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Bokgoba mo lekgolong la masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga

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Bokgoba jwa segompieno, nako tse dingwe bo itsege jaaka bokgoba jwa sešha kgotsa motlha wa sešha wa bokgoba, ke bokgoba jwa metheo bo bo tsweletseng ka go nna teng mo lekgolong la masome a mabedi le motso la dingwaga. Dikakanyetso tsa palo ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba di tswa kwa didkadikeng tse di masome a mararo le borobabobedi[1] go tsena ka didikadike tse di masome a mane le borobabongwe[2][3][4], go ya ka mofuta o o dirisitsweng go dira kakanyetso le mofuta wa bokgoba o o dirisiwang.[5] Palo kakanyetso ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba e a ganeidwa, ka go sena mafoko a a tlhamaletseng a a rayang bokgoba jwa gompieno;[6] ba ba mo bokgobeng go dingalo go ba lemoga, dipalo tsa boammaruri gantsi ga di o.

Lekgotla la tsa pereko la mafatshefatshe[7], le akanyetsa gore go ya ka mafoko a a ba a dirisang, batho ba feta didikadike di le masome a mane ba mo bokgobeng jwa mofuta mongwe gompieno. Batho bangwe ba le didikadike tse di masome a mabedi le bone ba patelediwa go bereka, ba le didikadike di le lesome le borataro ba a tsuulolwa mo mohameng o o ikemetseng jaaka wa tiro ya mo gae, kago kana temothuo[8], didikadike di le nne ba tsuulolwa mo go tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, didikadike di le nne tsa batho ba mo perekong e e patelediwang ke baeteledipele ba mafatshe.[8] Palo e nngwe ya didikadike di le lesome le botlhano ba mo manyalong a a pateleditsweng.

Go anama ga bokgoba jwa sešha, ka mafatshe, go ya ka Global Slavery Index

Ofisi e e elang tlhoko e bo e emisa thekiso ya batho e e leng lephatana la lephata la mafatshe la United States, la re "bokgoba jwa sešha", "thekiso mo bathong", le "thekiso ya batho" di dirisitswe e le mafoko a a rayang go thapa, go baya batho mo lefelong, go tsamaisa batho, go tsaya motho o mmerekisa kgotsa go gwebisa motho ka mmele o dirisa dikgoka, tsietso kgotsa go mo pateletsa". Ntle le tse, mafoko a mangwe a dirisiwa kwa pusong ya United States, molao wa 2000 wa batswasetlhabelo ba thekiso ya batho le tshireletso ya kgokgontsho, le molao wa go thibela, go fokotsa le go otlhaya thekiso mo bathong, bogolo jang bana le basadi, go akaretsa go bereka o patelediwa, bokgoba kgotsa ditiro tse di tshwanang le bokgoba, go patelediwa go adima madi le tiro e e pateleditsweng.[9]

Go ya ka motlhatlhelelladithuto wa kwa America Kevin Bales, mosimolodi le tautona wa pele wa lekgotla le eseng la puso le setlhopha se se buelelang makgoba sa "gololang makgoba" (Free the slaves), are ke bokgoba jwa sešha bo bo diragalang fa motho a le mo taolong ya motho o mongwe o o dirisang dikgoka le kgokgontsho go nna a le mo taolong, mme maikaelelo a taolo eo e le go tsuulola."[10] Ditlamorago tsa bokgoba di oketsega fa di itebagantse le ditlhopha tse di bokoa jaaka bana. Go ya ka tlhaloso e, patlisiso ya kwa lekgotleng la Walk Free e e ikaegileng ka dipalo tsa bokgoba tsa 2018 e ne e akanyetsa fa go na le makgoba a ka nna didikadike di le masome a mane mo lefatsheng ka bophara.[10] [11] Mo kakanyetsong e nngwe, e e supang fa palo e ka nna didikadike di le lesome le boraro, e akanyetsa fa didikadike di le lesome le bobedi tsa makgoba a a sešha e le bana.[3]

Bales o ne a tlhagisa gore ka bokgoba bo emisitswe gongwe le gongwe, tiragalo e e tlola molao, ebile e fitlhelwa batho le baeteledipele. Se se dira gore go nne dingalo go bona dipalo tse di rurifaditsweng mo metsweding ya nnete. Se se ka dirwang ke go akanyetsa go ya ka metswedi ya bobedi, jaaka ditlhotlhomiso tsa UN, ditsebe tsa metswedi ya dikgang, dipego tsa puso, le dipalo go tswa mo makgotleng a a ikemetseng.[10]

Bokgoba jwa sešha bo tsweletse ka ntlha ya mabaka a a tshwanang le a pele: ke tiragalo e e nang le dipoelo mo beng ba makgoba, le ntswa go na le matshwenyego a boitsholo. Bothata bo bo kgonne go golela pele mo dingwageng tse di fetileng ka ntlha ya go latlhiwa ga makgoba le gore tlhwatlhwa ya makgoba e wetse tlase thata.[12]

