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Bokopano jwa Secheba sa Botswana/ National Assembly

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Bokopano jwa Sechaba ke yona fela lekgotla la peomolao la Palamente ya Botswana e e nang le ntlwana e le nngwe ya palamente, e e nang le Tautona le bokopano jwa Sechaba. [1]Ntlo e fetisa melao, e neela ditona go bopa Kabinete, le go okamela tiro ya puso. Gape e na le maikarabelo a go amogela tekanyetsokabo ya naga. E gakololwa ke Ntlo ya Dikgosi, lekgotla la dikgosana tsa merafe le e seng ntlo ya Palamente.[2]

Le fa go ne go na le ba ba neng ba dira pele ga bokopano jwa Sechaba ka nako ya puso ya bokoloniale, e ne e se go fitlha ka boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome marataro le borataro (1966) fa bokopano jwa Sechaba ya Botswana e ne ya tlhomiwa semmuso. [3][4]Go tloga ka nako eo, go nnile le ditlhopho tsa makoko a le mantsi tse di latelanang le diphetogo di le tlhano tsa bo Tautona ka kagiso. [5][4]

Mo bo gompienong, go na le maloko a le masome a marataro le botlhano a bokopano jwa Sechaba.[6]Batlhophi mo dikgaolong tse di nang le leloko le le lengwe ba tlhopha ka tlhamalalo maloko a le masome a matlhano le bosupa a paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano ka tsamaiso ya bontsi (kgotsa ya pele-pele-pele). Maloko a le marataro one a tlhophiwa ke Tautona mme a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla. Kwa bokhutlong, ba ba setseng ba babedi (Tautona le Sebui sa bokopano jwa Sechaba) ke ba ofisi.[7][8]

Le fa go na le ditlhopho tse di sa kgaotseng, Kopano ya setšhaba e ntse e tshwaiwa diphoso. Mo ditlhophong tsotlhe go tloga ka ditlhopho tsa motheo ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), Botswana Democratic Party e ne ya fenya bontsi jwa ditulo mo lekgotleng la peomolao. [9][10]Mo godimo ga moo, baithuti ba saense ya sepolotiki ka dinako dingwe ba ne ba supa fa ba tshwenyegile ka bokopano jwa Sechaba ka ntlha ya basadi ba le mmalwa ba e leng maloko a Palamente le go golaganngwa ga yona le khuduthamaga.[11][12]

Seabe le popego

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bokopano jwa Sechaba sa Botswana ke karolo ya lekala la peomolao ya Puso ya Bosetšhaba ya Botswana mme ka jalo e na le seabe sa botlhokwa sa go ngangisana le go fetisa melaotlhomo. Ka gale go na le maloko a le masome a matlhano le bosupa a kopano jwa Sechaba a a tlhophilweng ke batlhophi go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bonno bo le bongwe. Mmogo le maloko a a tlhophilweng ano gape go na le maloko a le marataro a a tlhophilweng ke Tautona mme a tlhophilwe ka tsela e e kgethegileng ke bokopano jwa Sechaba. Kwa bokhutlong, go na gape le maloko a le mabedi a ex-officio - a le mongwe wa ona e leng Tautona.[2] [12]Kwa tshimologong, maikaelelo a maloko a a tlhophilweng ka tsela e e kgethegileng e ne e le go dira gore ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa naga di nne le kemedi mo Kopanong ya setšhaba. Moragonyana, maloko a Palamente gantsi ba ne ba beela batho ba ba nang le bokgoni jo bo batlegang mafelo ano. Mo malobeng, le fa go ntse jalo, ditulo tse di tlhophilweng ka go kgethega di dirisitswe thata jaaka tsela ya lekoko la bontsi go oketsa palo ya ditulo tsa lona mo kgotlapeomolao.[11]

