Jump to content

Bokgoba mo Aforika

Go tswa ko Wikipedia
Go tshubiwa ga motse kwa Aforika le go tshwarwa ga banni ba one ka ngwaga wa 1859, kgwedi ya Tlhakole.[1]

Go tswa goo lowe, bokgoba bo aname le kgaolo ya Aforika. Dithulaganyo tsa botlhanka le bokgoba di kile tsa bo di tlwaelesegile thata mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Aforika, fela jaaka di ne di tlwaelesegile mo metlheng ya bogologolo.[2] Fa dikgwebo tsa makgoba di akaretsa ya trans-Sahara, Red Sea, Indian Ocean le Atlantic di ne di simologa, bontsi jwa dithulaganyo tsa thekiso ya makgoba tse di neng di le teng mo Aforika, di ne tsa simolodisa go rekisa batshwarwa, di ba rekisetsa dikgwebo tsa bokgoba tse di kwa ntle ga Aforika.[3][4] Bokgoba bo santse bo le teng mo Aforika wa gompieno mo dikgaolong dingwe, le fa bo se ka fa molaong.

Mo dikwalong tse di tshwanetseng, bokgoba jwa Aforika bo kgaogantswe ka mefuta e mebedi; bokgoba jwa tlholego le jwa thomelo kwa ntle, go ya ka gore a makgoba a ne rekisiwa kwa ntle ga Aforika kgotsa nnyaa.[5] Bokgoba mo ditsong tsa Aforika bo ne bo dirwa ka mekgwa e e farologaneng; bokgoba jwa sekoloto, bokgoba jwa magolegwa, bokgoba jwa sesole, bokgoba jwa thekiso ya mmele le bokgoba jwa dikebekwa bo ne bo dirwa mo mafelong a a farologaneng mo Aforika[6]. Bokgoba jwa selegae le jwa dikgotlatshekelo bo ne bo aname mo Aforika ka bophara. Bokgoba jwa dpolasi le bone bo ne bo le teng, bo remeletse thata kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika le kwa dikgaolong dingwe tsa bophirima jwa Aforika. Boleng jwa bokgoba jwa selegae jwa dipolasi bo ne jwa golela pele ka sedikadike sa dingwaga di le lesome le boferabongwe, ka ntlha ya go kganelwa ga thekiso ya makgoba ya Atlantic. Mafatshe a a Aforika a le mantsi a a neng a ikaegile ka thekiso ya makgoba ya mafatshefatshe a ne a fetolela di itsholelo tsa one kwa thekisong e e ka fa molaong mme go bereka makgoba.[7]

"Makgoba mo Aforika, ke akanyetsa, a ka tswa a le mararo mo mothong a le mongwe o o gololesegileng. Ba supa fa ba sa batle tuelo ya ditiro tsa bone fa e se dijo le diaparo fela, mme ba tshwarwa sentle ka bopelokgale, go ya ka bontle kgotsa bo maswe jwa mekgwa ya beng ba bone. Ngwao le fa go ntse jalo, e na le melao mengwe ka go tshwarwa ga makgoba, e go supiwang fa go e tlola e le matlhabisaditlhong. Ka jalo makgoba a mo gae kgotsa a a a belegelwang mo ntlong ya monna, a tshwarwa botoka go na le a a rekilweng ka madi...mme melao e ya nonofo ya mong ga e atolosediwe kwa magolegweng a ntwa kgotsa makgoba a a rekilweng ka madi. Batho ba ka maswabi ba bonwa e le batswakwa, ba ba senang tshwanelo ya tshireletso ya molao, ka jalo ba ka tshwarwa bokgwakgwa, kgotsa ba rekisediwa batho ba ba sa ba itseng, go ya ka fa beng ba bone ba ratang ka teng.

— Metsamao mo Aforika, Mungo Park (explorer)|Mungo Park]], Travels in the Interior of Africa [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5305 v. II, Chapter XXII – War and Slavery

