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Bokopano jwa kwa Berlin, jaaka bo supilwe mo pampiring ya dikgang kwa Germany e e bidiwang Die Gartenlaube

Bokopano jwa kwa Berlin jwa ngwaga ya 1884 go tsena ka 1885 e ne e le bokopano jwa mafatshe a a busang, bo fedile ka go bewa monwana ga molaomotheo wa Berlin,[1] e le tumalano e e laolang puso le kgwebo mo Aforika ka nako ya bogosi jo bosha. Bokopano jwa mafatshe a le lesome le bone bo ne bo rulagantswe ke mmusi wa pele wa kwa Germany Otto von Bismarck, ka kopo ya ga Leopold II wa kwa Belgium. [2]Bo simolotse ka ngwaga wa 1884, Ngwanatsele a le lesome le botlhano, mme jwa fela ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 1885 a le malatsi a le masome mabedi le borataro, morago ga go baya molaomotheo monwana.

Bokopano jwa kwa Berlin, jaaka bo supilwe mo Illustrirte Zeitung

Molaomotheo wa kwa Berlin o ka bonwa e le tsela ya go tlhomamisa mo molaong wa go lwela Aforika, mo go neng go setse go gaketse.[3] Bokopano bo nnile le seabe mo go simololeng nako ya go busa ga mafatshe a Europe. Le fa go ntse jalo bakanoki ba dibuka ba tlhagisa go sa fetise seabe sa bone mo kgaoganong ya Aforika, ba tsibosa ka ditumalano tse di fedisweng pele le morago ga bokopano.[4][5][6]Patlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2024 e supile fa melelwane e e neng ya tlhomiwa kwa bokopanong bo e le ya kgaolo ya Congo fela, le gore bontsi jwa melelwane ya Aforika e fedile dingwaga di le masome mabedi morago ga bokopano bo.[7] Wm. Roger Louis o dumalana le gore molao wa kwa Berlin o nnile le seabe mo se se bakileng kgaogano ya Aforika.

Kakanyo e nngwe e supile fa bokopano bo e ne e le go kganela dibetsa tse disha mo Aforika. Tlhobolo ya motshini e ne e sa tswa go dirwa, e ka nako e o e ne e le sebetsa sa kganyaolo, mme fa se ne se ka kganelwa go tsena mo Aforika, go ne go ka nna bofefo go gapa mafatshe. Lefatshe la Ethiopia le ne la kgona go bona dibetsa tsa sesha go tswa kwa Russia, se se ne sa letla lefatshe la Ethiopia go tswelela ka boipuso jwa lone. Phetogo ya kwa Russia ya ngwaga wa 1917 ke yone e neng ya fedisa kiletso e.[8]

Mebuso ya kwa Europe e ne e laolwa gape ke itsholelo, ka go phadisanela ditsa tlholego mo Aforika go ne go le botlhokwa go gola le go dira dikgwebo. Jaaka dikgwebo tsa kwa Europe di ne di gola, didirisiwa di tshwana le rabara, ditswammung, dinaka tsa tlou le letsela di ne di dira lefatshe la Aforika tlhwatlhwa kgolo. Fa godimo ga foo, go tsaya taolo mo dikwebong tsa Aforika go ne go letla mafatshe a Europe go rekisa dithoto tse di dirilweng, se se oketsa go tsaya taolo mo didirisiweng le mo kgwebong. Bokopano jwa kwa Berlin bo dirile gore maikaelelo a a kgonagale. Kgotlhang ka tsa itsholelo gareng ga mafatshe a France le Britain e ne ya oketsa go itlhaganelela go tsaya mafatshe pele ga go nna le go ikgagapelela mo mafelong a tshwana le Congo Basin. Lefatshe la Europe le ne le na le madirelo a le mantsi se se rotloeditse go batla mebaraka kwa mafatsheng a a kwa ntle, ba rekisediwa didirisiwa ke mafatshe a Aforika, mme ba ebile ba ba rekisetse mo go setseng go fedile.[9][10]

Mafatshe a le supa a a neng a emetswe,a ne a boa a sa tshola sepe go tswa Aforika, mafatshe a ke Austria-Hungary, Russia, Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden-Norway, Ottoman Empire le United States.