Mo gare ga maloko a bokopano jwa Sechaba gape go na le Sebui, Motlatsa Sebui, le Moeteledipele wa Kganetso. Le fa sebui gantsi e le leloko la bokopano jwa Sechaba, maloko a Palamente ga a tshwanela go tlatsa tiro e ka Mopalamente yo mongwe. Ka jalo, fa maloko a Palamente a tlhopha sebui se se tswang kwa ntle ga setlhopha se se busang, sebui e nna leloko la bo65 la bokopano jwa Sechaba. Fa go batlega, pedi-tharo ya maloko a ka bouta go tlosa Sebui. [7]Mo godimo ga moo, mmogo le go nna ditokololo tsa bokopano jwa Sechaba, maloko mangwe a Palamente le ona ke karolo ya Kabinete ya Tautona. Ka nako nngwe le nngwe, go na le ditona tsa Kabinete di le masome a mabedi le borataro mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba - di le borobabobedi tsa tsona ke ditona tse di thusang.[12]Ka mantswe a mangwe, 42% ya bokopano jwa Sechaba le yona ke karolo ya Kabinete ya Tautona.[1]

Ka kakaretso, boikaelelo jo bogolo jwa Kopano ya setšhaba ke go ngangisana le go fetisa melao. Ka tlwaelo, Tautona o tlhagisa melaotlhomo mme maloko a Kabinete a kgona go e sekaseka pele. Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le melawana e le mmalwa e e atlegileng go tsena mo Kopano ya setšhaba ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Morago ga moo, fa Molaotlhomo o sena go fitlha kwa Kopano ya setšhaba, o tshwanetse go bona bontsi jo bo bonolo go fetisediwa kwa go Tautona. Kwa bokhutlong, fa Tautona a setse a dumetse gore molaotlhomo o amogelwe, o nna molao.[7]Le fa go ntse jalo, gore molaotlhomo e nne molao o o siameng, ga o a tshwanela go ganetsana le Molaotheo wa Botswana. Fa molao o sa dumalane le Molaotheo, kgotlatshekelo e na le tshwanelo ya go bolela gore molao ga o na boleng. [12]

Mo godimo ga go fetisa melao, bokopano jwa Sechaba e na le maatla a go tlhopha Tautona. Ditlhopho tseno ga di dirwe ka go bouta, mme go na le moo ka gore a lekoko le na le bontsi mo Kopanong ya setšhaba kgotsa nnyaa. [9]E re ka Palamente ya Botswana e le kopanyo ya Ntlobokopano jwa Sechaba le Tautona, ditlhopho tsa Tautona bopa Palamente.[ Ka jalo, go farologana le ditsamaiso tse dintsi tsa palamente, Tautona o tla dira jaaka Tlhogo ya Naga le Tlhogo ya Puso.[1]Mo tirong e, Tautona o na le maatla a go tlhagisa molao, go bua le go bouta. [7]Mo godimo ga moo, ba na le maatla a go bitsa, go emisa le go tlhatlhamolola bokopano jwa Sechaba. [12]

Fa Tautona a bolela gore go na le maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba, Kopano ya setšhaba e nna le boikaelelo jo bongwe gape. Mo tiragalong e, Tautona nna le maatla a go itirela melawana e megolo e e tlhokegang go fedisa maemo a tshoganyetso. [1]Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya Emergency Powers Act e e fetisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966), mo maemong a, bokopano jwa Sechaba e na le maatla a go dira jaaka tshupetso mme e tshwanetse go amogela melawana ya maemo a tshoganyetso ya Tautona. [13]

Ditso

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Tshimologo ya pele ga bokoloniale le bokoloniale

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Gantsi, kwa Botswana, dikgosana di busa mo lefelong leo ka go bitsa dikokoano tsa setšhaba tse di bidiwang  ⁇ Kgotlas". Bakanoki bangwe, jaaka moitsesaense wa dipolotiki John Holm, ba supa dikokoano tse di ntseng jalo jaaka dikai tsa kafa setso sa Batswana se tsenyeletsang ditlhogo tsa puo ya setšhaba le kganetsano ka teng. Go bonala sentle gore, meono e, e supa megopolo e e tlwaelegileng ya metheo ya temokerasi.[14]