Mefuta e le mentsi ya bokgoba le botlhanka e nnile teng mo ditsong tsa Aforika, e ne e bopiwa ke tlholego ya ditiro tsa bokgoba ga mmogo le bokgoba jwa nako ya Roma wa bogologolo (le ka fa BaKeresete ba neng ba leba bokgoba ka teng), bokgoba jwa tumelo ya Islam ka thekiso ya makgoba ya batho ba Muslim, le thekiso ya makgoba ya lewatle ya Atlantic.[3] Bokgoba e ne e le bontlha bongwe jwa itsholelo ya merafe ya Aforika didikadike tsa dingwaga di le dintsi, le fa selekanyo se ne se farologana.[3] Ibn Battuta, o o etetseng bogosi jwa pele jwa Mali, o supa fa banni ba mo gae ba ne ba phadisanya ka dipalo tsa makgoba le batlhanka ba ba neng ba na le bone, mme le ene a ne a abiwa e le mosimanyane wa lekgoba e le mpho ya kamogelo baeng.[8] Mo kgaolong ya borwa jwa sekaka sa Sahara (Sub-Sahara), botsalano jwa bokgoba bo ne bo le matswakabele, makgoba a ne a neelwa ditshwanelo le kgololesego,mme beng ba bone ba ne ba beelwa tekanyetso ya ka fa ba ka ba tshwarang ka teng le ka fa ba ka ba rekisang ka teng.[9] Merafe e le mentsi e ne e na le tlhatlologanyo gareng ga mefuta e e farologaneng ya bokgoba: sekai, go farologanngwa ba ba tsholetsweng mo bokgobeng le ba ba neng ba thopilwe mo dintweng.[10]

Mefuta ya bokgoba mo Aforika e ne e tsamaelana le neelano ya losika. Mo merafeng e ele mentsi ya Aforika, motho o ne a sa kgone go nna le lefatshe, ka jalo bokgoba bo ne bo dirisiwa e le tsela ya go oketsa tlhotleletso e motho a neng a na le yone, le go atolosa dikamano tsa gagwe.[11] Se se ne sa dira gore makgoba a nne losika lwa beng ba one ga se nnela ruri, bana ba makgoba ba amane thata le ba lolwapa.[3] Bana ba makgoba ba ba tsholetsweng mo malwapeng ba ne ba tsenngwa mo ditlhopheng tsa losika lwa mong wa bone mme ba nne le maemo a a fa godingwana mo sechabeng, bangwe ba felele ba nna dikgosi.[10] Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaolele e ne e kgona go nna teng, mme go nne le kgaogano e e tlhwafetseng gareng ga makgoba a losika longwe le ba ba sikanang le mong wa bone.[11]

Bokgoba jwa dithoto

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Bokgoba jwa dithoto ke botsalano jwa botlhanka mo go bone lekgoba le tsewang jaaka thoto ya mong wa lone. Ka jalo, mong o na le teseletso ya go rekisa, go amogana kgotsa go dirisa lekgoba jaaka a ka dirisa dithoto tse dingwe tsa gagwe, mme bana ba lekgoba gantsi ba salele go nna dithoto tsa mong.[12] Go na le bosupi jwa ditso tsa bokgoba jwa dithoto kwa nokeng ya Nile, kgaolo ya Sahel le kwa bokone jwa Aforika. Bosupi jo ga bo a felela fa go tla mo go tseneleleng le ka fa bo neng bo dirwa ka teng mo kgaolong ya Aforika pele ga dikgatiso tsa bagwebi ba Arabea le ba Europe.[12][13]

Tirelo ya mo gae

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Dikamano tsa bokgoba di le dintsi mo Aforika di ne di amana le bokgoba jwa selegae, kwa makgoba a neng a bereka thata mo ntlong ya mong wa bone, mme ba na le kgololesego nngwe. Makgoba a mo gae ba ne ba supiwa fa e le bontlha bongwe jwa lolwapa lwa mong wa bone mme ba se ke ba rekisediwe ba bangwe go sena sepe se se bakang thekiso e se se tseneletseng. Makgoba a ne a kgona go tsaya dipoelo tsa ditiro tsa bone, ba kgona go nyala le go fetisetsa lefatshe kwa baneng ba bone.[10][14]

Go dirisediwa Sekoloto

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go dirisediwa dikoloto go akaretsa go dirisa batho go nna tshireletso ya tuelo ya sekoloto. Tiro ya bokgoba e dirwa ke o o kolotang kgotsa losika lwa gagwe (gantsi go dirisiwa ngwana). E ne e le mofuta o o tlwaelesegileng wa tshireletso ya sekoloto kwa bophirima jwa Aforika. Go ne go akaretsa go tlhopha motho kgotsa wa lolwapa lwa gagwe go direla motho o mongwe. Go dirisediwa sekoloto go ne go amana mme go le pharologanyo le bokgoba mo megopolong e mentsi, ka gore thulaganyo e ne e ka akaretsa melawana ya tiro e e tshwanentseng go dirwa, mme gape losika lo ne lo ka sireletsa motho go rekisiwa. Go dirisediwa sekoloto go ne go tlwaelesegile kwa bophirima jwa Aforika jaaka mo bathong ba lotso lwa Akan, Ewe, Ga, Yoruba le Edo pele ga dipuisano le ba Europa. (Go ne go le teng gape mo bathong ba ditso tsa Efik, Igbo, Ijaw le Fon.)[15][16]

Bokgoba jwa Sesole

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Makgoba a ntshiwa ditlhabelo kwa moletlong wa ngwao wa ngwaga le ngwaga kwa Dahomey - go tswa mo ditsong tsa Dahomy, bogosi jwa kwa Aforika, ka ngwaga wa 1793.

