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Bokgoba kwa dikolong tsa ithutelo ditiro tse dikgolwane kwa America

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Thomas Jefferson, motlhami wa United States, ebile e le mong wa makgoba a le makgolo, o tlhamile sekolo sa University of Virginia

Seabe sa bokgoba kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro kwa America e ntse e le kgang e e tshwerweng ka mangana mo dipatlisisong tsa ditso le dikganetsano. Ma Aforika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a bereka go aga dikolo tse tse di kgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro kwa united States, mme itsholelo ya bokgoba e ne e dirisiwa mo dikolong ka bontsi.[1] Batho ba ba nneg ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba dirisiwa go aga matlo a borutelo le matlo lohalahala a bonno.[1] Le ntswa bokgoba bo ne bo amanngwa le borwa jwa lefatshe, dikolo tse dikgolwane kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa bokone, di anywile tiro ya makgoba.[2][3] Itsholelo ya bokgoba e tsiseditse beng ba makgoba khumo e ntsi, se se ba letla go nna babeeletsi ba tlhwatlhwa mo dikolong tse.[4] Go fitlhelela ka ntwa ya selegae ya 1861 go tsena 1865, bokgoba jaaka motheo bo ne bo le mo molaong ebile dikolo tse dikgolwane ka bontsi di ne di dirisa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba. Mo dinakong tse dingwe, batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba rekisiwa ke batsamaisi ba dikolo go dira dipoelo, sengwe sa dikolo tse ke sa Georgetown University, sa kereke ya Roma.[5] Mo dikgaolong tse dingwe tsa lefatshe, go ne go se molato gore baithuti ba bahumileng ba tle le batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba kwa sekolong.[6] Go fedisa bokgoba jwa dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano, ga go a fedisa go ipelafatsa ga batho basweu kgotsa mefuta e mengwe ya kgatelelo kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro kwa America, ebile boswa jwa bokgoba bo santse bo le teng mo metheong e le mentsi.[7][8]

Ka ngwaga wa 2004, Ira Berlin o ne a ela tlhoko gore thuto patlisiso ya bokgoba kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro e ka ganediwa ebile e ka baka dingangisano tse di tseneletseng.[9] "Ga mmogo le gore baranodi ba buile go le gontsi kgotsa go le gonnye."[9] O bua gore fa ba ka tlhatlhanya ka bokgoba, batho ba America- ba le basweu kgotsa ba le bantsho- ba ka nna le ditso tse di gakologelesegang."[9]

Ka ngwaga wa 2006, sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Brown University se ne sa nna santlha go gatisa pego e e tlhalosang kamano ya yone le bokgoba.[10] Mo dingwageng tse di latelang, dikolo tsa America tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro di dirile maitelko a go batlisisa, go baakanya le go ruta ka kamano ya tsone le bokgoba. Ka ngwaga wa 2014, dikolo di le mmalwa di eteletswe pele ke sa University of Virginia, di ne tsa tlhama bokopano jwa diko di ithutela bokgoba (USS), e le setlhopha se e seng sa semmuso morago sa nna bokopano bo bo itebagantseng le go tlhotlhomisa ditso tsa dikolo tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro jaaka di amana le bokgoba kgotsa tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala.[11] Maiteko le dikopo tsa go baakanya kamano le bokgoba mo ditsong le tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala kwa dikolong tsa ithutelo ditiro tse dikgolwane kwa America a ne a ntšhafadiwa morago ga megwanto ya ngwaga wa 2020 mabapi le kgang ya ga George Floyd.[12][13]

Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Brown

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Palo ya basimolodi ba sekolo sa Brown le bagogi ba sone ba pele ba ne ba na le makgoba, Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Stephen Hopkins, moeteledipele wa Brown wa pele; le James Manning, tautona wa pele wa sekolo seo.

Lolwapa lwa boora Brown

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Lolwapa lwa boora Brown, le e leng leina la sekolo se gape, lo ne lo na le seabe se setona mo tlhamong ya sekolo seo. E ne e le beng ba makgoba ebile ba tsaya karolo mo kgwebong ya makgoba, ba beeletsa mesepele e le mebedi ya makgoba (ka ngwaga wa 1736 le 1759).[14] Fa ba tshwantshanngwa le maloko a mangwe a maemo a a kwa godimo a Rhode Island, boora Brown e ne e se bagwebi ba batona ba makgoba.[15] Go ya ka moitseanape wa ditso Joanne Melish, "bontsi jwa banni ba koo ba ne ba na le makgoba a a fetang a ga John Brown."[14]

Botsalano jwa lolwapa lo le bokgoba bo ne bo se bogolo ebile bo ne bo sa dirwe ka nako tsotlhe. ka ngwaga wa 1773, Moses brown o ne a itemogela kgoberego ya maikutlo le semowa mo go neng ga baka gore a fetogele kwa bodumeding. Ka nako eo, Moses o a neng a dirile batho ba le barartaro makgoba mo nakong e e fetileng, o ne a emisa bokgoba jwa dithoto. Moses o ne a golola makgoba a gagwe ngwaga one oo, a kwala jaana[15]:

"E re ka ke dumela gore thekiso le theko ya batho ba mmala ope fela go kgatlhanong le keletso ya Modimo, e e supagalang mo segakoloding sa motho mongwe le mongwe - le fa batho bangwe ba se tlhokomologa. Gape go rua ma Aforika jaaka makgoba, le fa ba ka tsewa sentle, go rotloetsa mokgwa o o sa siamang wa go ba ntsha kwa mafatsheng a bone a tlholego. Se se kgatlhanong le tshiamo, mautlwelobotlhoko le go nna pelokgale mo moKeresete mongwe le mongwe a tshwanetseng go go dira."