Ka fa gare ga setso se, dikgosana di ne tsa tshegetsa puso ya selegae mo pusong ya bokoloniale.[14]Ka nako ya bokoloniale, Maborithane ba ne ba busa kgaolo ya Botswana ya segompieno go ya ka pholisi ya bone ya puso e e sa tlhamalalang. E ne e bidiwa Bechuanaland Protectorate ka nako eo, mme lefelo leno le ne la nna le seabe se sennye sa bokoloniale fa go bapisiwa le mafelo a mangwe mo kgaolong eo. Lebaka lengwe la seno e ne e le gore Bechuanaland e ne e se kolone ya batho ba ba neng ba nna koo. Mo godimo ga moo, se gape e ne e le ka ntlha ya gore kgaolo e ne ya tila go tsenngwa mo Afrika Borwa e e leng moagisani wa yone ya bosweu. [4][3]Kgabagare, le fa go ntse jalo, tsereganyo ya bokoloniale e ne ya nna e e tsepameng thata ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borobabongwe (1919) fa balaodi ba Boritane ba ne ba tlhoma Khansele ya Kgakololo ya Baagi ba Selegae kwa maemong a kgaolo. Ka bonakonyana fela morago ga moo ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920), go ne ga tlhomiwa Lekgotla la Kgakololo la Yuropa. Morago ga moo, mo dingwageng tse masome a mararo le borataro tse di neng tsa latela, makgotla ano a ne a dira ka go farologana go fitlha go tlhomiwa Lekgotla le le Kopanetsweng la Kgakololo. Khansele eno e ne e sena maatla a go fetisa molao, fela e ne e ka ngangisana le go bua ka molao o o leng teng. Le fa go ntse jalo, balaodi ba dikolone tsa Boritane gantsi ba ne ba aga makgotla ano mo motheong wa dikgatlhego tsa go dirisa batho ka tsela e e sa siamang. Ka ntlha ya seo, gantsi ba ne ba tshegetsa le go pateletsa go ntshiwa ga ikonomi ya bokoloniale.[15]

Boipuso le go tlhamiwa ga lekgotla la molao

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe (1959), mokomišenara wa Botswana, Peter Fawcus, o ne a dira mmogo le batho ba ba itsegeng ba Batswana jaaka Seretse Khama go tlhama Khansele e ntšhwa ya Molao.[16][4]Khansele eno e ne e na le maatla a go fetisa melao mme e ne e tla nna le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go feteleng kwa boipusong. Lekgotla leno le ne le dirilwe ka badiredibagolo ba le lesome ba puso, Baafrika ba le lesome, Bayuropa ba le lesome, le Mo-Asia a le mongwe yo o nnang kwa Botswana. Bontsi jwa ditokololo tse di emetseng Maaforika le Yuropa di ne di tswa mo dikhanseleng tse di neng di sa tswa go tlhomiwa tsa Aforika le Yuropa. Dikhansele tsa Kgotlapeomolao (LegCos) jaaka eno e ne e se ya Botswana fela mme e ne e tlwaelegile kwa bokhutlong jwa puso ya bokoloniale ya Boritane. Ken Opalo, yo e leng mankge wa dipolotiki tsa molao, o bolela gore badiredibagolo ba dikolone gantsi ba ne ba laola LegCos ka nako ya fa ba ne ba le teng. Ka jalo, LegCos gantsi e ne e dira go tsweletsa dikeletso tsa babusi ba bokoloniale. Ka nako ya fa go ne go fetolwa go nna le boipuso, seno se ne se akaretsa go naya badiredibagolo maatla le go lekanyetsa puso ya molao ka boyone. Mo dinageng tse dingwe tse dintsi tsa morago ga bokoloniale, seno se ne sa dira gore go nne le puso e e gagametseng ka dingwagangwaga.[15]

