Bokgoba kwa Tunisia

Bokgoba kwa Tunisia e ne e le ponatshegelo e e rileng ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya Maarabea, e e neng ya fedisiwa ka Ferikgong a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 1846 ke Ahmed I Bey. Tunisia e ne e le mo seemong se se tshwanang le sa Algeria, ka boemo jwa lefatshe jo bo neng bo e golaganya le ditsela tse dikgolo tsa Trans-Sahara. E ne e amogela dikoloi go tswa kwa Fezzan le Ghadamès, tse di neng di na le fela, mo lekgolong la dingwaga la bolesome le borobabobedi, lerole la gauta le makgoba, go ya ka basupi ba nako eno.

Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le borobabongwe, makgoba a ne a goroga ngwaga le ngwaga ka dipalo tse di fa gare ga makgolo a matlhano le sekete se le sengwe le makgolo a mabedi. Go tswa kwa Tunisia a ne a rwalelwa kwa boemelodikepeng jwa Levant.

Tshimologo

Makgoba a Tunisia a ne a tswa kwa dikgaolong tse pedi tse dikgolo: Yuropa le lefelo le legolo le le simololang kwa Aforika Bophirima go ya kwa Letsheng la Chad. Magosi a Bornu le kgaolo ya Fezzan a ne a tsisa dikoloi ka bontsi. Karolo e kgolo ya makgoba e ne ya fokodiwa go nna makgoba mo dintweng tsa lefelo leo fa gare ga merafe e e neng e lwa kgotsa mo diphudusong tsa go gapa batho ka dikgoka. Ditsela tsa dikoloi tse di tswang kwa mafelong a le mantsi a Sahara di ne di felela kwa Tunis. Mo godimo ga Ghadamès, e e neng e golaganya beylik le Fezzan, Morzouk le Bogosi jwa Bornou, Timbuktu e ne e ikgolaganya ka metlha le Beylik ka tsela ya dikoloi e e neng e feta ka M'zab le Djerid mme ya dira gore lefatshe le ikgolaganye le ditlhopha tsa Aforika le batho ba kgaolo e kgolo e e amang kgaolo ya lehatshe la Bambara, toropo ya Djenne le dikgaolo tse dintsinyana tsa bogare jwa Bophirima jwa Aforika. Maina a makgoba le batho ba ba golotsweng a a begilweng mo dikwalong tse di bolokilweng a netefatsa tshimologo eno e ntsi, e e farologaneng: kwa thoko ga maina a a tlwaelesegileng jaaka Burnaoui, Ghdamsi le Ouargli, go na le maina a a supang tshimologo kwa mafelong a mangwe a Aforika Bophirima jaaka Jennaoui le Tombouctaoui.

Makgoba a Yuropa, ka karolo ya bona, a ne a tshwarwa ka nako ya razzias kwa lotshitshing la mafatshe a Yuropa, bogolo jang a Italy, Fora, Spain le Portugal, le ho tloga mo go tshwarweng ga dikepe tsa Yuropa. Banna ba ne ba dirisediwa ditiro tse di farologaneng (bakgweetsi ba makgoba, ditiro tsa setshaba, masole, badiredipuso, jalojalo.), fa basadi ba ne ba dirisiwa jaaka badiri ba mo gae le mo kokoanong ya basadi ba dinyatsi. Go farologana le banna, go ne go le sewelo thata gore basadi ba gololwe, le fa gantsi basadi ba ne ba sokologela mo BoMoslemong.

