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Bokgoba kwa Nigeria

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Bokgoba bo nnile teng ka mefuta e e farologaneng mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa Nigeria, segolobogolo ka nako ya Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic le kgwebo ya Trans-Sahara.[1][2] Bokgoba jaanong ga bo kafa molaong mo lefatsheng lotlhe le kwa Nigeria.[2] Le fa go ntse jalo, gantsi go nna semolao go a tlhokomologiwa ka dingwao tse di farologaneng tsa setso tse di neng di le teng pele, tse di lebang ditiro dingwe ka tsela e e farologaneng.[2] Kwa Nigeria, dingwao dingwe le mekgwa ya bodumedi di dirile gore go nne le "go kopana go go ka se tilweng fa gare ga mekgwa ya setso, setso, le ya bodumedi mmogo le melao ya bosetshaba mo mo mafatsheng a Aforika" e e nnileng le maatla a go dirisa taolo e e oketsegileng ya semolao mo matshelong a le mantsi e e neng ya felela ka bokgoba jwa segompieno.[3] Mefuta e e tlwaelesegileng thata ya bokgoba jwa segompieno kwa Nigeria ke go gweba ka batho le go berekisa bana.[2] Ka gonne go le thata go lemoga bokgoba jwa segompieno, go nnile thata go lwantsha mokgwa ono le fa go dirilwe maiteko a boditshabatshaba le a bosetshaba.[2]

Ditso tsa bokgoba kwa Nigeria

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Kgwebo ya makgoba ya setso kwa Borwa jwa Nigeria e ne ya tla pele ga go goroga ga tlhotlheletso ya Yuropa,[4] mme ya tswelela mo lefelong la gae nako e telele morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba ka katlego kwa mafatsheng a mantsi.[5]

Fa go goroga Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic, bagwebi ba makgoba ba setso kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Nigeria ba ne ba nna bone ba tsisi ba makgoba go bagwebi ba makgoba ba Yuropa.[4] Le fa bokgoba jwa selegae bo ne bo thibetswe semmuso ke puso ya bokolone ya Borithane go tloga ka bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1880,[6] ba ne ba bo letla ka tidimalo gore bo tswelele go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930,[7] bo felela gotlhelele fela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940.[5][8]

Ka 1961, Rephaboliki ya Ntlha ya Nigeria e e neng e sa tswa go ipusa e ne ya amogela Tumalano ya 1926 ya Bokgoba.

Ka tlwaelo Ba-Igbo ba ne ba boloka tsamaiso ya setlhopha sa Osu ya bodumedi jwa Odinani. Ba-Osu e ne e le batho ba ba neng ba tsewa e le ba ba kwa tlase mo semoyeng, mme ba ne ba kgaoganngwa le batho ba ba tlwaelesegileng ba Ba-Igbo. Ba-Osu ba ne ba bolokwa e le makgoba kgotsa ba rekisiwa mo kgwebong ya makgoba. Go tloga ka 2020, ditlogolwana tsa Ba-Osu di santse di lebane le go tlhaolwa mo bathong ba Igbo.[9] Balweladitshwanelo ba selegae kgatlhanong le tlhaolele ba ile ba ikopanya le mokgatlho wa lefatshe lotlhe wa Matshelo a Batho Bantsho a Maleba (Black Lives Matter), ba bapisa tshwaro ya ditlogolwana tsa makgoba kwa Nigeria le tshwaro ya Bantsho kwa Amerika.[10]

Mmuso wa Sokoto

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mmuso wa Sokoto e ne e le puso e e nonofileng ya MaMoslem a Sunni ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga e motsemogolo wa yone o neng o le Sokoto kwa bokone jwa Nigeria. Go fopholediwa gore makgoba a e seng MaMoslem a le sedikadike se le sengwe go ya go tse pedi le sephatlo a ne a tshwarwa ka nako ya Ntwa ya Fulani.[11] Makgoba a ne a dira kwa masimo mme gape bane ba a neilwe kgololesego e e ikaegileng ka go sokologela mo Islam.[12] Ka 1900, Sokoto e ne e na le "bonnye jwa makgoba a le sedikadike mme gongwe a le didikadike di le pedi le sephatlo".[11]