Bokgoba jwa sesole bo ne bo akaretsa go gapa le go katisa makgotlana a sesole mo ba tla salang ba ntse ba le makgoba a masole le morago ga tiro ya bone.[17] Ditlhopha tsa makgoba a masole di ne di etelelwa pele ke motshegetsi, o e ka tswang e le tlhogo ya puso nngwe kgotsa molaodi o o ikemetseng, o o tlaa romelang masole a gagwe gore a bone madi le go ikgotsofatsa mo go tsa sepolotiki.[17]

Se se ne se tlwaelesegile thata mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Nile (bogolo jang kwa Sudan le Uganda), ka makgotla a makgoba a masole a rulagantswe ke baeteledipele ba ba farologaneng ba tumelo ya Islam,[17] le magosi a dintwa kwa bophirima jwa Aforika.[18] Makgotla a sesole kwa Sudan a simolodisitswe ka dingwaga tsa 1800 ka go tlhasela mo gogolo ga sesole kwa kgaolong e o, e gompieno e leng mafatshe a Sudan le South Sudan.[17]

Makgoba a setlhabelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go dira batho ditlhabelo go ne go tlwaelesegile kwa mafatsheng a a kwa bophirima jwa Aforika go fitlhelela ka didikadike tsa dingwaga tsa lesome le boferabongwe. Le ntswa bosupi jwa marope bo sa tlhapa mo dikgannyeng tsa pele ga kamano le batho ba Yuropa, mo merafeng e e neng e ntsha batho ditlhabelo, makgoba e ne e le one a gantsi a tswang setlhabelo.[5]

Meletlo ya ngwao ya ngwaga le ngwaga kwa Dahomey e ne e le yone sekai segolo sa go ntshiwa setlhabelo ga makgoba, kwa magolegwa a le makgolo a matlhano a neng a ntshiwa setlhabelo. Ditlhabelo di ne di di dirwa mo lotshitshing lwa bbophirima jwa Aforika le mo motseng. Ditlhabelo di ne di tlwaelesegile kwa bogosing jwa Benin kwa jaanong e leng borwa jwa Nigeria, le mo mafatsheng a le mmalwa a mannye a a ikemetseng ka nosi mo kgaolong eo. Kwa kgaolong ya Ashanti, ditlhabelo tsa batho di ne di kopanngwa le katlholelo loso.[19][20][21]

Kgwebo ka makgoba mo gae

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Makgarejwana a makgoba kwa Luanda, c. 1897

Merafe e le mentsi jaaka ya kwa Bono, Ashanti le kwa e leng Ghana gompieno le batho ba morafe wa Yoruba ba kwa Nigeria ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo go gwebeng ka makgoba. [22] Ditlhopha di tshwana le sa Imbangala sa kwa Angola le Nyamwezi kwa Tanzania di ne di golaganya bagwebi ka go tsisa dintwa mo mafatsheng a Aforika go tshwara batho gore ba ba rekise jaaka makgoba. Mabutswapele John Thornton le Linda Heywood ba kwa Boston University ba akanyeditse gore mo bathong ba Aforika ba ba tshwerweng mme ba rekisiwa mo kgwebong ya Atlantic jaaka makgoba, ba le masome a ferabongwe mo lekgolong ba ne ba nna magolegwa a ma Aforika jaaka bone ba ba neng ba ba rekisetsa bagwebi ba kwa Europe.[23] Modulasetilo wa dithuto tsa Aforika le Amerika kwa Harvard, Henry Louis Gates, o supile gore fa go ka bo go ne ga seka ga nna le botsalano jwa kgwebo gareng ga batho ba maemo ba Aforika le bagwebi ba kwa Europe, go ka bo go ne ga se ka ga kgonagala gore go nne le thekiso ya makgoba, kgotsa ya seka ya nna bokete jo bo nnileng.[23]

Morafe wa Bubi otlhe ke ditlogolwana tsa makgoba a merafe e e kopaneng, a a neng a tshaba, beng ba one e le merafe ya kwa bophirma jwa Aforika ya bogologolo.

Mekgwa ka dikgaolo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Makgoba a kwa Malagasy a tshotse mohumagadi Ranavalona wa ntlha wa kwa Madagascar.