Se se bakang

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Fa e sale bokgoba bo ilediwa, go dira batho makgoba ga go sa tlhole go ikaegile ka go rua motho semmuso, mme ka go laola e se ka fa molaong. Diphetogo tse pedi ke go tswa mo go rekeng makgoba a pereko le go nna teng ga makgoba mo phirong, Fa palo e supa fa marekisetso a go tlontlolola motho mo perekong a phophoma, kgang ya gore batho ba rekisiwa ebile ba rekiwa golo go le gongwe, e siilwe ke nako. Fa ditheko tseo di santse di le teng, mo sešheng batho ba iphitlhela ba le mo diemong tse di tshwanang le tsa bokgoba ka ditsela tse di farologaneng.[13]

Bokgoba jwa sešha bo bonwa e le ntlha e nngwe ya lehuma. Mo mafatsheng a a senang thuto le molao, popego ya setšhaba e e bokoa e ka dira tikologo e e rotloetsang kamogelo le kanamo ya bokgoba. Bokgoba bo bontsi mo mafatsheng a a sotlegang le a a nang le palo potlana ya merafe e e bokoa, le ntswa bo le teng le mo mafatsheng a a a tlhabologileng. Dikete di le masome tsa batho ba bereka mo diemong tse di tshwanang le tsa bokgoba mo mehameng ya meepo, temothuo le madirelo, ba dira dithoto gore di dirisiwe mo magaeng kgotsa di rekisidiwe kwa ntle kwa mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng.[14]

Mo mofuteng wa pele wa bokgoba, beng ba makgoba ba ne ba dirisa madi a mantsi mo go rekeng makgoba. Go ne go le thataa go ba latlha fela. Tlhwatlhwa ya go dira gore ba nne le botsogo jo bo siameng e ne e bonwa e le go boloka madi go na le go reka lekgoba le lenwge go emelela leo. Mo bokgobeng jwa sešha, go motlhofo go bona batho ba bangwe ka tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase, ka jalo go ba emeltsa ka ba bangwe go nna motlhofo. Makgoba a dirisiwa mo mafelong a ba ka fitlhiwang motlhofo kwa go one mme ba tsweletse ba direla mong wa bone dipoelo.

Bokgoba jwa sešha bo kgona go nna le dipoelo,[15] makgotla mangwe a letlelela se, ntswa se ilediwa ke ditumalano di tshwana le bokopano jwa tlaleletso jwa kemiso ya bokgoba le melao ya mo gae. Dipoelo tsotlhe tsa ngwaga mo thekisong ya batho di akanyeditswe ka ngwaga wa 2014 fa di feta di bilione di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano a di dolara,[16] le ntswa dipoelo di le kwa tlase. Makgoba a kwa America ka ngwaga wa 1809 a ne a rekisiwa ka selekanyo sa dikete di le masome mane a di dolara mo mading a gompieno.[17] Gompieno lekgoba le kgona go rekwa ka di dolara di le masome a ferabongwe go ya kwa lekgolong.[18]

Bales o tlhalosa gore, mo bokgobeng jwa sešha, "se ke tlolo molao wa itsholelo...batho ga ba dire ba bangwe makgoba go nna setlhogo mo go bone; ba dira jalo go dira dipoelo".[19]

Bokgoba jwa lotso le jwa dithoto

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Bokgoba jwa lotso, bo gape bo bidiwang jwa dithoto, ke mofuta o gantsi o amangwang le lefoko "bokgoba". Mo bokgobeng jwa dithoto, motho o dirilweng lekgoba o bonwa e le thoto ya mongwe o sele, ebile o ka rekwa kgotsa a rekisiwa. Go tswa mo ditsong mo motho o o fentsweng a dirwa lekgoba, jaaka kwa bogosing jwa Roma le jwa Ottoman, kgotsa mo go rekiseng makoba, jaaka kwa Sahara kgotsa kwa kgwebong ya makgoba ya Atlantic.[20]

Fa e sale ka ntwa ya ngwaga wa 2014 kwa Lybia, le go tlhofofadiwa ga molao le taolo, go nnile le dipego tsa batswakwa ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba rekisiwa mo pontsheng, go akaretsa marekisetso a makgoba mo lefatsheng leo.[21]

Lefatshe la Mauritania le na le ditso tsa bogologolo tsa bokgoba. Bokgoba jwa dithoto bo ne jwa diriwa tlolo molao semmuso kwa lefatsheng leo mme melao e e kgatlhanong le jone, ga e dirisiwe. Go akanyediwa gore batho ba le dikete di le masome a ferabongwe (bobedi mo lekgolong la batho ba Mauritania) ke makgoba.[22]

Go patelediwa go tsaya sekoloto le gone go kgona go fetisediwa kwa dikokomaneng, jaaka bokgoba jwa dithoto.

