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Bokgoba mo Aforika ya segompieno

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Kontinente ya Aforika ke nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di tletseng bokgoba jwa segompieno.[1] Bokgoba mo Aforika bo na le ditso tse di telele, mo teng ga Aforika go tloga pele ga direkoto tsa ditso, mme bo oketsega ka kgwebo ya makgoba ya Trans-Saharan le Indian Ocean[2][3] mme gape le kgwebo ya makgoba e e kgabaganyang Atlantic[4] le Barbary; Tlhokego ya makgoba e ne ya tlhola motseletsele otlhe wa magosi a a neng a le mo seemong sa ntwa e e sa feleng go tlhagisa magolegwa a ntwa ba ba tlhokegang go romela makgoba.[5] Mekgwa eno e ne ya tswelela go fitlha mo nakong ya bokolone kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe le tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bomasome a mabedi.[6] Le fa balaodi ba bokolone ba ne ba leka go gata bokgoba ka 1900, maiteko a bone a ne a se ka a atlega. Le morago ga phediso ya bokolone, bokgoba bo santse bo tsweletse mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa Aforika le ntswa bokgoba bo se ka fa molaong ka semolao.[7]

Bokgoba mo kgaolong ya Sahel (mme go ya ka selekanyo se sennye Lenaka la Aforika) bo teng go ya ka lotso le setso sa MaArabia a Berbers kwa bokone le MaAforika a bantsho kwa borwa.[8] Bokgoba mo dikgaolong tsa Sahel tsa Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad le Sudan segolobogolo bo tsweletse ka mokgwa wa botlhanka jwa boswa.[9] Mefuta e mengwe ya bokgoba jwa setso e teng mo dikarolong tsa Ghana, Benin, Togo le Nigeria.[10] Go na le mefuta e mengwe ya bokgoba e e seng ya setso mo Aforika gompieno, bontsi jwa tsone di akaretsa thekiso ya batho le go dirwa makgoba ga bana ba masole le bana ba ba berekang, sekai, go gweba ka batho kwa Angola, le go gweba ka bana go tswa kwa Togo, Benin le Nigeria go ya kwa Gabon le Cameroon.[11][12]

Bokgoba jwa segompieno mo Aforika, go ya ka Anti-Slavery Society bo akaretsa go sotliwa ga batho ba ba kwa tlase le fa maemo a bona a sa bidiwe "bokgoba":[13][14][15]

Le fa gantsi go sa bidiwe bokgoba, maemo a a tshwanang. Batho ba rekisiwa jaaka dilo, ba patelediwa go bereka ka tuelo e nnye kgotsa ba se na tuelo e bile ba le mo maruding ya "bathapi" ba bone. — Antislavery Society, What is Modern Slavery?

Tiro ya kgapeletso mo Sub-Saharan Africa[16] e fopholediwa go nna 660,000.[17] Seno se akaretsa batho ba ba amegang mo meepong ya teemane e e seng ka fa molaong ya Sierra Leone le Liberia, e gape e leng ditlamorago tse di tlhamaletseng tsa dintwa tsa selegae mo dikgaolong tseo.[18] Ka 2017, Ofisi ya Badiri ya Boditshabatshaba e fopholetsa gore batho ba le supa mo go ba le sekete mo Aforika ke batswasetlhabelo ba bokgoba mo Aforika.[19]

Mefuta ya bokgoba jwa segompieno

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Bokgoba jwa boswa le khiro ya bana mo Aforika

Kgwebo ka thobalano

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Le fa bokgoba jwa motheo bo thibetswe lefatshe ka bophara, go na le dipego di le dintsi tsa makgoba a thobalano a basadi mo mafelong a a senang taolo e e atlegileng ya puso, jaaka Sudan le Liberia,[20] Sierra Leone,[21] bokone jwa Uganda,[22] Congo,[23] Niger[24] le Mauritania.[25] Kwa Ghana, Togo, le Benin, mofuta wa boaka jwa bodumedi (jo bo patelediwang) jo bo itsiweng jaaka trokosi ("botlhanka jwa ngwao") bo baya ka dikgoka diketekete tsa basetsana le basadi mo mafelong a a boitshepo a setso jaaka "basadi ba medimo", kwa baruti ba dirang tiro ya thobalano mo boemong jwa medimo.[26]