Mo tshimologong ya lekgolong la bomasome a mabedi, Protectorate ya Bokone jwa Nigeria e ne e na le nngwe ya makgowa a mantsi mo lefatsheng, makgoba a le didikadike di le pedi le sephatlo, kgwebo ya makgoba e e atlegileng e e neng e tlamelwa ke ditlhaselo tsa makgoba le diketekete tsa makgoba tse di neng di newa Sultan wa Sokoto le emirs tsa gagwe.[13] Molaodi yo mogolo wa Borithane Lugard o ne a fedisa seemo sa semolao sa bokgoba ntle le tuelo mme a bega semmuso gore bana botlhe ba ba tshotsweng ke makgoba morago ga Mopitlo a le masome a mararo le motso ka 1901 ba tshotswe ba gololesegile; le fa go ntse jalo, makgoba a ne a sa thusiwe mme dikgetsi tsa makgoba a a tshabileng gantsi di ne di neelwa dikgotlatshekelo tsa selegae tsa Islam tsa Sharia, tse gantsi di neng di ba busetsa kwa beng ba bone ba MaMoslem.[14] Ka bo1920 dikoloi tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo ya makgoba di ne di fedisitswe ke badiredi ba bokolone, fela kgwebo ya makgoba e nnye e ne e le thata go e fedisa gotlhelele. Sekao se sengwe e ne e le kgwebo ya basetsana ba Adamawa, ba ba neng ba rekwa ke bagwebi mme ba bewa ngwaga kwa Cameroon ba ithuta Se-Hausa go fitlha ba ka romelwa kwa Nigeria go rekisiwa kwa Kano go dira bonyatsi kgotsa tirelo ya mo gae.[15]

Bokgoba bo ne bo le teng mo bathong ba Yoruba pele bo fedisiwa semmuso ke Maborithane ka 1893, ka nako ya puso ya bokolone.[16] Go nna le makgoba e ne e le letshwao la maemo mo setshabeng sa Yoruba. Motho wa Yoruba yo o neng a na le makgoba o ne a bontsha matshwao a go nna motho yo o humileng le yo o nang le tlhotlheletso.[16] Makgoba a ne a tshwarwa ka nako ya katoloso ya lefatshe le dintwa tsa ka fa gare le tsa semerafe.[16] Fa motse o ka gapa o mongwe mo ntweng, batho ba ba thopilweng ba ne ba tla nna makgoba a batshwari ba bone.[16] Makgoba gantsi a ne a direla batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba setshaba sa Yoruba, mme ba ne ba newa maikarabelo a go lema masimo, go phepafatsa lefatshe, kgotsa maikaelelo a mangwe a setho.[16]

Go kopana le MaMoslem le Ba-Yuropa go ne ga oketsa go tuma ga bokgoba mo bathong ba Yoruba.[16] Ba-Yoruba ba maemo a a kwa godimo jaaka batlhabani, dikgosi tse di maatla, dikgosana le bagwebi ba ba humileng ba ne ba simolola go nna le seabe mo kgwebong ya makgoba ka gonne e ne e le motswedi wa lotseno.[16] Bagwebi ba mafatshe a sele ba ne ba neela bagwebi ba Yoruba dibetsa tse di maatla jaaka dithunya ka phapanyetsano ya makgoba.[16] Ba-Yoruba ba ne ba dirisa dibetsa tseo go fenya baba ba bone le go ba rekisa mo kgwebong ya makgoba.[16]

Ditlhopha tsa makgoba a Yoruba

Go ne go na le mefuta e le meraro ya makgoba mo setshabeng sa Yoruba: ìwọ̀fà, magolegwa a ntwa le disenyi.[16] Lereo ìwọ̀fà le kaya makgoba a a neng a neelwa lelapa le lengwe ka go ithaopa go le lengwe e le sekoloto sa go duela kadimo. Motlhanka o ne a direla mong wa gagwe fa fela kadimo e sa duelelwe. ìwọ̀fà o ne a kgona go nna le dithoto le go etela ba lelapa la gabone, mme kgololesego ya bone e ne e lekanyeditswe ke beng ba bone.