Ba ba kaletseng mo bokgobeng jwa tlhakanelo dikobo mo lefatsheng la gompieno, ba felela e nna dithoto, bogolo jang fa ba patelediwa go gweba ka mebele.

Tiro e e patelediwang ke puso

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Tiro e e patelediwang ke puso, e tlhalosiwa ke lekgotla la tsa pereko la mafatshefatshe e le diemo tse batho ba patelediwang go bereka ka tiriso ya dikgoka kgotsa go tshosediwa, kgotsa go kokotletsa sekoloto, go baya dipampiri tsa tshupo ya motho kgotsa matshosetsi a go tshwarisiwa[23].

  • Kwa Eritrea, palo kakanyetso ya dikete di le makgolo a mararo go tsena ka makgolo a mane a batho ba mo thulaganyong ya tirelo ya sesole e e lekanang le bokgoba jwa palo e ntsi ya batho, go ya ka batlhotlhomisi ba kwa UN. Pego ya bone e fitlhetse gape go na le bokgoba jwa tlhakanelo dikobo le pereko e e patelediwang.[24]
  • Kwa bokone jwa Korea, puso e pateletsa batho ba le bantsi go berekela lefatshe, mo teng le kwa ntle ga North Korea, dingwaga di le dinsti. palo ya ngwaga wa 2018 ya makgoba e akanyetsa fa didikadike tse pedi tsa batho e ne e le makgoba kwa lefatsheng leo. [25] Tlhwatlhwa ya tiro yotlhe e e dirilweng ke batho ba North Korea ba direla puso e akanyediwa e ka nna di dolara tsaa America di le didikadike di le makgolo a ferabongwe, amsoema asupa le botlhano, ka babereki ba bašha ba patelediwa go dira ditiro tse di kotsi tsa kago, basadi le basetsana ba patelediwa go dira diaparo kwa mabentleleng a a sa siamang. Babereki ba gantsi ga ba duelwe.[26] Fa godimo ga moo, sesole sa kwa North Korea sa masole a le sedikadike, se berekisiwa mo dikagong tse di sa tsamaelaneng le go sireletsa, di akaretsa matlo a babusi. [26] Puso e nnile le babereki ba ka nna dikete tse di lekgolo kwa mafatsheng a sele.[27]
  • Kwa Uzbekistan, sekai, puso e pateletsa baithuti le babereki ba puso go roba setlhatshana sa letsela, se e leng sone boremelelo jwa thekiso ya lefatshe leo, ngwaga le ngwaga, ba ba pateletsa go tlogela ditiro tsa bone tse dingwe.[28] Mo sekaing se, tiriso ya baithuti go akarediwa ba dikolo tse dipotlana, tse di fa gare, le tse dikgolwane, go raya gore pereko ya bana e kwa godimo.[29] Puso ya kwa Uzbekistan e berekile go fokotsa pereko e e pateleditsweng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 2022, go gana go reka letsela kwa Uzbekistan go nega ema, ka dipego tsa gore tiro ya pateletso e emisitswe.[30][31][32]

Pereko ya kwa kgolegelong

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Ka ngwaga wa 1865, lefatshe la United States le ne la amogela molao paakanyo wa bo lesome le boraro kwa molao motheong wa United States, o o neng o fedisa bokgoba le botlhanka, ntle le fa e le kotlhao ya molato o motho a tla bong a o lebisitswe,[33] se se siame mo molaong, mo jaanong go bidiwang pereko ya kotlhao, go tswelela mo lefatsheng leo.[34] Mo ditsong, se ne sa baka mokgwa wa go adima tiro mo go santseng go ama batho ba lotso lwa African - American.

Kwa Texas, Georgia, Alabama le Arkansas, magolegwa ga a duelelwe ditiro tsa bone gotlhelele.[35] Kwa dikgaolong tse dingwe, magolegwa a duelwa 0.12 le 1.15 dolara ka oura ka ngwaga wa 2013.[36] Mohama wa dikgolegelo o ne o duela magolegwa 0.90 ka oura ka ngwaga wa 2017.[34] Magolegwa ba ba ganang go bereka ba ka bewa ba le nosi,[37] kgotsa a idiwa go etelwa ke ba lolwapa.[38] Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 2010 go tsena ka 2015[39] le ka 2016 [40]gape le ka 2018[41], magolegwa mangwe kwa United States ba ne ba gana go bereka, ba lwela dituelo tse di botoka, tikologo e e botroka le go emisiwa ga pereko e e patelediwang. Ba ba neng ba goga mogwanto ba ne ba otlhaiwa ka go bewa ba le nosi sebaka se ba tla se nnang kwa kgolegelong.[42][43]