Kgabagare, jaaka puso ya bokoloniale ya Boritane e ne e simolola go fokotsega, Seretse Khama o ne a kopana le maloko a Aforika a khansele ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bobedi (1962) go bopa Bechuanaland Democratic Party (BDP).[17][3]Morago ga moo, ka bonako fela morago ga tiragalo e, setlhopha se se neng se bopilwe ke dikgosana, baagi ba basweu, le maloko a makoko a sepolotiki a Botswana a a neng a sa tswa go tlhomiwa a ne a kopana go tla go kwala Molaotheo wa Botswana wa isago. Mo Molaotheong ono go ne go na le dikakanyo tsa bokopano jwa Sechaba. Morago ga moo, ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe wa ngwana wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965), ditlhopho tsa ntlha di ne tsa diragala ka makoko a sepolotiki a le mararo a tsaya karolo mo letsholong leno. BDP e ne ya fenya masome a robabobedi le bongwe lekgolong ya diboutu le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ya ditulo tse masome a mararo le bongwe tse di leng teng mo kgotlapeomolao. Go ise go ye kae morago ga ditlhopho tse, naga e ne ya bona boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966).[4]

Morago ga boipuso le puso ya BDP

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Le fa dinaga di le dintsi tsa Aforika di nnile le puso ya lekoko le le lengwe ka dingwagangwaga go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe(1990), Botswana e nnile le diphetogo di le tlhano tsa boporesitente ka kagiso le temokerasi ya makoko a le mantsi e e tlhomameng fa e sale go bona boipuso. Botswana Democratic Party, eo pele e neng e bitswa Bechuanaland Democratic Party, e nnile le bontsi jwa ditulo mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba go tloga ka boipuso go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) mme e ntse e le letshwao la mokgatlho wa kgololosego ya setšhaba.[4][6][17]

Go farologana le BDP, makoko a kganetso mo Kopanong ya setšhaba a ntse a fetoga fa e sale go bona boipuso. Ka dingwaga tsa bo1990, go nna mo metsesetoropong le go tlhagelela ka bonako ga lephata la meepo go ne ga koafatsa motheo wa sepolotiki wa BDP o o neng o ikaegile ka temothuo. Ka ntlha ya go sa tlhomamang gono, makoko mangwe a kganetso a ne a kgona go kopana le Botswana National Front (BNF) mme a batla a bopa lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso go lwantsha BDP. Le fa go ntse jalo, kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1990), BNF e ne ya thubega mme ya se ka ya kgona go gaisana le BDP gape. [9]

Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go na le kganetso e e sa tlhomamang, go busa ga BDP go dirile gore maloko a makoko a kganetso a tshwenyege ka gore a bokopano jwa Sechaba e ka kgona go laola Moporesitente. Ka mo go kgethegileng, ba le bantsi ba bona bothata ka go tlhoka kgaogano magareng ga bokopano jwa Sechaba le khuduthamaga mo go tlhamiweng ga Palamente.[12][13]Mo godimo ga matshwenyego a, barutegi ba saense ya sepolotiki jaaka David Sebudubudu ba lemoga gore Tautona o na le tlhotlheletso e e tlhamaletseng mo baemeding ba Palamente ka gore 42% ya bokopano jwa Sechaba le yona e mo Kabineteng ya Tautona. Mo tshosong ya Ntlobokopano jwa Sechaba, Sebudubudu le badirammogo ba gagwe ba tlhalosa gore boikanyego le maikemisetso a botho a ka kgoreletsa bokgoni jwa maloko a lekoko la BDP go dira ka kgololosego mo Ntlokokoano. Go tswa mo matshwenyegong a kakaretso, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi (1988) bokopano jwa Sechaba e fetisitse tshisinyo e e rotloetsang go kgaogana ga Palamente, mme ka jalo Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba, go tswa mo ofising ya Tautona.[12]Morago, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002), sebui Ray Molomo o ne a buisa tshisinyo eno fa a ne a kopa setlhopha se se kgethegileng go lebelela go bopa bokopano jwa Sechaba e e ikemetseng ka nosi go tswa mo lekgotleng la khuduthamaga. [1]Mo dingwageng tsa bo diketetse pedi le lesome (2010), go tshwenngwa ke maatla a puso go ne ga dira gore lekoko la kganetso, Botswana Movement for Democracy (BMD), le latofatse BDP ka go re ke puso e e gagametseng.[5]