Jaaka dikgaolo tse dingwe mo lefatsheng ka bophara, bokgoba le botlhanka di ne di le teng mo magosing a mantsi le merafe ya Aforika dingwaga di ka nna lekgolo.[24][9] Ugo Kwokeji o boletse fa dipego tsa kwa Europe tsa bokgoba mo Aforika ka dingwaga tsa 1600 di sa ikanyege, a re di ne di kopakopanya mefuta e e farologaneng ya bodiredi le bokgoba jwa dithoto.[25]

Bosupi jo bo tletseng jwa mekgwa ya bokgoba mo Aforika bo tswa mo magosing a konokono, bogolo jang a a mo lotshitshing lwa noka, go na le bosupi bo se kae jwa go anama ga bokgoba mo merafeng e e senang babusi.[3][9][10] Go gweba ka makgoba go ne go sala morago dikgwebo tse dingwe; mme le fa go ntse jalo, go na le bosupi jwa tsela ya go gweba ka makgoba e e kopanyanang borwa le bokone jwa Aforika (trans-Sahara), tsela e e tswa kwa dinakong tsa Roma mme e nnile teng le morago ga go wa ga bogosi jwa Roma.[12] Le fa go ntse jalo, dikamano tsa losika le ditshwanelo tse di neng di neetswe makgoba di supa fa di ne di fokotsa go anama ga go gweba ka bokgoba pele ga tshimololo ya kgwebo ya bokgoba ya borwa jwa Aforika le bokone, lewatle la Indian le la Atlantic.[9]

Bokone jwa Aforika

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Magolegwa a Kushite ba ntwa e e neng e lebeletswe ke batho ba Egypt, ba emetse go isiwa kwa Egypt. Setshwantsho se tswa mo lebitleng la Horemheb kwa Saqqara.

Bokgoba mo bokone jwa Aforika bo simologile ka Egepeto wa pele. Ba ne ba tsisa palo e ntsi ya makgoba e le magolegwa a ntwa kwa nokeng ya Nile mme ba ba dirisa ditiro tsa mo gae le tse ba okamelwang.[26] Bogosi jwa Egpt jwa Ptolemaic bo ne bo dirisa ditsela tsa mmu le tsa lewatle go tsisa makgoba.[27]

Bokgoba jwa dithoto bo ne bo letlelelwa e bile bo aname le bokone jwa Aforika. Kgwebo ya makgoba e e neng ya tsisa batho ba feta ka sekaka sa Saraha go ya kwa bokone jwa Aforika, e e neng e le teng ka nako ya bogosi jwa Roma, e ne ya tswelela, bosupi jwa kgaso kwa nokeng ya Nile bo supa fa go ne go laolwa ka tumalano. [12] Fa lefatshe la Roma le gola, le na la dira baba ba lone ba le neng le ba fentse makgoba.Sekai, Moruti wa Roma ebong Orosius o kwadile fa Roma a dirile batho ba le dikete di le masome a mabedi le bosupa makgoba go tswa kwa bokone jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 256 pele ga botsalo jwa ga Keresete.[28]

Bokgoba jwa dithoto bo ne jwa tswelela morago ga go phutlhama ga bogosi jwa Roma mo merafeng ya SeKeresete ya kgaolo eo.[29] Morago ga go atolosiwa ga kgwebo ya tumelo ya Islam mo kgaolong ya Sahara,[30] mekgwa e ne ya tswelela mme mofuta wa bokgoba o o tlwaelesegilrng o wa anama le merafe e e mo borwa jwa Sahara (jaaka kwa Mali, Songhai le kwa Ghana).[3] Go gweba ka makgoba ga metlha ya bogologolo kwa Europe,go ke go remeletse kea botlhaba le kwa borwa. Bogosi jwa SeKeresete jwa Byzantine le ba ba salang morago tumelo ya Muslim, e ne e le one magorogelo, fa legare le botlhaba jwa Europe e ne e le metswedi ya botlhokwa ya makgoba.[31] Go gweba ka makgoba ga metlha ya pele kwa Europe, go ne go dirwa ke BaKeresete le Bajuta.

Makgoba a pele ba e seng Ma Arabea ba ba neng ba itsege ka leina la Mamluk, e ne e le masole a makgoba ba ba neng na fetogela kwa tumelong ya Islam mme ba direla baeteledipele ba Muslim ba dingwaga tsa legare. Go ya ka Robert Davis, batho ba Europe ba le sedikadike se le sengwe ba ne ba tshwarwa ke bakghuthsi ba dikepe mme ba rekisiwa ele makgoba, ba rekisediwa bokone jwa Aforika le Ottoman Empire.[32] [33] Le fa go ntse jalo, go fopholetsa dipalo tsa gagwe, Davis o akanyetsa gore diplao tsa makgoba a kwa Europe a a neng a tshwerwe ke dithukuthi tsa dikepe, di ne di tshwana ka dinako tsotlhe mo lobakeng lwa dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano, o supile gore:

"Ga gona dikgatiso tsa gore banna, basadi le bana ba ne ba le kae ka dipalo ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba, mme go a kgonagala go balelela palo ya magolegwa a masha e e neng e ka tlhokiwa go dira gore palo ya batho e itshetlele le go emisetsa makgoba a a tlhokafetseng, a a tshabileng, a a rekolotsweng le a a fetogetseng kwa tumelo ya Islam. Mo motheong o, go akanyediwa gore makgoba a ka nna dikete di ferabobedi a masha a ne a tlhokafala ngwaga le ngwaga go emisetsa dipalo. Mo dingwageng di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano mo dingwageng tsa 1530 go tsena ka 1780, palo e e ne e ka goroga kwa go sedikadike, dikete di le makgolo mabedi le masome a matlhano (1,250,000)

[34]

Dipalo tsa ga Davis di kgadilwe ke baitseanape ba ditso ba bangwe, ba tshwana le David Earle, o o tlhagisang gore setshwantsho sa boammaruri sa bokgoba se tsietsa ka gore batho ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi le bone ba ne ba tshwara batho basweu ba e seng BaKeresete go tswa kwa botlhaba jwa Europe, le batho bantsho go tswa kwa bophirima jwa Aforika.[34]

Fa godimo ga foo, palo ya makgoba a go gwebilweng ka one e ne e feteletse, ka dipalo kakanyetso tse di feteletseng thata. Moitseanape wa botlhaba jwa legare John Wright o tlhagisa gore dikakanyetso tsa gompieno di ikaegile ka go balelela ga batho ba ba neng ba etse tlhoko.[35]

Metse le ditoropo tsa mafatshe a Italy, Portugal, Spain le Mediterranean Islands e e mo lotshitshing, e ne e tshwenngwa ke go tlhaselwa ke bathukuthi ba dikepe ka jalo metse e e gaufi thata le lewatle banni ba yone ba ne ba dule mo go yone; morago ga ngwaga wa 1600 bathukuthi ba ne ba tsena kwa Atlantic gangwe le gape ba goroge bokgakala jwa Iceland. Magodu a lewatle a a neng a itsege thata e ne ele batho ba bogosi jwa Ottoman e bong Barbarossa le mogolowe Oruc, Turgut Reis (o o neng a itsege jaaka Dragut kwa bophirima), Kurtoglu, Kemal Reis, Salih Reis le Koca Murat Reis.[33][36]

Lonaka lwa Aforika

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Mosadi wa motlhanka-lekgoba kwa Mogadishu ngwaga wa 1882 go tsena 1883.

Kwa mafatshe a a mo lonakeng lwa Aforika, dikgosi tsa baKeresete ba bogosi jwa Ethiopia ba ne ba tshwara magolegwa bogolo jang ba kwa South Sudan ba morafe wa Nilotic le ba Oromo go tswa kwa Ethiopia, le batho ba ba neng ba tswa mo melelwaneng ya bone kwa bophirima kgotsa mo dikgaolong tse di neng di sa tswa go gapiwa. [37][38] Batho ba lotso lwa Somali le Afar le bone ba ne ba gweba ka batho bantsho ba ba neng ba tshwerwe kwa mafelong a a kgakala le lewatle.[39]

Makgoba kwa Ethiopia, 19th century

Bokgoba bo bo diriwang kwa Ethiopia, bo simolotse bo direlwa mo malwapeng ebile bo itebagantse thata le basadi; se e ne e le tlwaelo mo Aforika ka bophara. Basadi ba le bantsi go feta banna ba ne ba isiwa ka dipalamo go feta Sahara, legare botlhaba, Mediterranean le lewatle la Indian.[40] Batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba direla mo matlong a beng ba bone, ba sa thapiwa go dira sepe se se nang le dipoelo. Ba ne ba supiwa e le maloko a maemo a bobedi a malwapa a beng ba bone.[41] Maiteko a ntlha a go emisa bokgoba kwa Ethiopia a ne a dirwa ke Mmusimogolo Tewodros II,[42] le ntswa bokgoba bo ne bo sa imesiwa ka fa molaong go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1923 fa lefatshe la Ethiopia le ne nna leloko la League of nations.[43] Mokgatlho o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba o akanyetsa fa go ne go na le makgoba a le didikadike di le pedi mo didikadikeng di ka ferabobedi go tsena di le lesome leborataro ka dingwaga tsa 1930 di simologa.[44] Bokgoba bo ne jwa tswelela kwa Ethiopia go fitlhelela lefatshe la Italy le tlhasela ka ngwaga wa 1935 kgwedi ya Phalane, fa bo fedisiwa ka ntlha ya go tsaya taolo ga Italy.[45] Fa ba arabela kgotlhetso ya mafatshe a bophirima a a tsalaneng le lone mo ntweng ya lefatshe ya bobedi, lefatshe la Ethiopia le ne la iletsa bokgoba le botlhanka morago ga go tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1942.[46][47] Ka 1942, kgwedi ya Phatwe e le malatsi a le mabedi le borataro, Haile Selassie o ne a ntsha molao o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba.[48]