Dipalo

Le fa tshedimosetso ya bontsi e seyo ya lekgolo la bolesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga, dipalo dingwe tsa karolo tse di dirilweng mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le borobabongwe di letla dikhutlo dingwe tse di fopholediwang ka ga palo ya makgoba go ralala lefatshe. Lucette Valensi o ne a fopholetsa gore go ne go na le makgoba a ka nna dikete tse supa kgotsa ditlogolwana tsa makgoba kwa Tunisia ka ngwaga wa 1861, a dirisa diregisetara tse di akaretsang manaane a batho ba ba neng ba ntshitswe.^[1] Le fa go ntse jalo, direkoto tse di ntseng jalo tse di rulagantsweng tsa batho ba bantsho ga di atlege ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mmalwa: go fedisiwa ga bokgoba go ne go diragetse dingwaga di le lesome pele ga direkoto tsa ntlha tsa batho ba ba neng ba tlhatlhobiwa di tseelwa mejba (lekgetho le le neng la tlhongwa ka 1856), mme ka jalo karolo e ntsi ya ditlhopha tseo, e e neng e gasame mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa taolo ya setshaba di ne di falotse taolo ya thulaganyo. Makgetlho a go gololwa ga makgoba a mantsho ka nako e le nngwe fa morwa kana morwadia kgosi a swa, a senola dipalo dingwe tsa botlhokwa tsa papiso. Ka 1823, makgoba a le lekgolo le masome a supa le bosupa a ne a gololwa fa morwadia kgosi a tlhokafala.^[2] Go ikaegilwe ka dipalo tse di neng tsa neelwa ke batsamai, Ralph Austin o ne a tlhoma palogare nngwe, e e neng ya dira gore go fopholediwe gore go ne go na le makgoba a le dikete tse lekgolo.^[3] Kafa letlhakoreng la gagwe, Louis Ferrière mo lekwalong le a neng a le kwalela Thomas Reade, moemedi wa Borithane kwa Tunis, o ne a fopholetsa gore go ne go na le makgoba a le dikete tse lekgolo le masome a marataro le bosupa le makgoba a a golotsweng ka 1848. Mabapi le makgoba a Yuropa, go thata go bona palo ya basadi. Boaditso bangwe, jaaka Robert C. Davis,^[4] ba fopholetsa palo ya bone go ka nna 10%, fela dipalo tse di ikaegile ka thekololo ya makgoba; e ka nna ya bo e supa fela gore basadi ba ne ba rekololwa ka sewelo. Palo eno ya 10% e a belaetsa thata ka gonne makgoba a a neng a tsewa mo di-razzia tsa kwa lotshitshing a ne a le mantsi thata mme mo di-razzias tseno basadi ba ne ba dira palogare ya batho ba le batlhano mo go ba robabobedi ba ba neng ba tshwerwe.

Mo godimo ga moo, go abiwa ga makgoba go ralala dikgaolo go ne go sa tshwane. Kwa borwabotlhaba, karolo e ne e le kwa godimo thata (bogolo jang mo di-oasis). Metse mengwe e ne e na le bontsi jo bo bonalang jwa makgoba, jaaka e e kwa borwa jwa Gabès. Kwa Tunis, le mororo setlhopha seno se ne se tswelela se ntsha, go ne ga direga gore se nne se le mmalwanyana fela sa batho, se sa fete dikete di le mmalwa. Ka jalo mafelo a makgoba a neng a le mo go one a ne a anama fa gare ga Tunis, Sahel le borwabotlhaba.^[1]

Go ya ka Raëd Bader, go ikaegilwe ka diphopholetso tsa kgwebo ya Trans-Sahara, fa gare ga 1700 le 1880 Tunisia e ne ya amogela makgoba a mantsho a le dikete tse lekgolo, fa e bapisiwa le makgoba a le dikete tse masome a marataro le botlhano fela a a neng a tsena kwa Algeria, a le dikete tse makgolo a mane kwa Libya, a le dikete tse makgolo a matlhano, lesome le botlhano kwa Morocco le kwa Egepeto a le dikete tse makgolo a le boferabobedi.^[5]

Ditshwantsho

Kitsiso ya phediso ya bokgoba- Ahmed I bey

Metswedi

1 2 (in French) « Esclaves chrétiens et esclaves noirs à Tunis au XVIII^e siècle », Lucette Valensi, Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, vol. 22, n°6, 1967, p. 1267-1288. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
↑ Archives nationales de Tunisie, série historique, dossiers relatifs aux familles princières, document 58188
↑ Ralph Austin, The Transaharian Slave Trade. Essays in the economic history of the Atlantic slave trade, New York Academy Press, 1979
↑ Robert C. Davis, Esclaves chrétiens. Maîtres musulmans. L'esclavage blanc en Méditerranée (1500-1800), éd. Jacqueline Chambon, Paris, 2006
↑ (in French) Raëd Bader, Noirs en Algérie, XIX^e-XX^e siècles, éd. École normale supérieure de Lyon, 20 June 2006, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.

[:0-1] 1 2 (in French) « Esclaves chrétiens et esclaves noirs à Tunis au XVIII^e siècle », Lucette Valensi, Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, vol. 22, n°6, 1967, p. 1267-1288. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.

[2] Archives nationales de Tunisie, série historique, dossiers relatifs aux familles princières, document 58188

[3] Ralph Austin, The Transaharian Slave Trade. Essays in the economic history of the Atlantic slave trade, New York Academy Press, 1979

[4] Robert C. Davis, Esclaves chrétiens. Maîtres musulmans. L'esclavage blanc en Méditerranée (1500-1800), éd. Jacqueline Chambon, Paris, 2006

[5] (in French) Raëd Bader, Noirs en Algérie, XIX^e-XX^e siècles, éd. École normale supérieure de Lyon, 20 June 2006, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.

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