Go na le go tshwenyega ka gore BDP e na le maemo a a kwa godimo, gape go na le go tlhobaela ka gore go na le basadi ba le mmalwa fela ba e leng maloko a Palamente mo Kopano ya setšhaba. Morago ga ditlhopho tsa setšhaba tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009 )fa basadi ba le babedi fela ba ne ba tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo go nna maloko a lekgotla, baitsesaense bangwe ba sepolotiki jaaka Gretchen Bauer ba ne ba supa fa ba tshwenyegile ka gore kemedi ya basadi e ne e sa oketsege fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. Le fa basadi ba ba leng mo ditlhophong gantsi ba le mo kgaisanong mo ditlhophong, gantsi go thata mo go bone go fetela kwa pele mo dikgatong tsa ditlhopho tsa makoko a sepolotiki. [11]Mo godimo ga moo, go ya ka mokgwa o wa kemedi, bakanoki ba ba tshwanang le James Kirby le bone ba tlhalositse gore go na le sebaka se sennye sa ditlhopha tsa merafe e e kwa tlase jaaka Basarwa go tlhalosa maikutlo a bona mo Kopano ya setšhaba. [18]

Morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), matshwenyego ka basadi ba le mmalwa ba ba neng ba le maloko a Palamente a ne a tlhagelela gape fa basadi ba le bararo fela ba ne ba tlhophiwa go nna maloko a Palamente ya setšhaba. Go rarabolola bothata jono, Tautona Mokgweetsi Masisi o ne a tlhopha basadi ba le banè gore ba nne mo ditulong tse di tlhophilweng ka tsela e e kgethegileng. Mongwe wa maloko a a neng a tlhophilwe e ne e le molweladiphetogo yo o itsegeng wa ditshwanelo tsa batho e bong Dr. Unity Dow le motlhankedi wa tsa madi Peggy Serame.[19]

Morago ga go tlhophiwa ga batho bano, go ne ga nna le tiragalo e nngwe e e botlhokwa mo Kopano ya setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020). Ka ntlha ya leroborobo la COVID-19, Tautona Masisi o ne a kopa gore go nne le maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba ka dikgwedi di le thataro gore go tle go rarabololwe mogare ono. E ne e le la bobedi fela mo hisitoring ya Botswana go dirwa kgoeletso ya maemo a tshoganyetso. Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa gone kwa bofelong Kopano ya setšhaba e ne ya dumela gore go nne le maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba ka dikgwedi di le thataro, maloko a makoko a kganetso a ne a sa ntse a tshwenyegile ka ntlha ya maatla a seno se neng se tla a naya poresidente. Ka ntlha ya seo, kganetsano e e neng e le teng ya go amogela maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba e ne ya bontshiwa mo thelebišeneng ya bosetšhaba ka maikaelelo a go tokafatsa ponalo. [13]Go ise go ye kae morago ga moo, bokopano jwa Sechaba ya Botswana e ne ya ngoka kgatlhego ya boditšhabatšhaba ka ntlha ya fa maloko otlhe a Palamente, go akaretsa le Tautona, ba ne ba patelediwa go nna kwa thoko ka ntlha ya go tsenwa ke mogare wa COVID-19. [20]