  1. ↑ "Forced labour – Themes". Ilo.org. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  2. ↑ Kelly, Annie (1 June 2016). "46 million people living as slaves, latest global index reveals". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  3. 1 2 "What is modern slavery?". Anti-Slavery International. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  4. ↑ "What is Modern Slavery? | Hope for Justice". hopeforjustice.org. 23 December 2021. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  5. ↑ "Walk Free". The Minderoo Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  6. ↑ Paz-Fuchs, Amir. "Badges of Modern Slavery". The Modern Law Review. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  7. ↑ International Labour Organization (19 September 2017). "Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage". International Labour Organization. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  8. 1 2 "Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking (Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking)". www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  9. ↑ "What is Modern Slavery?". Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  10. 1 2 3 Maral Noshad Sharifi (8 June 2016). "Er zijn 45,8 miljoen moderne slaven" [There are 45.8 million modern slaves]. NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  11. ↑ Fudge, Judy (Fall 2018). "Slavery and Unfree Labour: The Politics of Naming, Framing, and Blaming". Labour.
  12. ↑ "Cost of slaves falls to historic low". CNN Freedom Project. CNN. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025
  13. ↑ Nolan, Justine; Boersma, Martijn (September 2019). Addressing Modern Slavery (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2019). University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 9781742244631. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020
  14. ↑ "Modern Slavery: Its Root Causes and the Human Toll". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  15. ↑ Siddarth Kara, Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010)
  16. ↑ "Human Trafficking Numbers". Human Rights First. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  17. ↑ "Slavery Today". Free The Slaves. 19 May 2013. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  18. ↑ Batha, Emma (16 November 2017). "How much is a life worth, ask activists fighting slavery?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  19. ↑ Bales, Kevin (March 2010). "Kevin Bales | Speaker | TED". www.ted.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  20. ↑ "Human Trafficking". Liluye | by and for people with Great Spirit. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  21. ↑ Graham-Harrison, Emma (10 April 2017). "Migrants from west Africa being 'sold in Libyan slave markets'". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  22. ↑ "Unshackled Yet Far From Free, Former Slaves Struggle in Mauritania". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  23. ↑ "The Meanings of Forced Labour". International Labour Organization. 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  24. ↑ "As many as 400,000 enslaved in Eritrea, UN estimates". CBC News. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  25. ↑ "North Korea has 2.6 million 'modern slaves', new report estimates". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  26. 1 2 Borowiec, Steven (6 October 2016). "North Koreans perform $975 million worth of forced labor each year". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  27. ↑ Yoon, Dasl (20 December 2019). "North Korean Workers Flock Home as Sanctions Deadline Hits". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025
  28. ↑ "End Uzbek Cotton Crimes". Anti-Slavery International. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  29. ↑ Bhat, Bilal Ahmad (1 May 2011). "Socioeconomic Dimensions of Child Labor in Central Asia". Problems of Economic Transition. 54 (1): 84–99. doi:10.2753/pet1061-1991540108. ISSN 1061-1991. S2CID 153335200.
  30. ↑ Imamova, Navbahor (11 May 2022). "Uzbek Cotton Industry Greets End of 13-Year Global Boycott". VOA News. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  31. ↑ Putz, Catherine (10 March 2022). "The Boycott of Uzbek Cotton is Over". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  32. ↑ "Uzbek cotton is free from systemic child labour and forced labour". International Labor Organization. March 2022. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  33. ↑ "13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  34. 1 2 "Prison labour is a billion-dollar industry, with uncertain returns for inmates". The Economist. 16 March 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025
  35. ↑ Walker, Jason (6 September 2016). "Unpaid Labor in Texas Prisons Is Modern-Day Slavery". Truthout. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025
  36. ↑ "Time to Reckon with Prison Labor | Institution for Social and Policy Studies". isps.yale.edu. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  37. ↑ "America's Slave Empire". Truthdig: Expert Reporting, Current News, Provocative Columnists. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  38. ↑ Benns, Whitney (21 September 2015). "American Slavery, Reinvented". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  39. ↑ Hedges, Chris (22 June 2015). "America's Slave Empire". Truthdig. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025
  40. ↑ Speri, Alice (16 September 2016). "The Largest Prison Strike in U.S. History Enters Its Second Week". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  41. ↑ Lopez, German (22 August 2018). "America's prisoners are going on strike in at least 17 states". Vox. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  42. ↑ Pilkington, Ed (21 August 2018). "US inmates stage nationwide prison labor strike over 'modern slavery'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  43. ↑ Fryer, Brooke (5 September 2018). "US inmates sent to solitary confinement over 'prison slavery' strike". NITV News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 23 june 2025
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