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Bokgoba kwa Sudan

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Bokgoba kwa Sudan bo simolotse mo dinakong tsa bogologolo, mme bo ne jwa tsoga gape ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Selegae ya Sudan (1983–2005). Ka nako ya Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara, batho ba le bantsi ba Nilotic go tswa kwa Mokgatsheng o o kwa tlase wa Nile ba ne ba rekwa jaaka makgoba mme ba tlisiwa go ya go dira gongwe kwa Aforika Bokone le kwa Botlhaba ke Ba-Nubia, Maegepeto, Ba-Berber le Maarabea.[citation needed]

Go simolola ka 1995, mekgatlho e mentsi ya ditshwanelo tsa batho e ile ya bega ka mokgwa o mo motlheng wa gompieno, segolobogolo mo bokaong jwa ntwa ya selegae ya Bobedi ya Sudan. Go ya ka dipego tsa Human Rights Watch le ba bangwe, ka nako ya ntwa puso ya Sudan e ne e amega mo go rotoetseng le neela dibetsa masole a mantsi a a neng a tsaya makgoba mo nageng e le karolo ya ntwa ya yone kgatlhanong le Sesole sa Kgololesego ya Batho sa Sudan (SPLA).[1] E fitlhetse gape gore puso e paletswe ke go diragatsa melao ya Sudan kgatlhanong le go thopa batho ka dikgoka, go ba tlhasela le go ba pateletsa go dira tiro, kgotsa go thusa malapa a batswasetlhabelo go bona bana ba bone.[1]

Pego e nngwe (ka Setlhopha sa Batho ba ba Tlhomologileng ba Boditshabatshaba) e fitlhetse masole a a rotloediwang ke puso le marabele (a a eteletsweng pele ke SPLA) a le molato wa go thopa baagi ka dikgoka, le fa go thopa baagi ka dikgoka ke masole a a emeng puso nokeng e ne e le "selo se se tshwenyang thata" le "mo dikgetseng di le dintsi", go ne go isa kwa bokgobeng "ka fa tlase ga Tumalano ya 1926 ya Bokgoba".[2][3] Puso ya Sudan e ne ya tswelela ka gore bokgoba bo bakilwe ke ntwa ya merafe, e e neng e se na taolo mo go yone.[1]

Go ya ka Rift Valley Institute, go tlhasela le go thopa makgoba "go ne ga kgaotsa" ka 2002, le fa "palo e e sa itsiweng" ya makgoba e ne ya sala e le mo botshwarong.[4][5] "Lekgoba" (kgotsa Abeed) ke leina la semorafe le le lebisitsweng batho ba Sudan bantsho.[6]

Ditso tsa bokgoba kwa Sudan

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Bogologolo

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Bokgoba mo kgaolong ya Sudan bo na le ditso tse ditelele, go simolola mo metlheng ya bogologolo ya Nubian le ya bogologolo ya Egepeto mme bo tswelela go fitlha gompieno.

Magolegwa a ntwa a ne a tlwaelegile kwa Mokgatsheng wa Nile wa bogologolo le kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa Aforika. Ka nako ya go fenya le morago ga go fenya dintwa, Maegepeto ba ne ba tsewa e le makgoba ke Ba-Nubia ba bogologolo.[7] Le fa go ntse jalo, Ba-Nubia ba bogologolo ba ne ba tsaa makgoba fa ba sena go fenya ntwa le Ba-Libya, Bakanana le Maegepeto.[8]

Dingwaga tsa magare

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Ka bonako morago ga go fenya ga Maarabea kwa Egepeto, Maarabea a ne a leka go fenya magosi a Christian Nubia ka makgetlho a le mantsi, mme ka go dirisa ntwa ya togamaano, Nubia e nnye thata ya Bakeresete e ne ya fenya mephato e megolo ya Maarabea. Kwa bofelong, ka ntlha ya maiteko a bone a a sa atlegeng, Maarabea a ne a saena tumalano ya Baqt ya dingwaga di le makgolo a marataro le bogosi jwa Bakeresete jwa Nubia jwa Makuria. Jaaka karolo ya tumalano eno, Ba-Nubia, ba ba neng ba setse ba amegile mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya Aforika Botlhaba, ba ne ba dumalana go rekisa makgoba a le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro ngwaga le ngwaga go baagisani ba bone ba kwa bokone ka phapaanyo ya ditswaiso le mabele. [Citation needed]

Dingwaga tsa lekgolo la bolesome le borataro go ya go la bolesome le boferabongwe

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Banna ba kwa Sudan ba tlhasela motse wa Dinka village ka bo1870
Mmaraka wa makgoba kwa Khartoum, Sudan, c. 1876

Morago ga go wa ga magosi a Nubia ka 1504, MaMoslem ba ne ba gapa karolo e kgolo ya Nubia, fa Ba-Funj ba ne ba gapa karolo e kgolo ya Sudan ya segompieno go tswa kwa Darfur go ya kwa Khartoum; Funj e ne ya simolola go dirisa makgoba mo sesoleng ka nako ya puso ya Badi III (r. 1692–1711).[9][10] Moragonyana, makgoba a Maegepeto a ne a simolola go tlhasela kgaolo ya borwa jwa Sudan. Mmusi wa Egepeto e bong Muhammad Ali o ne a leka go aga sesole sa makgoba a Borwa jwa Sudan a thusiwa ke makgoba a Ba-Nubia. Maiteko a go thibela bokgoba a ne a lekwa moragonyana ke balaodi ba bokolone ba Borithane ka 1899, morago ga phenyo ya bone mo Ntweng ya Mahdi.