Ditlhopho

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Ditiragalo le mekgwa

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bokopano jwa Sechaba ke yona fela karolo ya Puso ya Bosetšhaba ya Botswana e e tlhophiwang ke baagi ba poraefete. [12]Botswana e dirisa tsamaiso ya first-past-the-post mo ditlhophong mo bakgethi ba ba nang le diboutu tse dintsi ba fenyang mo dikgaolong tse di nang le leloko le le lengwe. [11]Kwa tshimologong, go ne go boutelwa ka disiki tse di neng di tsamaisana le dikgetho tse di farologaneng go ya ka mmala. Morago ga moo, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999), ditlhopho tsa bosetšhaba di ne tsa fetolelwa go dirisa dipampiri tsa ditlhopho. [21]Malebana le pabalesego ya batlhophi, 89% ya ba ba arabileng patlisiso ya Afrobarometer ba boletse fa ba ne ba kgona go tlhopha ka kgololosego ntle le kgatelelo ya kwa ntle.[22]

Ditlhopho tsa Ntlobokopano jwa Sechaba tsa Botswana di diragala dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le tlhano, mme ditlhopho tsa bofelo di diragala ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024).[6]Mo makokong mangwe a sepolotiki, ditlhopho tsa maloko a Palamente di etelelwa pele ke ditlhopho tsa pele. Le fa go ntse jalo, go tshwara ditlhopho tsa pele ga se molao kwa Botswana. Mo godimo ga moo, ga jaana ga go na tsamaiso ya dikgetse tsa bong mo ditlhophong tsa bokopano jwa Sechaba.[11] Mo patlisisong ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), tshegetso ya tsamaiso ya dikelo ya bong e ne e batla e aroganngwa ka go lekana: 48% e amogetse mme 47% e ganne.[22]

Gore motho a kgone go nna moemedi wa Palamente, o tshwanetse a bo a na le dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi, a kwadisitswe go ka tlhopha, e bile e le moagi wa Botswana. Gape ba tshwanetse go kgona go bala le go bua Seesimane.[7] Mo godimo ga moo, go na le maemo a mo go one motho a ka kgaolelwang tiro. Ka sekai, motho ga a tshwanela go wa, go tsewa gore o a tsenwa, kana go atlholelwa go nna mo kgolegelong lobaka lo lo fetang dikgwedi di le thataro. Gape ga ba ka ke ba nna leloko la Ntlo ya Dikgosi kgotsa motlhankedi wa puso yo o okametseng ditlhopho.[7]

Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete ,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965 )go fitlha ka ngwagawa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), BDP e ne ya fenya bontsi jwa ditulo mo Kopanong ya setšhaba mo ditlhophong tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa BDP e ne ya bona tshegetso e e tlhomameng (segolo thata go tswa kwa dikgaolong tsa selegae), go ne go na le bosupi jwa gore ditlhopho di ntse di nna le kgaisano go ya pele.[9]Mo dingwageng tsa bo dikete tse pedi (2000), palo ya dikgaolo tsa ditlhopho tsa kgaisano e ne ya oketsega. Mmogo le se, BDP e bone ditulo tse dintsi mo ditlhophong tsa bosheng. [9] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), lekgetlo la ntlha mo hisetoring ya setšhaba, makoko a kganetso a ne a fenya bontsi jwa diboutu tsotlhe. [5]Morago ga moo, ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) wa maloba Ian Khama o ne a fetola boikanyego mme a tshegetsa lekoko la kganetso la Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC). [6]Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go na le ditiragalo tse pedi tseno tse di tlhomologileng, BDP e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditulo tsa yone mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.[ Mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), BDP e ne ya fenya ditulo di le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe mme UDC e ne e le kwa morago ka ditulo di le lesome le boraro fela. Tse tharo tsa ditulo tse nne tse di setseng di ne tsa ya go Botswana Patriotic Front, fa tse dingwe di ne tsa ya go Alliance for Progressives. [6] BDP e ne ya fenngwa la ntlha ka ngwga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), ya bona manno a le nne fela mo go a le masome a marataro le bongwe a a neng a ganetsanwa (lefelo la bone) mme ya bona 30.47% ya diboutu (lefelo la bobedi).