  1. ↑ Kusi, David K. (2000). Africa, One Continent and Many Religions: Towards Interreligious Dialogue in Africa (Thesis). Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN). doi:10.2986/tren.033-0550.
  2. ↑ "Brazil and the slave trade, 1827–1839", The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade, Cambridge University Press, pp. 62–87, 1 March 1970, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511759734.005, ISBN 978-0-521-07583-1. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabobedi ka 2025.
  3. ↑ Zink, Robert James. (1969). "Uhuru wa Watumwa" as a documentary of the Arab slave trade in East Africa. OCLC 792751768. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabobedi ka 2025.
  4. ↑ Green, Toby (2011), "Rethinking the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade from a Cultural Perspective", The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–28, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139016407.003, ISBN 978-1-139-01640-7 E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabobedi ka 2025.
  5. ↑ "The Origins of Slaves Leaving West Central Africa", The Atlantic Slave Trade from West Central Africa, 1780–1867, Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–99, 26 June 2017, doi:10.1017/9781316771501.005, ISBN 978-1-316-77150-1. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  6. ↑ Allen, Richard B. (29 March 2017), "Asian Indentured Labor in the 19th and Early 20th Century Colonial Plantation World", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.33, ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  7. ↑ "Which Way Africa-Towards Africa-Exit from Colonial Empire?", Africa in the Colonial Ages of Empire, Langaa RPCIG, pp. 443–495, 17 December 2017, doi:10.2307/j.ctvh9vtjn.13, ISBN 978-9956-764-22-8. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  8. ↑ "The mobilization of local ideas about racial difference has been important in generating, and intensifying, civil wars that have occurred since the end of colonial rule in all of the countries that straddle the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. ... contemporary conflicts often hearken back to an older history in which blackness could be equated with slavery and non-blackness with predatory and uncivilized banditry." (cover text), Hall, Bruce S., A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  9. ↑ "Chad-Mali-Mauritania-Niger-Senegal-Upper Volta: Convention Establishing a Permanent Inter-State Drought Control Committee for the Sahel". International Legal Materials. 13 (3): 537–539. 1974. doi:10.1017/s002078290004568x. S2CID 249000440. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  10. ↑ de Ste Croix, G. E. M. (1988), "Slavery and Other Forms of Unfree Labour", Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, pp. 19–32, doi:10.4324/9780203401514_chapter_one, ISBN 978-0-203-33181-1 : Missing or empty |title= (help). E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  11. ↑ "news-from-human-rights-watch-vol-l5-no8a-borderline-slavery-child-trafficking-in-togo-april-2003-84-pp". Human Rights Documents Online. doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-2156-0326. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  12. ↑ "Traditional Slavery in Niger", Anti-Slavery International, Society's Secretary-General broadcast on the ABC on 9 March 2005 at 9.30 pm. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  13. ↑ Washington, Booker T. (4 January 2020). Up from slavery. Magdalene Press. ISBN 978-1-77335-133-9. OCLC 1141252700. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  14. ↑ Brace, Laura (1 March 2018), "Glimpses of Slavery", The Politics of Slavery, Edinburgh University Press, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474401142.003.0010, ISBN 978-1-4744-0114-2
  15. ↑ Allain, Jean (1 January 2015), "When Forced Marriage is Slavery", The Law and Slavery, Brill–Nijhoff, pp. 466–474, doi:10.1163/9789004279896_022, ISBN 978-90-04-27989-6. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  16. ↑ Bratton, Michael (29 January 2009), "22. Sub-Saharan Africa", Democratization, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/hepl/9780199233021.003.0022 (inactive 13 November 2024), ISBN 978-0-19-923302-1
  17. ↑ "Workers' Alliance against Forced Labour and Trafficking - ITUC" (PDF). E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  18. ↑ "Forced Labour". London: Anti-Slavery International. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2015. "What is modern slavery?". London: Anti-Slavery International. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  19. ↑ Ukomadu, Angela; Chile, Nneka (7 August 2019). "West African slavery lives on, 400 years after transatlantic trade began". Reuters. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  20. ↑ "Liberia's Taylor appears in court". BBC News (3 July 2007). E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  21. ↑ "Sierra Leone: Sexual Violence Widespread in War". Human Rights Watch. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  22. ↑ "Uganda: No Amnesty for Atrocities" Archived 3 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Human Rights Watch.org (4 March 2011). E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  23. ↑ "Latest North San Diego County headlines". U-T San Diego. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  24. ↑ Andersson, Hilary. (11 February 2005) "Born to be a slave in Niger". BBC News. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  25. ↑ "Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law". BBC News (9 August 2007). E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  26. ↑ Hawksley, Humphrey (8 February 2001). "Ghana's trapped slaves". BBC News. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
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