Mo dikgaolong tsa Somali, makgoba a ne a rekelwa go bereka kwa dipolasing fela.[49] Fa go tla mo go tsa semolao, melao e e amanang le ka fa makgoba a batho bantsho a tshwarwang ka teng e ne ya simolodisiwa ke molawana wa magosi kgotsa "Sultans". Morago makgoba a a ne a nna le kgololesego ka go gololwa, kgotsa go iphalotsa le go rekololwa.[49]

Legare la Aforika

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Marekisetso a bokgoba kwa Khartoum, ka ngwaga wa 1876

Makgoba a ne a ne a isiwa kwa mafelong a farologaneng ka ditsela tsa kgwebo tse di kgabaganyang sekaka sa Sahara fa e sale ka metlha ya bogologolo.[50]

Mme o o neng a dirilwe lekgoba mme e le mogodi, ngwaga ya 1911 kgotsa 1915, mong wa gagwe e ne e le Njapundunke, mmaagwe kgosi Ibrahim Njoya wa Bamum

Ditso tse di bolelwang di bolela fa bokgoba bo sale bo nna teng kwa bogosing jwa Kongo go tswa ka nako e bo neng bo simolodisiwa fa Lukeni Iua Nimi a ne a dira Mwee Kabunga lekgoba o a neng a mo fentse go simolola bogosi boo.[51] Dikwalo tsa pele tsa puo ya Portuguese di supa fa bogosi bo bo ne bo na le bokgoba pele ga ba gorogo teng, mme boremelelo e ne ele makgoba a a tshwerweng ka nako ya ntwa go tswa kwa bogosing jwa Ndongo.[51][52]

Bokgoba bo ne bo tlwaelesegile mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Congo, mme mo sephatlong sa bobedi sa century ya lesome le boferabobedi kgaolo e o ya nna motswedi o mogolo wa makgoba mo kgwebong ya Atlantic ya makgoba. Fa kgwebo ya Atlantic e fela, tlhwatlhwa ya makgoba e ne ya wela tlase mo go gakgamatsang, mme kgwebo ya makgoba mo kgaolong ya golela kwa godimo, e e eteletswe pele ke bagwebi ba Bobangi. Makgoba a a neng a tshwerwe ba ne ba na le kgonagalo ya go iphalotsa ka jalo ba ne ba ntshiwa gaufi le malwapa a bone dikhilomithara di ka nna lekgolo, go fema kgonagalo e.[53]

Go gweba ka makgoba go ne go na le tlhotlheletso e tona mo kgaolong e ya legare la Aforika, go ne ga fetola dintlha dingwe tsa morafe. Sekai: go gweba ka makgoba go thusitse go aga mafaratlhatlha a kgwebo ya dijomo kgaolong. Fa dipoelo tsa thekiso ya makgoba a noka ya Congo di ne di ya kwa bagwebing ba se kae fela, mme go ne go thusa baji bareki ba kgaolo eo.[54]

Mo dintlheng dingwe tsa ma mokgatsha wa Congo, go ne go tlwaelesegile gore makgoba a ka bolawa a jewa, bogolo jang kwa meletlong.[55][56][57][58][59][60] Basupi ba ba iponetseeng ka matlho ba tlhalosa fa go reka, go bolaya le go ja makgoba e ne e le tiro ya malatsi otlhe, ba ba e dirang ba bona go se pharologanyo le go ja dipodi le diphologolo tse dingwe.[61][62]

Aforika Borwa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Baeteledipele bangwe ba Aforika, bogolo jang ba ditso tsa Zulu le Nguni,ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo go gwebeng ka makgoba ka go tshwara batho bangwe go tswa mo ditlhopheng tsa baba ba bone ka dinako tsa dintwa. Magolegwa a a ne a rekisiwa mo bokgobeng.[63]

Diphetogo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Botsalano jwa bokgoba mo Aforika bo fetogile ka metlhale e le mene: kgwebo ya makgoba e e lomaganyang bokone jwa Aforika le borwa (trans-Saharan), kgwebo ya makgoba ya lewatle la Indian, kgwebo ya makgoba ya lewatle la Atlantic, le melao le mekgatlho e e kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Nngwe le nngwe ya metlhale ee fetola mokgwa, seelo le itsholelo ya bokgoba mo Aforika.[3]

