Bokgoba kwa Niger
Bokgoba kwa Niger bo akaretsa mekgwa e e farologaneng e e ntseng e dirwa mo kgaolong ya Sahel ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga mme e sa ntse e tsweletse go fitlha le gompieno. Mmusomogolo wa Bornu kwa botlhaba jwa Niger e ne e le karolo e e matlhagatlhaga ya kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya Sahara ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga. Ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa merafe mo nageng le tsone di ne di na le ditso tsa bokgoba, le fa seno se ne se farologane mme mo mafelong mangwe bokgoba bo ne bo ikganeletse mo bathong ba sepolotiki le ba itsholelo e e fa godimo.
Fa Mafora a ne a tsaya taolo ya lefelo leo, ba ne ba itlhokomolosa bothata jono mme ba thibela fela kgwebo ya makgoba mme e seng ditiro tsa bokgoba. Morago ga boipuso, bontsi jwa beng ba makgoba ba bagolo ba ne ba nna baeteledipele ba sepolotiki ba ba itsegeng mo nakong ya puso ya batho ka batho ya makoko a le mantsi le puso ya sesole (1974 go fitlha ka 1991), ka jalo bothata jwa bokgoba bo ne jwa itlhokomolosiwa. Ka 2003, ka kgatelelo ya mokgatlho o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba wa Timidria, Niger e ne ya fetisa molao wa ntlha mo Afrika Bophirima o o neng wa dira bokgoba e le bosenyi jo bo rileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, bokgoba bo tswelela go ralala merafe e e farologaneng mo lefatsheng, basadi ke bone ba mo kotsing thata, mme dipalo tsa 2002 di tlhomamisitse go nna teng ga makgoba a le dikete tse masome mane le boraro mme go fopholediwa gore palo yotlhe ya makgoba e ka nna batho ba ba fetang dikete tse makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a supa. Kgetsi e e botlhokwa thata ya Mani v. Niger e ne e le nngwe ya dikgetsi tsa ntlha tse mo go tsone motho a neng a fenya katlholo kgatlhanong le puso ya Niger kwa kgotlatshekelong ya boditshabatshaba ka ntlha ya go mo letlelela go nna lekgoba mo ditshwetsong tsa semmuso.
Mekgwa ya ditso
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Bokgoba bo ne bo le teng go ralala naga e gompieno e bidiwang Niger mme kgaolo eno e ne ya nna le seabe se segolo mo kgwebisanong ya makgoba go kgabaganya Sahara ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga. Mo merafeng e mengwe, bokgoba bo ne jwa nna selo se se botlhokwa mme bo ne jwa dira karolo e kgolo ya baagi le tlhagiso ya itsholelo le kgwebisano. Mo mafelong a mangwe, bokgoba bo ne bo le bonnye mme bo ne bo dirwa fela ke batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo mo setshabeng. Le fa go ntse jalo, e re ka baeteledipele ba sepolotiki gantsi e ne e le beng ba makgoba, ba ne ba tlisa sekgoreletsi se segolo mo balaoding ba Fora fa ba ne ba tsaya kolone le kwa Niger morago ga boipuso.[1]
Bornu
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Bontsi jwa botlhaba jwa Niger ya gompieno bo ne bo amega mo karolong e e botlhokwa ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara ka tsela e e simololang kwa Kano le go ralala dithaba tsa Aïr tse di makgwakgwa.[2] Mmusomogolo wa Bornu o o neng o le mo tseleng eno o ne wa nna karolo e itsegeng thata mo kgwebisanong ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan pele ga jihad ya Fulani (1804–1808) kwa botlhaba le go fuduga ga Tuareg mo kgaolong ya Aïr ka bo1800. Kgwebisano go feta ka Bornu e ne e le e nnye ka makgolo a le mantsi a dingwaga mme e ne ya nna e tlhomame pele e fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yona ka bo1500.[2]
Go simolola ka bo1600, kopano ya Jukun, kgobokanyo ya batho ba boheitane, e ne ya simolola go gwetlha bogosi jwa Bornu. Ditlamorago e ne e le motseletsele wa ditlhaselo tsa go phuruphutsha makgoba tsa go ipusolosetsa magareng ga mebuso e mebedi mme nngwe le nngwe e fepa kgwebo ya makgoba kwa lotshitshing (mmaraka wa makgoba wa Afrika Bophirima wa Jukun le mebaraka ya Afrika Bokone ya Bornu).[2]
Ka go wa ga bogosi jwa Bornu mo lekgolong la bolesome le bosupa le la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga, makgoba a ne a nna karolo e e botlhokwa thata ya itsholelo ya selegae ka go tlhamiwa ga metse ya makgoba le masimo a makgoba go ralala bogosi.[3] Se se diragetse ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga Sokoto Caliphate ka dingwaga tsa bo1800 tse di neng tsa oketsa kgwebo ya temothuo le go tlisa masimo a magolo a makgoba mo kgaolong le ka ntlha ya makgetho a a kwa godimo a a neng a dirwa ke balaodi ba Bornu a a neng a dira gore batho ba ba gololesegileng mo bogosing ba reke makgoba, go oketsa dipoelo le go duela makgetho.[1]
Fa go buiwa ka tiriso ya selegae, tiro ya temothuo e ne e le yone e e botlhokwa thata. Basadi ba ne ba le botlhokwa thata mo gae, bogolo ka ntlha ya ditlwaelo tsa setso tse di neng di laela gore ke makgoba a moloko wa ntlha fela a a ka fitlhelang kgololesego ya bona, le gore bana ba makgoba ga ba ka ke ba gololesega. Ka ntlha ya seo, basadi ba dingwaga tsa go belega, ba bana ba bone botlhe e neng e tla nna makgoba botshelo jotlhe, ba ne ba le botlhokwa thata.[1]
Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- 1 2 3 Abdelkader, Galy kadir (2004). "Slavery in Niger:Historical, Legal, and Contemporary Perspectives" (PDF). Anti-Slavery International. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
- 1 2 3 Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Manning, Patrick (1990). Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. London: Cambridge.