Mo dingwageng tse di latelang, Moses o ne a nna moema kgatlhanong le bokgoba le kgwebo ya bone wa tlhwatlhwa, a bo a simolola ntwa ya bodumedi kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Maikutlo a gagwe a ne a farologanan le a ga monnawe John, o a neng a femela tiragalo, se sa baka nako ya ngangisano ya phatlalatsa gareng ga bobedi joo. John Brown o ne a tswelela ka go tsaya karolo mo kgwebong ya bokgoba ya mafatshefatshe go tsena dingwaga tsa 1790, morago ga bokgoba bo sena go emisiwa. John o ne a sekisiwa ka a ne a tlodile molao, se sa dira gore e nne ene motho wa ntlha go atlholwa mo molaong o.[15]

Kago e kgologolo go di feta tsotlhe kwa sekolong sa ithutelo ditiro se segolwane sa Brown, ya University Hall, e santse e na le dikamano di le mmalwa le bokgoba. Morekisi le mogwebi wa bokgoba Aaron Lopez o ne a abela sekolo se polanka gore se kgone go aga kago e, mogwebi o mongwe wa makgoba Nicholas Brown Sr. o ne a eteletse pele kago e. Babereki ba ba neg ba aga kago e ba ne ba farologane, ba supa merafe le maemo a batho ba ba neng ba nna koo. Makgoba, batho ba ba gololesegileng ba mmala, beng age le batho basweu ba ba neng ba na le kitso le ba ba neng ba sena kitso ba ne ba bereka go emisa lobota ka dinao.[16][17]

Pego ya bokgoba le tshiamo

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Ruth J Simmons, tautona wa ntlha wa sekolo sa tlhwatlhwa o montsho wa America, o ne a eteletse pele phetolo ya sekolo sa Brown

Ka ngwaga wa 2003, tautona wa sekolo se wa pele Ruth Simmons o ne a simolola komiti e e teletseng pele dipatlisiso tsa kamano ya sekolo se le bokgoba. Ka Phalane ngwaga wa 2006, komiti e ne ya ntsha pego e e neng e kwadile ka tse ba di boneng.[15][18] Pego e e neng e filwe setlhogo sa "Bokgoba le Tshiamo", e ne e tlhalosa mo go tsenelesteng ditsela tse sekolo se sa ithutelo ditiro se amogetseng dithuso ka tlhamalalo le ka ditsela tse dingwe mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya Atlantic le pereko ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba. pego e e ne e akaretsa dikgakololo di le supa tsa ka fa sekolo se sa ithutelo ditiro se segolwane se ka baakanyang ditso tse tsa sone.[19] Sekolo sa ithutelo ditiro se segolwane sa Brown fa e sale jalo se feditse palo nngwe ya dikgakolo tse, di akaretsa go tlhamiwa ga lefelo la go ithutela bokgoba le tshiamo le letlole la madi a a ka nang ka didikadike di le lesome tsa di dolara tsa America la go tlhama dikolo tsa setšhaba.[19][20] Pego ya kwa Brown ya bokgoba le tshiamo e ne e tshwaya maiteko a ntlha a magolo a sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa America go baakanya kamano ya sone le bokgoba sa bo sa gwetlha tse dingwe go dira se se tshwanang.[21][22]

Segopotso

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Ka Lwetse, ngwaga wa 2014, sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro, se ne sa aga segopotso go lemoga kamano ya sekolo le kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic, le go gopola ma Aforika le batho bantsho ba America, ba ba neng ab dirilw makgoba le ba ba neng ba gololesegile, ba ba nnileng le seabe mo kagong ya sekolo. Kago sa sone e ne e le nngwe ya dikgakololo tse di neng di akareditswe mo pegong ya Brown ya 2006 ya bokgoba le tshiamo.[23] Segopotso se se dirilweng ke mmetli Martin Puryear, se beilwe go bapa le ntlo lohalahala ya University Hall, se tshwana le bolo e tona le tšhaene e e tsentsweng mo mmung go se kae.[23]

Ka tlhopho ya ngwaga wa 2021, baithuti ba sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Brown ba le masome a ferabobedi mo lekgolong ba ne ba tlhopha mo tlhophong e e seng ya pateletso gore sekolo se duele dikokomane tsa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ke basimolodi ba sekolo phimilo dikeledi.[24][25] Ka Moranang ngwaga wa 2021, tautona Christina Paxson o ne a gana go itlama mo molaong wa sekolo seo wa go duela dikokomane tsa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ke basimolodi ba sekolo madi, a re potso ya teng e marara.[26]

Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Columbia

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Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Columbia (se se nneg se bidiwa King's College ka nako eo) se tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa 1754. Ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae ya America e fela, banna ba le lesome ba ne ba nnile botautona ba sekolo se; mo go bone, sephatlo e ne e le beng ba makgoba, jaaka batshwara madi bantlha ba bane ba sekolo se.

Pego ya Columbia University le bokgoba e supa beng ba makgoba mo go ba ba kileng ba nna tautona wa sekolo seo: Samuel Johnson, Benjamin Moore, William Samuel Johnson, William Alexander Duer le Frederick A. P Barnard. Khumo ya lolwapa lwa ga Duer e ne e tswa mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya lewatle la Atlantic. Sekolo se ga se lebege se kile sa nna le makgoba ka tlhamalalo.[27] Fa e sale ka thuto ya ngwaga wa 2015 mabapi le kamano ya sekolo se le bokgoba, Columbia e dirile tsebe ya maranyane e e nang le tse ba di itemogetseng morago ga patlisiso e.[28]

Sekolo se segolwane sa Barnard

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Frederick A. P Barnard, wa leina le le tshwanang le seokolo sa Barnard, o ne a na le makgoba fa a le kwa sekolong sa Alabama, mme o ne a boela kwa bokone ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae.

Motho wa leina le le tshwanang le la sekolo sa Barnard, Frederick A.P Barnard o ne a dira batho ba palo e e sa itsagaleng makgoba, bontsi jwa bone maina a bone ga a yo mo dikwalong tsa semmuso.[29][30] Sekolo se segolwane sa bomme se biditswe ka ene ka ntlha ya kemo nokeng ya gagwe mo thutong e e tlhakantseng banna le basadi.[29][30]

Nako nngwe morago ga gore a simolole go bereka kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Alabama, Barnard o ne a tsaya makgoba.[30] Bangwe ba ne ba bereka jaaka bathusi ba gagwe ba dipatlsisiso tsa maranyane, ba karetsa o mongwe a bidiwa Sam,[30][29] fa ba bangwe ba ne ba dira ditiro tsa kwa gae.[30] ka nako ya gagwe fa a le kwa Alabama, go bolelwa fa Barnard a ne a dirisa basadi ba bantsho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba dikgoka mo go tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, maitshwaro a a neg a letlelesega mo babereking ka ene kwa sekolong seo.[29] Batho ba bangwe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba amangwang le Barnard kwa Alabama, ba akaretsa: "Little Mary", Morgan, Luna, Tom le Johnson.[30] Barnard o tlhalositse dingwaga tse di lesome le borataro tse a di feditseng kwa Alabama e le dingwe tsa dingwaga tse a neng a itumetse thata mo botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe ebile a kgone go bona maduo.[30]