Batshwarwa ba ntwa e ne e le setlhopha se sengwe.[16] Batlhabani ba ba neng ba fenya ntwa gantsi ba ne ba tlisa batshwarwa ba ntwa kwa dikgosing le dikgosi tse di botlhokwa tse di neng di ba dira makgoba le go ba pateletsa go dira mo dipolaseng tsa bone kgotsa go dira mo dikgwebong. Tsela e batlhanka ba neng ba tshwarwa ka yone e ne e farologana go ikaegile ka botho jwa beng ba bone le boitshwaro jwa batlhanka ka bobone. Efunsetan Aniwura, Iyalode wa Ibadan, o ne a itsege e le mong wa lekgoba yo o setlhogo thata yo o neng a otlhaya batlhanka ba gagwe ka loso ka go kgaolwa tlhogo. Mo mabakeng a mangwe, makgoba a ne a nna ditlhogo tsa malapa a bone kgotsa kgabagare a bona kgololesego.

  1. ↑ "Modern slavery: Nigeria ranks highest in Africa". 23 August 2018. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Akor, Linus. “TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN IN NIGERIA: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND THE WAY FORWARD.” Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2.2 (2011): 89–110. Print.
  3. ↑ Sarich, J., Olivier, M., & Bales, K. (2016). Forced marriage, slavery, and plural legal systems: An african example. Human Rights Quarterly, 38(2), 450-476,542-544.
  4. 1 2 Nwaubani, Adaobi Tricia (19 July 2020). "'My Nigerian great-grandfather sold slaves'". BBC News. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  5. 1 2 Nwaubani, Adaobi Tricia (15 July 2018). "My Great-Grandfather, the Nigerian Slave-Trader". The New Yorker. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  6. ↑ Afigbo, A. E. (Adiele Eberechukwu) (2006). The abolition of the slave trade in southeastern Nigeria, 1885-1950. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 978-1-58046-668-4. OCLC 256735611. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  7. ↑ Northrup, David (September 2007). "A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth". African Studies Review. 50 (2): 228–229. doi:10.1353/arw.2007.0116. ISSN 0002-0206. S2CID 154102268. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  8. ↑ Aderinto, Saheed (April 2012). ""The problem of Nigeria is slavery, not white slave traffic": Globalization and the politicization of prostitution in Southern Nigeria, 1921–1955". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 46 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1080/00083968.2012.659576. ISSN 0008-3968. S2CID 142931373. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Nwaubani, Adaobi Tricia (11 July 2019). "The Descendants of Slaves in Nigeria Fight for Equality". The New Yorker. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  10. ↑ "Nigeria's Slave Descendants Hope Race Protests Help End Discrimination". Voice of America. 29 June 2020. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  11. 1 2 McKay, John P.; Hill, Bennett D. (2011). A History of World Societies, Volume 2: Since 1450, Volume 2. Macmillan. p. 755. ISBN 9780312666934. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  12. ↑ Lovejoy, Paul E. (1978). "Plantations in the Economy of the Sokoto Caliphate". The Journal of African History. 19 (3): 341–368. doi:10.1017/s0021853700016200. S2CID 154760889. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  13. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 37
  14. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 37-38
  15. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 25
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Falola, Toyin; Akínyẹmí, Akíntúndé (2016). Encyclopedia of the Yoruba. Bloomington. ISBN 978-0253021441. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
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