Motheo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Setshwantsho sa motlao se supa Leopold II le babusi ba bangwe kwa bokopanong jwa kwa Berlin

Pele ga bokopano, baemedi ba mafatshe a kwa Europe ba ne ba kopana le baeteledipele ba Aforika, baeteledipele ba kwa France ba ne ba setse ba tlhasetse mafelomangwe kwa Lagos jaaka ba ne ba dira kwa bophirima, ka go ikamanya le bagwebi ba mo gae. Ka dingwaga sa 1800 di simologa, batho ba kwa Europe ba ne ba tsenelela mmaraka wa Aforika ka batho ba le bantsi ba ne ba simolola go kgatlhegela dinaka tsa ditlou. Mafelo a tlhotleletso a kwa Euroe a ne a felela fela kwa lotshitshing lwa Aforika ka ba ne ba dirile mafelo a thekiso a a felelang koo.[11]

Ka ngwaga wa 1876, Kgosi Leopold II wa kwa Belgium, o o neng a simolotse ebile a laola lekgotla la International African Association ngwaga one o, o ne a laletsa Henry Morton Stanley gore ba kopanele go batlisisa le go tlhabolola lefatshe la Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa 1878, lekgotla la International Congo Society le ne la simolodisiwa, le na le mekgele ya itsholelo e le mentsi, mme e amana le mokgatlho wa pele. Leopold o ne a reka babeeletsi ba batswakwa ba mokgatlho o o ka sephiri, mme wa fetolelwa kwa mekgeleng ya go godisa, ka mokgatlho o o o dira dilo tsa bopelotlhomogi.[12]

Batlhotlhomisi le barongwa ba nnile le seabe se segolo mo go baakanyetseng bokopano jwa kwa Berlin. Ba ne ba tshwaya mafelo, ba rerisana le beng gae, ba bo ba rotloetsa tshiamelo ya go golela mo Aforika ga Europe. Batho ba tshwana le Henry Morton ba ne ba tsaya maeto go ya Congo basin mo boemong jwa ga Kgosi Leopold II. O ne a dira ditumalano le beteledipele ba mo gae , tsa go etelela pele ga lefatshe la Belgium mo kgaolong eo. Barongwa le bone ba ne ba dira tiro e e tshwanang le e, ba isa SeKeresete le boitshwaro jwa kwa bophirima mo Aforika. Barongwa ba gantsi ba ne ba lebaganya mekgele ya bione le ya go atolosiwa ga go laola. Matsholo a a neng a dirilwe mo mafelong a a ne a dirisiwa go bulela maitshwaro a batho Europe, ba kopanya maikaelelo a bone a tumelo le a sepolotiki. Dipego tse di tswang mo batlholhomising le mo barongweng di ne di supa fa Aorika e le lefatshe la ditshono ebile e tshwanetse go tlhabololwa.

Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1878 go tsena kwa wa 1885, Stanley o ne a boela kwa Congo e se mmegi e le agenetse ya ga Leopold, ka thomo ya sephiri ya go rulaganya kwa jaanong go itsiweng ka leina la Congo Free State morago ga phelelo ya bokopano jwa Berlin ka Phatwe 1885[6][13][4]. Diagente tsa kwa France ba ne ba lemoga lenaneo laga Leopold, mme ba fetola ka go romela batlhotlhomisi ba bone mo Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa 1881, lesole la kwa France, Pierre de Brazza o ne a romelwa kwa legareng la Aforika, o ne a tsamaya go ya go stena kwa bophirima jwa Congo Basin mme a tsholetsa folaga ya France kwa godimo ga Brazzaville kwa jaanong e leng Republic of Congo. Kwa phelelong, Portugal, ba ba neng ba tlogetse lefelo lengwe mo kgaolong eo, le bone ba ne ba supa fa e le lefelo la bone, ka ntlha ya tumalano e ba neng ba nnile le yone le Spain le kereke ya Katoliki. Ba ne ba dira tumalano ka ngwaga wa 1884, Tlhakole a le malatsi a le masome mabedi le borataro, le ditsala tsa bone tsa pele Great Britain, e le go thibela mokgatlho wa Congo go ya kwa lewatleng la Atlantic.

Kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa 1880, mabaka a le mantsi a akaretsa go atlega mo dipuisanong, go nna le kitso e e tseneletseng ka Europe le go ya godimo ga go batla didiisiwa di tshwana le gauta, logong le rabara a ne a oketsa go tsaya karolo ga Europe mo Aforika. Go tshwaya noka ya Congo ga ga Stanley ka ngwaga wa 1874 go tsena 1877 go ne ga ntsha lefelo la bofelo le le sa tshwaiwang, go kgaoganya mafelo aa laolwang ke Britain, Portugal, France le Belgium. Mafatshe a a Europe a ne a tabogela go gapa mafelo a, a a neng a ka gapiwa ke baba.[14]