Mongwe wa batho ba a neng a ba dirile makgoba, Jane, o ne a tlhaselwa ka ngwaga wa 1859, ke moithuti fa a berekela Barnard kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Mississippi.[30][29] Barnard o a neng a seo ka nako ya tlhaselo eo, o ne a kopa gore moithuti oo a kobiwe ke sekolo.[30][29] Ga go a tlhapa gore a tshusumetso ya ga Barnard e ne e le go batla tshiamiso mo go Jane kgotsa dituelo mo go ene morago ga tlhaselo kwa lolwapeng lwa gagwe le go latlhegelwa ke o o berekang fa e santse Jane a sidilega.[30] Jane ga a ka a bona tshiamo ka maiphitlhelo a gagwe a ne a bonwa a sa lekana go ya ka molao wa Mississippi, sekolo se ne sa seka sa koba o o mo tlhasetseng.[30] Tiragalo e e ne ya baka kgotlhang gareng ga ga Barnard le sekolo sotlhe, se sa baka gore a felele a tsamaya - a tlogetse dithoto tsa gagwe tse dintsi, le batho ba a neng a ba dirile makgoba.[30]

Babereki ka Barnard kwa dikolong tse di kwa borwa, ba ne ba leba ka leitlho la pelaelo ka ntlha ya kgodiso ya gagwe ya kwa bokone.[30] Le ntswa a ne a na le makgoba, gantsi o ne a belaelwa ke babereki ka ene go bo a na le kutlwelobotlhoko mo makgobeng.[30][29] Fa a tsibogela magatwe a gore o kgatlhanong le bokgoba, Barnard o ne a boelela kemo nokeng ya gagwe mo borwa le mo motheong wa bokgoba.[30] le fa go ntse jalo, fa a boela kwa bokone ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae, Barnard o ne a gatisa lokwalo lo lo phatlalatsa lo kwaletswe Abraham Lincoln le mo go lone a neng a tlhomamisa maikano a gagwe mo mokgatlhong o a bo a femela mafoko a pele a bokgoba gore a ne a tlhoka go buiwa ebile e le leano le le tlhokafalang la sepolotiki.[29][31]

Sekolo se segolwane sa Dartmouth

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Motlhami wa Dartmouth Eleazar Wheelock o ne a dira batho bantsho ba ka nna lesome le borobabobedi makgoba mo botshelong jwa gagwe.[32][33] Makgoba a le borobabobedi a ne a tsamaya le Wheelock fa a simolola kampa ya kwa hanover ya sekolo se segolwane sa Dartmouth ka ngwaga wa 1770. Go ya ka Craig Wilder "go en go na le makgoba a feta babereki, bagogi, le batlhokomedi: tota go ne go na le batho bantsho ba ba neg ba dirilwe makgoba kwa Dartmouth ba lekana le baithuti ba sekolo seo, makgoba a ga Whelock a ne a feta baithuti ba gagwe ba America."[6]

Tautona wa sekolo se segolwane sa Dartmouth Nathan Lord o ne a le mo letlhakoreng la bokgoba fa go iwa kwa ntweng ya selegae ya America, se sa baka dikganetsano go fitlhelela a ithola marapo.[34]

Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Georgetown

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Thekiso ya makgoba ya Jesuit ka ngwaga wa 1838

Thomas F. Mulledy o eteletse pele kgwebo ya batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba le makgolo a mabedi, masome a supa le bobedi go duela dikoloto tsa Georgetown

Sekolo se segolwane sa Georgetown se tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa 1789, e le motheo wa kereke ya Roma, se ne sa nna mo mathateng a tsa madi ka ngwaga wa 1838. Tshwetso e ne ya tsewa gore go rekisiwe dithoto tsa kereke e le batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba le makgolo mabedi, masome a supa le bobedi ba e neng e le ba kgaolo ya Maryland ya lekgotla la ga Jeso. Thekiso ya Jesuit ya ngwaga wa 1838 e ne ya nna le dipoelo tsa madi, lesome mo lekgolong la one la dirisiwa go duela dikoloto tsa Georgetown. Makgoba a ne a ntse kwa dipolasing tse e neng e le tsa batho ba Jesuit kwa Maryland, ba rekisediwa Henry Johnson wa kwa Louisiana le Jesse Batey. Madi a thekiso e ne e le dikete di le lekgolo, lesome le botlhano tsa madi a America a di dolara, a a lekanang le didkadike tse tharo, dikete tse tharo, masome a robabongwe le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2024.[35] Mo diketeng tse di masome mabedi le botlhano tsa madi, dikete di le lesome le bosupa di ne tsa dirisiwa go duelela sekoloto sa kago se Thomas F. Mulledy, moeteledipele wa kgaolo o a nang a eteletse pele thekiso a neng a na le sone fa e santse e le tautona wa Georgetown.[35][36][37]

Batho ba Jesuits ba na le ditso tse di kwadilweng kwa Georgetown tsa go nna lesotlo mo bathong ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Ka ngwaga wa 1821, mmusi wa Georgetown o ne a nna kgatlhanong le dijo tse di neng di jewa ke batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ba neng ba le kwa sekolong seo, are di a tura ebile di dintsi. O ne a kwala gore selekanyo se se neelwang batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba se sentsi mme a kopa gore ba gagamalediwe mo dijong tse ba di fiwang.[38]

Karabo ya lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi le motso

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Ntlo lohalahala ya Isaac Hawking kwa sekolong sa Georgetown