Malebana le go nna le seabe ga batlhophi, go ne go na le batlhophi ba le 900,000 ba ba neng ba ikwadiseditse ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi lesome le borobabongwe (2019).[2]Go tlaleletsa, patlisiso ya Afrobarometer ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi lesome le borobabongwe(2019) e bontshitse gore 63% ya batho (64% ya basadi le 62% ya banna) ba ne ba bouta mo ditlhophong tsa palamente tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014). Mo nakong e e fetileng, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999), go tshwenyega ka go nna le seabe ga batlhophi e ne e le kgang e e tlhagelelang mo dikgannyeng mo nageng. Pele ga ditlhopho tsa , ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999), batho ba le 60 000 ba ba neng ba ka kgona go tlhopha ba ne ba se ka ba tshwanelega ka phoso fa lenaane la batlhophi le ne le wediwa go setse go le thari. Festus Mogae, yo e neng e le Tautona ka nako eo, o ne a goeletsa maemo a ntlha a tshoganyetso mo setšhabeng gore a bitse bokopano jwa Sechaba le go fetisa molao o o letlang batho ba ba neng ba se na ditshwanelo tsa go bouta go ka bouta. [22]

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Botlhale, Emmanuel; Lotshwao, Kebapetse (2013). "The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana". Botswana Notes and Records. 45: 39–51. JSTOR 90024373.
  2. 1 2 3 Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). "How many bicameral legislatures are there?". The Journal of Legislative Studies. 10 (4): 1–9. doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436. S2CID 143950774.
  3. 1 2 3
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tesfahun, Amsalu Tebeje (2015). "The Endurance and Decline of Single Party Dominance in African States: A Case Study of Botswana and Senegal". Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities. 11 (1): 1–28.
  5. 1 2 3 "Botswana: African miracle or African mirage?". africasacountry.com. 4 March 2018. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Botswana's ruling party BDP wins general election: Chief justice". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Botswana 1966 (rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  8. ↑ "Office-Bearers & Members". www.parliament.gov.bw. Archived from the original on 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Poteete, Amy R. (2012). "Electoral competition, factionalism, and persistent party dominance in Botswana". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 50 (1): 75–102. doi:10.1017/S0022278X11000619. JSTOR 41474960. S2CID 154672233.
  10. ↑
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Bauer, Gretchen (2010). "'Cows Will Lead the Herd into a Precipice': Where Are the Women MPs in Botswana?". Botswana Notes and Records. 42: 56–70. JSTOR 23237971.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). "The Mutation of Parliament into a 'Registration Chamber': Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana". The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs. 40 (2): 33–59. JSTOR 45341655.
  13. 1 2 3 Dinokopila, Bonolo Ramadi (2020). "Constitutionalism in a Time of Crisis: Botswana's Reaction to the COVID-19 Pandemic". Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional (in German). doi:10.17176/20200427-165047-0. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  14. 1 2 Harden, Blaine (24 April 1988). "A Lesson for Africa—Democracy Works: A Lesson for Africa". The Washington Post. p. 57. ProQuest 139741948
  15. 1 2 Opalo, Ken Ochieng' (2019). Legislative development in Africa : politics and postcolonial legacies. Cambridge. ISBN 978-1-108-68465-1. OCLC 1108755974.
  16. ↑ Kachip, Sitinga; e (17 August 2015). "Botswanan or Batswana? It's complicated – Voices of Africa". Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  17. 1 2 "Khama's hand still rocks Botswana". The Mail & Guardian. 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  18. ↑ Kirby, James (26 October 2019). "The story behind Botswana's closest-ever election and how its consequences will play out". Quartz. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  19. ↑ Chikura, Mountjoy (2019-06-11). "Here's why Botswana's president nominated four female MPs". Africanews. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  20. ↑
  21. ↑ "BBC News | Africa | Botswana votes for new assembly". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  22. 1 2 3 "Summary of results: Afrobarometer Round 8 survey in Botswana in 2019 | Afrobarometer". afrobarometer.org. Retrieved 2022-03-10
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