ga di ne di tsewa motlhofo mo mebarakeng ya selegae ka ntlha ya tlamelo e e tswelelang ya ngwaga le ngwaga go tswa mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara.[7]

Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Yuropa

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Go tloga ka lekgolo la bolesome le borataro go ya go la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga, Aforika Bokone ya Ottoman e ne e le boremelelo jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Barbary koo dikepe tsa Yuropa le metse e e mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle e e bapileng le Mediterranean di neng di tlhaselwa ke dirukutlhi tsa Barbary. Morocco mmogo le Algiers le dikgaolo tse dingwe tsa Aforika Bokone ya Ottoman, le yone e ne e le boremelelo jwa kgwebo ya makgoba. Ka dinako tse dingwe ditlhaselo tseno tsa makgoba kgotsa di-razzia di ne di feta ka kwa ga Mediterranean, mme le mafelo a a kwa bokone jaaka Ireland a ne a tlhaselwa gangwe fela. Dikepe tsa Amerika kwa Mediterranean le tsone di ne di tlhaselwa.[8] Bontsi jwa makgoba a a neng a rekisiwa go kgabaganya kgaolo ya Mediterranean a ne a tswa thata mo Aforika le Yuropa go tloga ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bosupa go ya go la bolesome le botlhano.[9] Mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga, MaEthiopia ba ne ba rekisa makgoba go tswa kwa mafelong a a kwa melelwaneng ya bophirima (gantsi fela kwa ntle ga puso ya Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia) kgotsa Ennarea.[10]

Go tloga ka lekgolo la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga go fitlha kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, Morocco gape e ne e le boremelelo jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Barbary ya Bayuropa ba ba neng ba tshwerwe ke dirukutlhi tsa barbary kwa lewatleng la Atlantic le la Mediterranean.

Batlhabani ba Barbary le badiri go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le gaufi le go ikemela[11] tsa Ottoman tsa Aforika Bokone tsa Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, le Sultanate e e ikemetseng ya Morocco ka fa tlase ga losika lwa segosi lwa Alaouite (lotshitshi la Barbary) e ne e le sefako sa Mediterranean.[12] Go gapa dikepe tsa kgwebo le go dira badiri ba tsone makgoba kana go ba rekolola go ne ga dira gore babusi ba ditshaba tseno ba nne le dikhumo le maatla a sesole sa lewatle. Mokgatlho wa Tharonngwe, kgotsa mokgatlho wa "Mathurins", o ne o dira go tswa kwa Fora ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga ka thomo e e kgethegileng ya go kokoanya le go ntsha madi a go thusa le go rekolola magolegwa a dirukutlhi tsa Mediterranean.

Go ya ka Robert Davis, Bayuropa ba ba fa gare ga sedikadike se le sengwe le se le sengwe le sephatlo sa sephatlo ba ne ba tshwarwa ke dirukutlhi tsa kwa Barbary mme ba rekisiwa jaaka makgoba fa gare ga lekgolo la bolesome le borataro le la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga.[13]

  1. ↑ "Le Petit Parisien. Supplément littéraire illustré". Gallica. 1907-06-02. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025
  2. 1 2 Zahra Babar: Mobility and Forced Displacement in the Middle East, p. 169. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  3. ↑ Oxford University Press: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. p. 1110. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  4. ↑ Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 549. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9., Quote: "Haratine. Social caste in several northwestern African countries consisting of blacks, many of whom are former slaves (...)"
  5. ↑ Meyers, Allan R. (1977). "Class, Ethnicity, and Slavery: The Origins of the Moroccan 'Abid". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 10 (3). Boston University African Studies Center: 427–442. doi:10.2307/216736. JSTOR 216736. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  6. ↑ UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. VI, Abridged Edition: Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s. (1998). Storbritannien: University of California Press. p74
  7. ↑ El Hamel, Chouki (2014). Black Morocco. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. ISBN 9781107651777. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bongwe ka 2025.
  8. ↑ Conlin, Joseph (2009), The American Past: A Survey of American History, Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 206, ISBN 978-0-495-57288-6, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  9. ↑ McDaniel, Antonio (1995), Swing low, sweet chariot: the mortality cost of colonizing Liberia in the nineteenth century, University of Chicago Press, p. 11, ISBN 978-0-226-55724-3. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Emery Van Donzel, "Primary and Secondary Sources for Ethiopian Historiography. The Case of Slavery and Slave-Trade in Ethiopia," in Claude Lepage, ed., Études éthiopiennes, vol I. France: Société française pour les études éthiopiennes, 1994, pp.187-88.
  11. ↑ Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne (in French). 1834. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  12. ↑ Masselman, George. The Cradle of Colonialism Archived 4 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963. OCLC 242863. p. 205. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  13. ↑ R. Davis (2003). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. https://news.osu.edu/when-europeans-were-slaves--research-suggests-white-slavery-was-much-more-common-than-previously-believed/[1][page needed]. ISBN 978-1-4039-4551-8. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
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