Ditshupo tsa phatlalatsa tsa kamano e di ne tsa begiwa mo tsebeng ya ngwaga wa 2016 mo pampiring ya dikgang ya The New York Times e kwadilwe ke mmego Rachel L. Swarns.[39] Fa ba arabela ditshupelo tse, sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Georgetown se ne sa nna le tiragalo e e neng e bidiwa "tirelo ya kobamelo ya segopotso, maikotlhao le tsholofelo". Kwa kobaong eo, tautona wa bokopano jwa batho ba Jesuit kwa Canada le United States enong Timothy Kesicki o ne a re: "Mewa e emakgolo mabedi, masome a supa le bobedi eo, e amogetse tetlanyo e e tshwanang, e badile mafoko a a molemo a a tshwanang, e rapetse dithapelo tse di tshwanang, e opetse difela tse di tshwanang, ebile e galaleditse Modimo o o tshwanang - go tsile jang gore rona, mokgatlho wa ga Jeso, re retelelwe ke go bona gore re mmele o le mongwe fela mo go Kereste? Re swabisetse leina la ga Jeso ene o mokgatlho wa rona o bidiwang ka ene".[40]

Morago ga dikgatiso mabapi le neelano e, sekolo se se ne sa sutisa go fa dikago tse pedi maina a mašha a batho ba Jesuit kwa Georgetown ba ba neng ba nnile le seabe mo thekisong ya ngwaga wa 1838, Thomas Mulledy le William McSherry. Ka ngwaga wa 2015, Ngwanatsele, ntlo lohalahala e e neng e bidiwa Mulledy e ne ya fetolelwa kwa go "Freedom", mme ya McSherry ya bidiwa ntlo lohalaala ya segopotso, e le maiteko a nakwana fa e santse maina a mangwe a sekasekiwa.[41] Ka ngwaga wa 2017, dikago tse pedi di ne tsa neelwa maina a Isaac, motho o a nenga dirilwe lekgoba mo thekisong ya 1838, le Anne Marie Becraft, mosadi o o gololesegileng wa mmala, o a neng a tlhamile sekolo sa basetsana ba mmala o montsho kwa Georgetown.[42]

Sekolo se segolwane sa Hamilton

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Baithuti ba pele ba kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Hamilton ba ne ba akaretsa ba ba kgatlhanong le bokgoba, sekolo se e ne e le sengwe sa tse di mmalwa tsa kwa New England kwa ditlhopha tse di kgatlhanong le bokgoba di neng di tlhamilwe teng ka dingwaga tsa 1830. Ditlhopha di ne di rotloediwa ke mokgatlho wa America o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba wa ga William Lloyd Garrison. Puso ya kwa kgaolong ya New York e ne ya tshosetsa go sa ntshe madi, se sa baka gore tautona wa sekolo Joseph Penny, a kganele setlhopha se.[43]

Alexander Hamilton, o sekolo se biditsweng ka ene, o goletse kwa Carribean a bona makgoba a polasi e le lantlha gone koo. Motlhokomedi wa gagwe kwa sekolong se segolwane sa King's e ne e le mong wa makgoba. Hamilton o ne a nyala mo lolwapeng lo lo tlotlegang lwa New York la sefane sa Schyler, ba ba neg ba na le makgoba.[44] O ne a le kgatlhanong le bokgoba, mme dikwalo tsa gagwe di ne di sa eteletse se kwa pele. O ne a tsaya karolo mo letsholong la pele la go golola makgoba, go na le bosupi jo bo sa tswang go upololwa jwa gore le ene o ne a na le makgoba ebile o rekisitse kgotsa a adimisa bangwe ba makgoba a gagwe.[45][46]

Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Harvard

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Ba sala morago ketelelopele ya sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Brown go upolola kamano ya sekolo seo le bokgoba, thuto puisano kwa Harvard e ne ya sekaseka dikamano tsa sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Harvard, ba ntsha pego ka ngwaga wa 2011. Sven Beckert, moithuti wa di masters Katherine Stevens le baithuti ba puisano ya kwa Harvard ya kamano ya sekolo seo le bokgoba ba ne ba ntsha pego ya kamano ya sekolo sa Havard le bokgoba.[47][48] Pego e e simolola ka go batla kamano ya sekolosa Harvard le bokgoba jwa America, bokone le kgwebo ya dikhutlo tse tharo. Pego e e supa fa "ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le bosupa, makgoba e ne e le bontlha jwa botshelo jwa malatsi otlhe kwa Massachusetts. Ba ne ba bereka ebile ba nna kwa koloneng eo. Beng ba bone gantsi e ne e le baeteledipele ba sepolotiki le bagogi ba malwapa a a tumileng.[47] Makgoba a ne a berekela baeteledipele ba Harvard, mme ebile tiro ya makgoba e nnile le seabe se setona mo go nneng le dikhumo ga barekise ba kwa New England ba ba beileng motheo wa Harvard.[47] Tshekatsheko e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2017 e supa fa baithuti ba sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Harvard ba ne ba robala mo malaong a a baakantsweng ke batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, ebile ba a ja dijo tse di apeilweng ke batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, bontsi ba ne ba gola go nna beng ba makgoba ba ba tumileng ebile e le baeteledipele kwa America.[49]

Ka ngwaga wa 2019, tautona wa sekolo Larry Bacow o ne a tlhama thsimologo ya Harvard le ditso tsa bone mo bokgobeng, ka maikaelelo a go tlhaloganya botoka kamano ya sekolo sa Harvard le bokgoba kgotsa kgwebo ya makgoba mo ditsong, le ditlamorago tsa kamano eo mo sekolong seo gompieno.[50] Komiti e ne ya tlhamiwa go tlhatlhoba le go sekaseka ditso, e eteletswe pele ke Tomiko Brown-Nagin, moeteledipele wa lephata la Radcliffe la thuto e e tsweletseng, ba akaretsa gape Sven Beckert, Paul Farmer, Annete Gordon-Redd, Stephen Gray, Evelynn Hammonds, Nancy Koehn, Meira Levinson, Tiya Miles, Martha Minow, Maya Sen, Daniel Smith, David Williams le William Julius Wilson.[50]

Pego e e ntshitswe ka Moranang ngwaga wa 2022, e supa fa sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Havard se amana le bokgoba. Ba ba amanang le sekolo sa Harvard ba akaretsa botautona ba pele le babereki, ba ne ba dirile batho ba feta masome a supa makgoba ka dingwaga tsa pele, bontsi ba ne ba bereka baithuti ba ntlha ba sekolo seo. E kwadile gape gore sekolo se se tsweletse ka go amogela dithuso go tswa mo bathong ba ba humileng ka ntlha ya kgwebo ya makgoba le go rekisa dithoto tsa dijalo tse di robilweng ke batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba.[51]