  1. ↑ "Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants". Wesleyan Juvenile Offering. XVI: 12. February 1859. Retrieved 27 May 2025.
  2. ↑ Stilwell, Sean (2013), "Slavery in African History", Slavery and Slaving in African History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 38, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003, ISBN 978-1-139-03499-9, For most Africans between 10000 BCE to 500 CE, the use of slaves was not an optimal political or economic strategy. But in some places, Africans came to see the value of slavery. In the large parts of the continent where Africans lived in relatively decentralized and small-scale communities, some big men used slavery to grab power to get around broader governing ideas about reciprocity and kinship, but were still bound by those ideas to some degree. In other parts of the continent early political centralization and commercialization led to expanded use of slaves as soldiers, officials, and workers.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.
  4. ↑ Sparks, Randy J. (2014). "4. The Process of Enslavement at Annamaboe". Where the Negroes are Masters : An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade. Harvard University Press. pp. 122–161. ISBN 9780674724877.
  5. 1 2 Dirk Bezemer, Jutta Bolt, Robert Lensink, "Slavery, Statehood and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa", AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY WORKING PAPER SERIES, No. 6/2012, p. 6
  6. ↑ Foner, Eric (2012). Give Me Liberty: An American History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 18.
  7. ↑ David Eltis; Stanley L. Engerman; Seymour Drescher; David Richardson, eds. (2017). "Slavery in Africa, 1804-1936". The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Vol. 4. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139046176. ISBN 9781139046176.
  8. ↑ Noel King (ed.), Ibn Battuta in Black Africa, Princeton 2005, p. 54.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Fage, J.D. (1969). "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History". The Journal of African History. 10 (3): 393–404. doi:10.1017/s0021853700036343. S2CID 162902339.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Rodney, Walter (1966). "African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade". The Journal of African History. 7 (3): 431–443. doi:10.1017/s0021853700006514. JSTOR 180112. S2CID 162649628.
  11. 1 2 Snell, Daniel C. (2011). "Slavery in the Ancient Near East". In Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge (ed.). The Cambridge World History of Slavery. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–21.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Alexander, J. (2001). "Islam, Archaeology and Slavery in Africa". World Archaeology. 33 (1): 44–60. doi:10.1080/00438240126645. JSTOR 827888.
  13. ↑ Gaspar, D. B. (1998). More than chattel: black women and slavery in the Americas. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  14. ↑ "Domestic Slavery: What Is It?". Anti-Slavery International.
  15. ↑ Lovejoy, Paul E.; Richardson, David (2001). "The Business of Slaving: Pawnship in Western Africa, c. 1600–1810". The Journal of African History. 42 (1): 67–89. doi:10.1017/S0021853700007787. S2CID 145386643.
  16. ↑ Paul E. Lovejoy; Toyin Falola, eds. (2003). Pawnship, Slavery, and Colonialism in Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Johnson, Douglas H. (1989). "The Structure of a Legacy: Military Slavery in Northeast Africa". Ethnohistory. 36 (1): 72–88. doi:10.2307/482742. JSTOR 482742.
  18. ↑ Wylie, Kenneth C. (1969). "Innovation and Change in Mende Chieftaincy 1880–1896". The Journal of African History. 10 (2): 295–308. doi:10.1017/s0021853700009531. JSTOR 179516.
  19. ↑ Williams, Clifford. (1988). "Asante: Human Sacrifice or Capital Punishment? An Assessment of the Period 1807-1874". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 21 (3): 433–441. doi:10.2307/219449. JSTOR 219449.
  20. ↑ R. Rummel (1997)"Death by government". Transaction Publishers. p.63. ISBN 1-56000-927-6
  21. ↑ "Human Sacrifice". Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 May 2025.
  22. ↑ Peterson, Derek R.; Gavua, Kodzo; Rassool, Ciraj (2 March 2015). The Politics of Heritage in Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-09485-7.
  23. 1 2 Gates Jr., Henry Louis (23 April 2010). "Ending the Slavery Blame-Game". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2025.
  24. ↑ Manning, Patrick (1983). "Contours of Slavery and Social Change in Africa". American Historical Review. 88 (4): 835–857. doi:10.2307/1874022. JSTOR 1874022. S2CID 155847068.
  25. ↑ Kwokeji, G. Ugo (2011). "Slavery in Non-Islamic West Africa, 1420–1820". In David Eltis and Stanley Engerman (ed.). The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Volume II. pp. 81–110.
  26. ↑ Snell, Daniel C. (2011). "Slavery in the ancient Near East". In K. Bradley, and P. Cartledge (ed.). The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17.