Go ya ka motlhatlhobi wa Borithane le yo o neng a lwela phediso ya bokgoba Samuel Baker, yo o neng a etela Khartoum ka 1862, dingwaga di le masome a marataro morago ga gore balaodi ba Borithane ba itsese gore kgwebo ya makgoba e se ka fa molaong, bokgoba e ne e le lekala "le le neng la dira gore Khartoum e tswelele jaaka toropo e e tlhagafetseng".[11] Baker o ne a tlhalosa mokgwa wa go tlhasela makgoba kwa metsaneng e e kwa borwa ke beng ba makgoba a Sudan go tswa kwa Khartoum: Setlhopha se se nang le dibetsa se ne se tla palama noka ya Nile, se fitlhele motsana o o siameng wa Aforika, se o dikologe bosigo le go tlhasela pele ga mahube, se fisa matlwana le go thuntsha. Basadi le banana ba ne ba tshwarwa ba bo ba golegwa ka "dikota tse di pharotsweng mo magetleng", ba golegilwe ka seatla mo paleng e e kwa pele, bana ba golegelelwe mo go bommaabone. Go dira gore "motse o humanege thata mo e leng gore baagi ba ba falotseng ba ne ba tla patelesega go dirisana le makgoba mo loetong lwa bone lo lo latelang kgatlhanong le metse e e bapileng le yone," motse o ne o tla thopiwa dikgomo, mabele, ditlou mme dilo tse dingwe tsotlhe di senngwe.[11]

Bokgoba jwa segompieno

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Ka dingwaga tsa bo1980, ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Bobedi ya Sudan, kgwebo ya makgoba ya Sudan e ne ya tsoga gape ka fa tlase ga National Islamic Front le ditlhopha tsa go tshwana le Baqqara le Rizeigat.[12] E ne e akaretsa palo e kgolo ya batho ba Sudan go tswa kwa dikgaolong tsa borwa le bogare, "segolo thata kwa Dinka, Nuer le Nuba tsa bogare jwa Sudan," ba tshwarwa le go rekisiwa "(kgotsa ba dirisiwa ka ditsela tse dingwe)" ke batho ba Sudan Bokone ba ba iponang e le Maarabea.[13][14] Go begwa gore bothata jwa bokgoba bo ne jwa nna maswe morago ga gore puso ya sesole e e rotloediwang ke National Islamic Front e tseye puso ka 1989, puso ya Khartoum e ne ya laola jihad kgatlhanong le kganetso e e seng ya MaMoslem kwa borwa.[15] Ba-Baggara le bone ba ne ba newa kgololesego ya "go bolaya ditlhopha tseno, go thopa khumo ya bone, go tshwara makgoba, go leleka ba ba setseng mo mafatsheng le go nna kwa mafatshe a bona ka dikgoka."[16]

  1. 1 2 3 Slavery and Slave Redemption in the Sudan. Human Rights Watch Backgrounder". Updated. Human Rights Watch. March 2002 [March 1999]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  2. ↑ Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan| US State Department | International Eminent Persons Group | May 22, 2002 | page 7| e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025
  3. ↑ "Factfinding Report Confirms Sudan Slavery" E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  4. ↑ Vlassenroot, Koen. "The Sudan Abduction and Slavery Project. Rift Valley Institute". Riftvalley.net. Archived from the original on 2019-05-14. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  5. ↑ "Thousands of slaves in Sudan". BBC News. 2003-05-28. E nopotswe Seetebosigo
  6. ↑ "Viewpoint from Sudan - where black people are called slaves". BBC News. 2020-07-26. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  7. ↑ Redford, D. B..From Slave to Pharaoh: The Black Experience of Ancient Egypt. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Project MUSE
  8. ↑ "Ancient Egypt: Slavery, its causes and practice". Reshafim.org.il. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  9. ↑ "Africa and Slavery 1500-1800 by Sanderson Beck". E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Barnes, Sharon (2013). Slavery in the Sudan: History, Documents, and Commentary. Palgrave Macmillan.
  11. 1 2 Quotes from Jok, Madut Jok (2001). War and Slavery in Sudan. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-8122-1762-4. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  12. ↑ Poggo, Scopas (2024-01-30), "Southern Sudanese Systems of Slavery", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.884, ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  13. ↑ Jok 2001, p. viii. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  14. ↑ John Eibner, the CEO of Christian Solidarity International-USA, also states that modern-day slavery was revived in Sudan in the mid-1980s the Arab-Muslim state of Sudan started reviving. He claims that this slavery is a result of a jihad led by the state against the non-Muslim population.(source: John Eibner (December 1999). "My Career Redeeming Slaves". Middle East Forum. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  15. ↑ John Eibner (December 1999). "My Career Redeeming Slaves". Middle East Forum. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
  16. ↑ Jok 2001, p. 144-5. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
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