Mo pegong eo gape, go na le dikakanyetso kgotsa dithuso go tswa mo komiting tsa gore sekolo se tshwanetse go tswelela pele jang le go tokafatsa kgotsa go baakanya ditso tsa sone tsa bokgoba. Gareng ga tsone e ne e le go fa dithuso tsa thutego dikokomane tsa batho ba ba amegang, segopotso sa batho ba baneng ba dirilwe makgoba, ba dira bokopano le dikolo tse dingwe tse mo ditsong e leng tsa batho bantsho, le go amana ka tlhamalalo le go supa dikokomane tsa batswasetlhabelo , mo go tse dingwe.[52]

Bacow le maloko a koporase ya Havard, ba ne ba dumalana go amogela dikgakololo tse, mme ba itlama go ntsha madi a a ka nang ka didikadike di le lekgolo tsa di dolara tsa America go diragatsa se mo nakong e khutshwane le mo isagong. Martha Minow, motlhatlhelela dithuto ebile e le moeteledipele wa lephata la molao la sekolo sa Harvard, o ne a tlhophiwa go etelela pele tiragatso.[53]

Sekolo sa molao sa Harvard

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Sekao sa sekolo sa molao sa Harvard se se neng se dirisiwa ka dingwaga tsa 1936 go tsena 2016

Isaac Royall Jr.  e ne e le morekisi o a neng a abela sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Harvard, lefatshe le madi. O ne a boa gape a se abela madi a go simolodisa dithuto tsa borutuntshi tsa molao kwa sekolong seo. Ba lolwapa loora Royalls ba ne ba na le seabe mo kgwebong ya makgoba mo ebile pereko ya batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ke yone e tlhotlheleditseng go rutiwa ga molao kwa sekolong seo.[47] Seabe sa boora Royalls kwa Harvard se tswa bogologolong: sekolo sa molao sa Harvard se ne sa dirisa sekao sa lolwapa loo jaaka bontlha jwa sekao sa sekolo. Sekao seo se na le botala jwa loapi kwa morago, ka ditlhatshana tsa korong di le tharo. Go fitlhelela mo nakong ya gompieno, kamano e, e ne e sa itsiwe ke bontsi.[54][55] Fa go sena go senolwa gore sekolo sa Harvard se na le kamano ya ditso mo bokgobeng, moeteledipele Martha L. Minow o ne a simolola go bolelela baithuti ba basha ka ditso tsa sekolo seo. Sekolo sa molao se ne sa emisa tiriso ya sekao ka ngwaga wa 2016, mme ka 2019 sa itsise fa se tlhama setlhopha se se tla dirang sekao se sesha.[55][56] Ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 2022, sekolo sa molao se ne sa itsise fa se sa tlhole se dirisa setilo sa bogosi se se neng se rekilwe ka madi a mpho e e neng e filwe sekolo ke lolwapa lwa bogosi.[57]

Fa sekolo sa molao se ipelela dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi ka ngwaga wa 2017, tautona Drew Faust, Moeteledipele John Manning, le morutuntshi Annette Gordon-Reed ba ne ba supa mokwalo o o mo tshiping o mosha o e leng segopotso sa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba thusitseng go aga dikolo tseo. Faust fa a bua ka sekolo sa molao o ne are: "go a tshwanela gore lo bo lo simolola dingwaga tse di makgolo mabedi ka moletlo o o re gakololang gore tsela ya tshiamo ga e motlhofo ebile ga e a tlhamalala. Are itlameng go lebelela ditso jaaka di ntse,se se tla re thusa go aga bokamoso jo bo botoka go tlotla matshelo a a utswilweng a re a gakologelwang fa."[58]

Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Harvard, se ne sa sekisiwa ke dikokomane tsa monna o a neng a dirilwe lekgoba, o dinepe tsa gagwe di leng mo diatleng tsa sekolo se. Go ya  ka tsheko eo, sekolo se segolwane se, se na le dipoelo mo kgatisong ya dinepe se sena tetla ya dikokomane tsa gagwe.[59] Ka ngwaga wa 2021, moatlhodi wa kgotlatshekelo ya Middlesex county Superior Court Camille Sarrouf o ne a phatlalatsa tsheko e, a kwala gore "molao jaaka o ntse gompieno, ga o neele motho o o mo senepeng, tetla epe ya gore ke sa gagwe, go sa kgathalesege gore senepe se tserwe kae".[60]

Ka dingwaga tsa 1990, motaki Carrie Mae Weems o ne a dirisa senepe se mo motseletseleng o o neng o bidiwa "go tswa fa ke ne ka bona se se diragetseng Mme ka lela."[61]

Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa John Hopkins

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Ka ngwaga wa 2020, basekaseki ba ne ba upolola gore motlhami wa sekolo sa Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins, o ne a dirile batho ba ka nna bane makgoba.[62]

Ka ngwaga wa 2020, basekaseki ba ne ba upolola mosimolodi wa sekolo se segolwane sa John Hopkins ebile sekolo se reeletswe ka ene, Johns Hopkins, o a neng a dirile batho ba ka nna bane makgoba. Ka ngwaga wa 2020, baitseanape ba ditso kwa Johns Hopkins ba ne ba lemoga gore mosimolodi wa sekolo seo Johns Hopkins o ne a na le banna ba le bane a re ke dithoto tsa gagwe ka palo batho ya ngwaga wa 1850.[63][64] Hopkins o ne a kile gape a dirisa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ele tuelo ya sekoloto.[63]

Pele ga se se lemogiwa, sekolo se ne se bua fa mosimolodi wa sone e le motho o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba go ya tshupo ya Hopkins mo kgatisong ya ngwaga wa 1929 e e neng e kwadilwe ke setlogolwana sa gagwe ebile e gatisitswe ke sekolo.[63]  Boremelelo e ne e le gore batsadi ba ga John Hopkins ba ne ba golola batjo ba ba neng ba ba dirile makgoba ka ngwaga wa 1807.[63][64] Bontsi bo ne bo supa lefoko la gagwe la gore batho ba lotso lope fela ba tshwanetse go tlhokomelwa mo sepateleng sa gagwe le thotloetso ya gagwe mo batlhokomeding ba sepatela go tlhama lefelo la tlhokomelo ya batho bantsho ba e leng masiela.[64] Kitso e e ka tswa e ne e sa itsiwe ka lobaka ka ntlha ya gore bontsi jwa dipampiri tsa semmuso tsa ga Hopkins di ne tsa senngwa kgotsa tsa nyelela ka nako ya fa a tlhokafala.[64]