  27. ↑ Thompson, Dorothy J. (2011). "Slavery in the Hellenistic world". In K. Bradley, and P. Cartledge (ed.). The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 207. For the slave-owners of Ptolemaic Egypt, Africa was an obvious source of slaves, and both land and sea routes from the south were well used
  28. ↑ Bradley, Keith (2011). "Slavery in the Roman Republic". In K. Bradley, and P. Cartledge (ed.). The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 246.
  29. ↑ Fisher, Alan (1980). "Chattel Slavery in the Ottoman Empire". Slavery & Abolition. 1 (1): 25–45. doi:10.1080/01440398008574806. ISSN 0144-039X.
  30. ↑ Aden, John Akare; Hanson, John H. "Legacies of the Past Themes in African History". Legacies of the Past.
  31. ↑ "Historical survey > The international slave trade". Britannica.com.
  32. ↑ Davis, Robert C. (December 2003). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 45. ISBN 978-0333719664. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  33. 1 2 Grabmeier, Jeff (8 March 2004). "When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggest White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed". researchnews.osu.edu. Columbus, Ohio: OSU News Research Archive. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  34. 1 2 Carroll, Rory (11 March 2004). "New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  35. ↑ Wright, John (2007). "Trans-Saharan Slave Trade". Routledge.
  36. ↑ "BBC – History – British Slaves on the Barbary Coast". BBC.
  37. ↑ Keller, Edmond J (1991). Revolutionary Ethiopia: from empire to people's republic. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 160. OCLC 1036800537.
  38. ↑ Pankhurst. Ethiopian Borderlands, p. 432.
  39. ↑ Page, Willie F. (2001). Encyclopedia of African History and Culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500), Volume 2. Facts on File. p. 239. ISBN 978-0816044726
  40. ↑ Robertson, Claire (2019). Women and Slavery.
  41. ↑ "Ethiopia – The Interregnum". Countrystudies.us.
  42. ↑ "Tewodros II". Infoplease.com.
  43. ↑ Kituo cha katiba >> Haile Selassie Profile
  44. ↑ "Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2011, retrieved 28 May 2025.
  45. ↑ Ahmad, Abdussamad H. (1999). "Trading in Slaves in Bela-Shangul and Gumuz, Ethiopia: Border Enclaves in History, 1897-1938". The Journal of African History. 40 (3): 433–446. doi:10.1017/S0021853799007458. JSTOR 183622. S2CID 161799739.
  46. ↑ The slave trade: myths and preconceptions
  47. ↑ "Ethiopia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-21. Retrieved 2025-05-28.
  48. ↑ "Chronology of slavery". Archived from the original on 23 October 2009, retrieved 28 May 2025.
  49. 1 2 Catherine Lowe Besteman, Unraveling Somalia: Race, Class, and the Legacy of Slavery (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1999), pp. 83–84.
  50. ↑ "History & Memory : The Making of an Atlantic World : Pre-colonial Africa", The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, USA, 2021.
  51. 1 2 Heywood, Linda M. (2009). "Slavery and its transformations in the Kingdom of Kongo: 1491–1800". The Journal of African History. 50: 1–22. doi:10.1017/S0021853709004228. S2CID 154942266.
  52. ↑ Birmingham, David (25 January 2010). "Central Africa". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  53. ↑ Harms, Robert W. (1981). River of Wealth, River of Sorrow: The Central Zaire Basin in the Era of the Slave and Ivory Trade, 1500-1891. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 28–39. ISBN 978-0300026160.
  54. ↑ Harms. River of Wealth, River of Sorrow. pp. 48–51.
  55. ↑ Edgerton, Robert B. (2002). The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 86–88, 108.
  56. ↑ Ekholm Friedman, Kajsa (2013). Catastrophe and Creation: The Transformation of an African Culture. London: Routledge. pp. 228–232, 245.
  57. ↑ Hogg, Garry (1958). Cannibalism and Human Sacrifice. London: Robert Hale. pp. 103–105, 108.
  58. ↑ Jewsiewicki, Bogumil; Mumbanza mwa Bawele (1981). "The Social Context of Slavery in Equatorial Africa during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". In Lovejoy, Paul (ed.). The Ideology of Slavery in Africa. Beverly Hills: Sage. pp. 75, 80–82.
  59. ↑ Rubinstein, William D. (2014). Genocide: A History. New York: Routledge. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-0-582-50601-5.
  60. ↑ Siefkes, Christian (2022). Edible People: The Historical Consumption of Slaves and Foreigners and the Cannibalistic Trade in Human Flesh. New York: Berghahn. chs. 4–10. ISBN 978-1-80073-613-9.
  61. ↑ Ekholm Friedman 2013, p. 230.
  62. ↑ Siefkes 2022, pp. 91, 96–97.
  63. ↑ "South Africa – Delagoa Bay, Slave Trade". Britannica. 15 January 2025. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
Retrieved from "https://tn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bokgoba_mo_Aforika&oldid=40120"