Go ya ka sekolo, "patlisiso ya gompieno...ga e bone bosupi bope bo bo tlhomamisang tlhaloso ya ga John Hopkins jaaka motho o a neng a le kgatlhanong le bokgoba".[63][65] Mo lokwalong lwa phatlalatsa lo lo neng lo kwaletswe tautona wa sekolo Ronald J. Daniels,  lo ne lo supa fa tse di bonyweng fa go batlisisiwa, di thatafatsa ka fa motlhami wa sekolo a tlhaloganngwang ka teng.[63][65]

Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Pennsylvania

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Benjamin Franklin, motlhami wa sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Pennsylvania, o ne a dirile batho ba supa makgoba ka nako tsa gagwe tsa bonana, a gatisa dikitsiso tsa thekiso ya makgoba di le makgolo a mabedi, masome a supa le bosupa, ebile o nnile le batho ba a neng a ba dirile makgoba pele ga phetogo ya kwa America.[66]

Basimolodi, batlhokomedi le babereki ba sekolo ba ne ba akaretsa batho ba ba neng ba ruile ba bangwe ba ba ntshitse makgoba, kgotsa ba ba neng ba na le dipoelo mo sekolong.

Gareng ga bone ga bo go le mosimolodi wa sekolo o e leng tautona wa ntlha, Benjamin Franklin, o a kileng a dira dikitsiso tsa thekiso ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba mo pampiring ya gagwe ya dikgang ya Pennsylvania Gazette,[67] a bo a   dira batho ba le supa makgoba ba bereka mo kgwebong ya gagwe le mo ntlong. Maikutlo a gagwe a ne a fetoga le nako, o ne a nna motlhami wa mokgatlho wa ntlha o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba kwa America, a boy a leka go amanya kgololesego le phetogo.

Ka ngwaga wa 2017, sekolo se ne sa simolola porojeke ya Penn le bokgoba go batlisisa kamano ya sekolo le basimolodi ba sone, batlhokomedi le babereki ga mmogo le go senola dipolelo tsa batho ba ba neng ba ba dirile makgoba. Gareng ga batlhokomedi ba sekolo ba ba neng ba dirile batho makgoba ya bo e le John Cadwalader, Benjamin Chew, Benjamin Franklin, Isaac Norris, William Plumsted, James Potter, Joseph Reed le Thomas Willing.[68]

Caesar e ne e le monna mongwe o a neng a dirilwe lekgoba o a neng a bereka kwa sekolong go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1756 go tsena 1770.[69] O ne a dirilwe lekgoba ke Ebenezer Kinnersley,[70] mmereki ka Benjamin Franklin. Ditiro tsa ga Caesar kwa sekolong sa pele di ne di akaretsa go letsa bele le go gotsetsa bana ba sekolo melelo, mme Kinnersley o ne a duelwa ke sekolo a duelelwa tiro ya ga Caesar.[71][70] Ga go itsegale gore a Caesar o kile a gololwa.[71] Bele ya ga Caesar e ne ya nna sekao sa porojeke ya Penn le bokgoba ka e ne e beilwe kwa motlobong wa dibuka wa Van Pelt ntle le go lemoga tiro ya ga Caesar.[71]

Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Princeton

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Lesome le borataro mo masome a mabedi le boraro a batlhokomedi ba Princeton ba ntlha, ba rekile, ba rekisa kgotsa ba gweba ka makgoba mo matshelong a bone, sekolo se ne se na le kamano e e tseneletseng le botlhanka jwa batho.[72] Botautona ba ntlha ba robabongwe ba Princeton ba ne ba dira batho makgoba.[73] Fa tautona wa sone wa botlhano Samuel Finley a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1766, batho ba a neng a ba dirile makgoba ba ne ba rekisiwa ka palobalo mo sekolong.[73][74][75] John Maclean Jr. Ke ene tautona wa ntlha wa sekolo seo o o sa tshwarang batho ka dikgoka.[74]Sekolo sa Princeton se ne gape se na le dikamano le letsholo la bokolone le le neng le ikaelela go emisa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic le go busetsa makgoba a a golotsweng kwa Aforika ka ba ne ba bonwa e le morwalo mo didirisiweng tsa setšhaba.[75][76][77]

Kakanyo ya gore batho basweu ba feta batho botlhe ka maemo le kgethololo ya lotso le mmala kwa Princeton ga di a fela le phelelo ya bokgoba. Tautona wa Princeton Woodrow Wilson (go tswa 1902 go tsena 1910), ke sekai sa motho o a neng a dumela mo go emeng pele ga batho basweu.[78]

Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Rutgers

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Leina lengwe la Rutgers e ne e le Henry Rutgers, motlhokomedi wa sekolo seo.[79][80] E ne e le motho o dirileng batho makgoba, ebile e le motlhabolodi wa matlo a a neng a dirisa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba go a a aga, wa kokomane ya boraro.[79][80]

Sekolo sa Rutgers se na le ditso tsa kamano le kgwebo ya makgoba. Basimolodi bangwe, le botautona ba ntlha ba ne ba na le seabe mo kgwebong ya makgoba.[2][80] Ka nako ya ntwa ya phetogo,sekolo se ne sa fudutsha legae la mong wa makgoba.[80] Tautona wa ntlha wa Rutgers ( se se neng se bidiwa Queen's college pele), Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh e ne e le motho o o nang le batho ba a ba dirileng makgoba, gareng ga batho bao e le Sojourner Truth o a neng a iphalotsa gore a gololesege.[80][81][82] Kago e kgologolo kwa Rutgers ya Old Queens bontlha jwa yone bo agilwe ke banna ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba, ba akaretsa monna mongwe a bidiwa Will.[80][83]

Mo nakong e khutshwane pele ga sekolo sa Rutgers se ipelela dingwaga tse di makgolo mabedi le masome a matlhano, moeteledipele wa sekolo Richard Edwards o ne a itsise ho tlhamiwa ga komiti ya batho ba dirilweng makgoba le ba ba rekisitsweng mo ditsong tsa Rutgers.[84][85] Komiti e, e ne ya simolola porojeke ya Scarlet and Black e e neng ya gatisa dibuka di le tharo tsa leina le le tshwanang di bua ka ditso tsa lotso tsa Rutgers.[85]

Fa godimo ga foo, komiti e ne ya baya pele dikgakololo di akaretsa go amogela ditso tsa sekolo, go dira dithulaganyo tse di supang tumalano, go direla ba ba tseetsweng lefatshe le ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba segopotso,go fa dikago maina a masha, go ntshetsa madi ditshekatsheko tse di tseneletseng le go direla baithuti botlhe dithuthuntsho tsa pharologanyo ya batho.[86]

Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Virginia

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Thomas Jefferson, motlhami wa sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Virginia, o ne a dirile batho ba feta makgolo a marataro makgoba mo botshelong jwa gagwe.[87]

Thomas Jefferson, motlhami wa sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Virginia, o ne a dirile batho ba feta makgolo a marataro makgoba mo botshelong jwa gagwe. Sekolo sa Virginia kwa Charlottesville, Virginia se ne se dirile batho makgoba ebile se adima ba bangwe mo dingwageng di le masome.[88] Gareng ga dingwaga tsa 1817 le 1865 batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba le dikete di le nne ba berekile mo sekolong seo.[88] Banna botlhe ba ba tsereng karolo mo go tlhamiweng ga sekolo se ba ne ba dirile batho makgoba.[89] Batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba, ba ne ba tlhokomela tikologo ya sekolo, ba aga dikago tsa sone, ba a fa baithuti le babereki dijo, gantsi ba nna mo matlong a a kwa tlase ga matlo a boroko a baithuti.[89][90]  Bontsi jwa baithuti ka nako e ba ne ba kgona go tsena sekolo se ka ntlha ya dikhumo tsa malwapa a bone a a neng a dirile batho makgoba, le ntswa baithuti ba ne ba sa letlelelwe go tla sekolong le batho ba ba ba dirileng makgoba.[89]

Morago ga ntwa ya selegae ya America, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba le ntswa ba ne ba bona kgololesego, ba ne ba santse ba thapilwe ka madi a a kwa tlase thata a dituelo.[89]

Thomas Jefferson

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Motlhami wa sekolo se segolwane sa Virginia Thomas Jefferson o ne a dirile batho bantsho ba America ba ka nna makgolo a marataro makgoba mo botshelong jwa gagwe.[91][89] Bontsi jwa baitseanape ba ditso ba dumela fa morago ga go tlhokafala ga mosadi wa gagwe Martha, Jefferson a ne a ratana le monnawe mosadi wa gagwe Sally Hemings, o a neng a dirilwe lekgoba kwa polasing ya gagwe kwa Monticello.[92][93] Go ya ka ditshupetso tsa losika go tswa mo dikokomaneng tse di santseng di le mo botshelong le ditso tsa molomo, Jefferson o ka tswa a nnile le bana ba le barataro le Hemings, ba akaretsa ba le bane ba ba tshedileng go fitlha ba tsofala.[94] Bangwe ba nganga gore go ya ka maemo a gagwe, Hemings o ne a sa kgone go dumalana kgotsa go gana go tlhakanela dikobo, mo go raya gore Jefferson o ne a mo dirisa dikgoka.[95]

Fa a tlhama sekolo sa Virginia, Jefferson o ne a lebile gore e tla nna sekolo se se tla mo sireletsang mo go ba ba kgatlhanong le bokgoba ba kwa bokone.[89] Batho ba Jefferson a neng a ba dirile makgoba ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo kagong ya sekolo.[89]

Segopotso sa babereki ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka ngwaga wa 2020, sekolo se ne sa fetsa kago ya segopotso sa sone mo bathong ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Se dirilwe ke Howeler le Yoon, segopotso se se tlotla setshaba sa batho bantsho ba America ba ba agileng ba bo ba nna le seabe mo tsamaisong ya sekolo.[96][88][97][89]

Sekolo se segolwane sa William & Mary

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Sekolo se segolwane sa William & Mary se se tlhamiwleng ka ngwaga wa 1693, se tswetswe ke mosola pereko ya batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go simolola ka tlhamo ya sone ka 1693 go tsena ka kitsiso sa kgololesego ka ngwaga wa 1863. Patlisiso ya thuto mo ditsong tsa sone tsa bokgoba ya porojeke ya Lemon, e ntse e tsweletse.[98]

Gareng ga dingwaga tsa 1760 le 1765, ntlo ya Prince George e ka tswa a dirisitswe ke bapelotlhomogi ya ma Esemane, babereki ka Dr. Bray, go ruta bana ba mmala o montsho ba ba gololesegileng le ba ba neg ba dirilwe makgoba. Adam le Fanny, bana ba babedu ba ba neng ab dirilwe makgoba ke William le Mary, ba tsene sekolo se kwa se neng sa tlhomiwa teng labobedi, kwa go belaesegang e le kwa tseleng ya Capitol Landing kwa Wiliamsburg.

Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Furman

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Sefikantswe sa ga Joseph Vaughn, se eme kwa godimo ga sekolo sa Furman se segolo, ke ene sealogane sa ntlha sa motho montsho wa America. Sefikantswe se se dirilwe ke batlhokomedi ba sekolo e le tsela ya go baakanya seemo sa kamano ya sekolo seo le bokgoba morago ga gore pego ya go batla Abraham e supe ditso tsa bokgoba mo sekolong seo.

Ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 2016, Marian Baker o ne a kwala tsebe mo pampiring ya dikgang ya baithuti ya The Paladin, a bua ka ditso tsa lolwapa lwa Furman tsa go dira batho makgoba le go botsolosa ka mokwalo o o kwa kagong ya tsa setho e e biditsweng ka leina la tautona wa ntlha wa sekolo james C. Furman.[99] Fa se tsiboga, sekolo se se ne sa kopana le tse dingwe tse di ithutang ka bokgoba ka ngwaga wa 2017, ba romela setlhopha sa bokgoba le tshiamo.[100] Pego ya setlhopha se e dule ngwaga morago ka setlhogo sa "Go batla Abraham" ka mokwalo wa boeteledipele jwa motho o sekolo se biditsweng ka ene, Richard Furman ga mmogo le go araba dipotso mabapi le James C. Furman tse di boditsweng ke Marian Baker.[101][102] Setlhogo sa pego se raya Abraham Sims, o a neng a dirilwe lekgoba ke lolwapa loora Furman, mme a supiwa e le lekgoba la pele mo senepeng sa ngwaga wa 1980 sa lolwapa loora Furman, go batla dintlha ka Abraham go dirisiwa e le seelo se segolo sa pego go batlisisa ditso tsotlhe tsa sekolo sa Furman.[101] Pego e kwadilwe gape ka letsholo la sekolo ka go ikaega mo mading a a tswang mo bathong ba ba amanang le bokgoba, tiriso ya pereko ya batho ba badirilweng makgoba mo go ageng sekolo se se kwa South Carolina sa pele sa Greenville, le ditshupo tsa bokgoba go tsena mo nakong ya gompieno.[101] E ne e itebagantse gape le go gana go fedisa molao wa go kgaoganya baithuti ka lotso le mmala kwa sekolong, maiphitlhelo a baithuti ba mmala o montsho a go tlhaolwa ka lotso le mmala, le palo e e kwa tlase ya batho bantsho ba America mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le masome mabedi. [101]

Fa ba tsiboga, batlhokomedi ba sekolo sa Furman ba ne ba tlhopha go tlhomamisa boammaruri jwa pego le go itlama go baakanya ditshenyo tse di diragetseng mo ditsong, dipaakanyo tse di akaretsa go dithuso tsa madi tsa go duelela dithuto tsa baithuti ba ditso tsa batho bantsho ba America, bogolo jang ba ba nnang kwa mafelong a ditso a sekolo seo.[103] Batlhokomedi ba ne ba pega tshipi e e neng e e fa kago leina le lesha la Furman Hall mo boemong jwa James C. Furman, mme ba tsibisa batho ba manganga a ga Furman a tlhaolele ya lotso a a neng a a dirisa go ema nokeng go ikgogela morago.[104] Tiragalo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya letsatsi la Joseph Vaughn e simologile ka ngwaga wa 2019, mme ga dirwa le marekisetso a Joseph Vaughn fa gare ga sekolo ka ngwaga wa 2020.[105] Bonno jwa Clark Murphy e ne ya nna jone jwa ntlha go fiwa leina la motho montsho, o a neng a dirilwe lekgoba ke sekolo sa basadi sa Greenville se se neng sa kopana le sa Furman ka dingwaga tsa 1930.[106] Maikaelelo le maikemisetso a sekolo a ne a fetolwa ngwaga one oo go supa phetogo ya ka fa sekolo se akanyang ka teng ka ditso sa sone, go re: "re ithuta mo ditsong tsa sekolo sa rona, re buelela tlotla ya batho botlhe le go amogela dipharologanyo tsa dikakanyo mo bathong ba ditso, dingwao le ditumelo tse di farologaneng."[107]

Sekolo se segolwane sa Yale

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Elihu Yale le ba lolwapa le ngwana o ba neng ba mo dirile lekgoba

Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Yale se biditswe ka mogwebi wa makgoba Elihu Yale. Go ya ka moitseanape wa ditso Vraig Steven Wilder, sekolo sa Yale gape se ja boswa jwa polasi e potlana kwa Rhode Island e se e dirisetseng go dira madi a a thusang dithuto tsa ntlha tsa baalogi, se batlile ditshono tsa go anywa sengwe mo itsholelong ya bokgoba jwa New England le lefatshe ka bophara.[108]

Ka ngwaga wa 1993, sekolo se ne sa tlhama lefelo la Gilder Lehrman Center go ithuta ka bokgoba, le kemiso kwa MacMilan center for International and Area Studies.

Sekolo sa Berkeley College sa kwa Yale, se neetswe leina la ga George Berkeley o a neng a na le makgoba.

Kamano ya sekolo sa Yale le bokgoba, go ne ga tlhatlhanngwa ka yone ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2002 mo pampiring ya dikgang ya sekolo ya Yale Alumni Magazine.[109]

Ka ngwaga wa 2017, morago ga dingwaga go gwantiwa, sekolo sa Yale se ne sa a fa sekolo se sengwe sa sone sa Calhoun go nna Grace Hopper College. Sekolo se pele se e se filwe leina la mothusa tautona wa sone John C Clhoun, mong wa makgoba wa kwa South Carolina.[110][111][112] Dikago tse dingwe di setse ka maina a beng ba makgoba, a akaretsa George Berkeley, Timothy Dwight le Ezra Stiles.[113]

Ka ngwaga wa 2024, mmereki wa Yale David W. Blight o ne a gatisa ditso tsa sekolo sa Yale le bokgoba.[114]

  1. 1 2 Jennifer Schuessler (March 5, 2017). "Confronting Academia's Ties to Slavery". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018.
  2. 1 2 Fuentes, Marisa J.; Gray White, Deborah, eds. (2016). Scarlet and Black: Slavery and Dispossession in Rutgers History. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813591520.
  3. ↑ Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "MIT and Slavery". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05.
  4. ↑ Holly Epstein Ojalvo (February 13, 2017). "Beyond Yale: These other university buildings have ties to slavery and white supremacy". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019.
  5. ↑ Swarns, Rachel L. The 272: The Families Who Were Enslaved and Sold To Build the American Catholic Church. New York: Random House
  6. 1 2 Wilder, Craig (2013). Ebony and Ivy: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled History of America's History. Bloomsbury Press. p. 113.
  7. ↑ Hrabowski III, Freeman; Henderson, Peter; Tracy, J. Kathleen (24 October 2020). "Higher Education Should Lead the Efforts to Reverse Structural Racism". www.theatlantic.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 03 July 2025.
  8. ↑ Lucey, Catherine Reini; Saguil, Aaron (March 2020). "The Consequences of Structural Racism on MCAT Scores and Medical School Admissions: The Past Is Prologue". Academic Medicine. 95 (3): 351–356. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000002939. PMID 31425184. S2CID 201100182. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  9. 1 2 3 Berlin, Ira (2004). "American Slavery in History and Memory and the Search for Social Justice". The Journal of American History. 90 (4). Oxford University Press: 1251–1268. doi:10.2307/3660347. JSTOR 3660347.
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  13. ↑ Medina, Eduardo (2021-11-23). "Georgia's University System Will Not Rename Buildings With Ties to Slavery". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 03 July 2025.
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