Lefatshe la France le ne la akanyetsa go gapa lefatshe la Tunisia, e le lengwe la mafelo a bofelo a a kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Aforika, ba supa fa go nnile le tiragalo e nngwe ya bogodu jwa badirisi ba dikepe. Dipelaelo tsa ga Brazza di ne tsa diragadiwa ke sesole, se se neng sa tsaya taolo kwa Republic of the Congo ka ngwaga wa 1881 le Guinea ka 1884. Lefatshe la Italy le ne la nna la boraro mo tirisanongmmogo eo, mme selo se sa utlusa Bismarck botlhoko ka a ne a na le mananeo, mme a etelela pele Germany go tsaya karolo mo go tlhaseleng Aforika ga mafatshe a Europe.[15]

Ka ngwaga wa 1882, lefatshe la Britain le ne le bona e kare tsela ya lone ya thekiso e e fetang ka Egypt go ya India e mo diphatseng ka lefatshe la France le ne le tseneletse kwa botlhaba go ya kwa legareng la Aforika go ya kwa Ethiopia, noka ya Nile le Suez Canal.[16]

Bokopano

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Lobelo lwa Europe lwa go busa mafatshe a Aforika go ne ga dira gore lefatshe la Germany le simolola loeto lwa lone, s se ne sa tshosetsa mafatshe a France le Britain. Ka maikaelelo a go fodisa kgotlhang e kgosi wa kwa Belgium Leopold II o ne a tlhomamisetsa mafatshe a Germany le France gore kgwebo ya kwa Aforika e siametse mafatshe otlhe ka boraro. Ka thotloetso ya lefatshe la Britain le Portugal, Otto von Bismarck, mogogi wa kwa Germany, o ne a bitsa baemedi ba mafatshe a a lesome le boraro a Europe le la United States go tsaya karolo mo bokopanong jwa kwa Berlin ka ngwaga wa 1884 go dira molao o o tlhakanetsweng wa lefatshe la Aforika.

Bokopano bo simolotse ka ngwaga wa 1884, Ngwanatsele a le lesomele botlhano mme jwa fela ka Tlhakole 1885, a le masome a mabedi le borataro.[17] Palo ya baemedi e ne e farologana go ya ka lefatshe lengwe le nngwe[18], mme mafatshe a a lesome le bone a a ne a rometse baemedi go tsenelela bokopano jwa Berlin le go baya monwana molao wa Berlin.[19]

Lefatshe Mmuso o o fentsweng Baemedi
Germany 		Bogosi jwa kolone ya Germany Otto von Bismarck

Paul von Hatzfeldt Clemens Busch Heinrich von Kusserow

Austria-Hungary 		Bogosi jwa kolone ya Austria Imre Szechenyi von Sarvar- Felsovidek
Mokgatlho wa International Congo Society Mokgatlho wa International Congo Society Gabriel August van der Straten-Ponthoz

Auguste, Baron Lambermont

Spain 		Bogosi jwa kolone ya Spain Francisco Merry y Colom, Count wa ntlha wa Benomar
Denmark 		Bogosi jwa Kolone ya Denmark Emil Vind
United States 		Bogosi jwa kolone ya America John A. Kasson

Henry S. Sanford Henry Morton Stanley (e le mogakolodi wa tsa maranyane)[1]

France 		Bogosi jwa kolone ya France Alphonse de Courcel
United Kingdom 		Bogosi jwa kolone ya Britain Edward Baldwin Malet
Italy 		Bogosi jwa Kolone ya Italy Eduardo de Launay
Netherlands 		Bogosi jwa kolone ya Dutch Philip van der Hoeven
Portugal 		Bogosi jwa kolone ya Portugal Antonio Jose da Serra Gomes

Antonio de Serpa Pimentel

Russia 		Bogosi jwa kolone ya Russia Pyotr Kapnist
Sweden-Norway 		Bogosi jwa kolone ya Sweden Gillis Bildt
Ottoman Empire 		Bogosi jwa Ottoman Mehmed Said Pasha

Lefatshe la America le le nosi le na le tshwanelo ya go gana kgotsa go amogela se se dumalangweng kwa bokopanong.[20]

Molao

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Molao o ne wa tlhomamisa dintlha tse di latelang:

  • Go amogelwa ke setšhaba,[21][5] bokopano bo ne ba ikaelela go fedisa bokgoba jwa batho ba Aforika le baeteledipele ba tumelo ya Islam. Ka jalo kemiso ya mafatshefatshe ya go gweba ka makgoba mo mafelong otlhe e ne ya bewa monwana ke maloko a Europe. Mo bukeng ya gagwe ya Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad o ne a sotla bangwe ba ba tsaya karolo kwa bokopanong, e bong International Society of the Congo[22][23] are ke mokgatlho wa mafatshefatshe wa go batlisisa le go tlhabolola legare la Aforika. (International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa.)
  • Dithoto tse di neng di tserwe ke mokgatlho wa ga kgosi wa Belgium, King Leopold wa International Congo Society di ne tsa tlhomamisiwa fa e le tsa mokgatlho. Ka ngwaga wa 1885, Phatwe a tlhola gangwe, dikgwedi felamorago ga tswalo ya bokopano, mothusa Leopold Francis de Winton, o ne a itsise fa lefelo leo jaanong le tla bidiwa the "Congo Free State" leina le le neng le se mo tirisong ka nako ya bokopano ebile le sa tlhagelele mo molaong.[13][4][6]Pampiri ya dikgang ya puso morago e ne ya tlhalosa fa Leopold II go tswa ka lone letsatsi leo a tla nna mmusi wa lefatshe le lesha leo, e le kgang e e sa dumalanwang kwa bokopanong.[24][25]
  • Mafatshe a lesome le bone a a beileng monwana a tla gweba a sa lopiwe sepe mo Congo Basin le kwa letšheng la Malawi le botlhaba jwa lone.
  • Dinoka tsa Niger le Congo di tla tsamaya dikepe go sa lopiwe sepe.

Molaomotheo wa go atlega mo go gapeng

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Molaomotheo wa go atlega mo go gapeng o ne o supa fa o o nonofileng a ka tsaya tshwanelo mo lefatsheng le a le gapang fela fa a le tsere kgotsa go na le maduo: fa a nnile le tumalano le baeteledipele ba mo gae, a fofisitse folaga ya bone, ebile a dirile tsamaiso mo lefelong gore a le etelele pele ka sepodise gore tsotlhe di nne mo mannong.

Tshwantshanyo ya Aforika mo dingwageng tsa 1980 le 1913

Molaomotheo o, gammogo le e menngwe e e kwadilweng kwa bokopanong o ne o letla batho ba Europe go fenya Aforika mme ba dire go le go botlana go mo laola kgotsa go mo etelela pele. Molaomotheo o ne o sa diragadiwe thata mo mafelong a a bofitlha a sa itsegale, ka nako eo ya bokopano. Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le koketsego ya mafelo a a bofitlha, mo go neng ga dira gore ba ba nonofileng ba tseye thata ya sepolotiki mo lefatsheng le le bophara. Ka Aforika a ne a sa bopega mo go tlwaelesegileng, se se ne sa baka mathata mme morago sa kgaphelwa ntle.[26]

Thulaganyo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  • Portugal - Britain: Puso ya kwa Portugal e ne ya tla ka porojeke e bidiwa "Pink Map" kgotsa "Rose-colored Map", e mo go yone mafatshe a a gapilweng a Angola le Mozambique a neng a bopaganngwa. (Lefatshe le morago le ne la nna mafatshe a Zambia, Zimbabwe le Malawi.)
  • France - Britain: tsela e e tswang kwa Say kwa Niger go tsena kwa Maroua kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa noka ya Chad, e ne e supa gore bonlha bo fe ke jwa ga mang. Lefatshe la France le ne le tsere lefelo le le kwa bokone jwa tsela, Britain a tsere e e kwa borwa.
  • France - Germany: Lefelo le le kwa bokone jwa tsela, le le dirwang ke bokopano jwa 14th Medirian le Miltou le ne la neelwa France mme le le kwa borwa la neelwa Germany o kwa morago go neng ga bidiwa German cameroon.
  • Britain - Germany: Kgaogano e ne ya nna ka tsela e e ralalang Yola kwa Benue, Dekoa e goroga kwa nokeng ya Chad.
  • France-Italy: Lefatshe la Italy le ne le tshwanetse go tsaya lefelo le le kwa bokone jwa mola go tswa kwa makopanelong a Tropic of Cancer le 17th Meridian east go tsena kwa 15th Parallel North le 21st Meridian east.

Dishekatsheko tsa baithuti ba ditso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Baithuti ba ditso ba supile fa bokopano jwa kwa Berlin e le gone kwa go neng go dirwa gore go lwela mafatshe a Aforika go nne semmuso., mme mo bošheng jaana, baithuti ba boditse ka tlhotlheletso ya bokopano bo mo go tsa molao le tsa itsholel

Baithuti ba bangwe ba itebagantse le tsa molao mme ba ngagisane[27] gore bokopano e ne e le nngwe fela ya ditumalano tse dintsi gareng ga babusi,[28] mo go diragetsang morago ga bokopano.

Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Belgian Congo and the Berlin act, by Keith, Arthur Berriedale, 1919, p. 52.
  2. ↑ De Belgische Koloniën - Documentaire over het Belgisch Koloniaal Rijk (English: The Belgian Colonies - Documentary on the Belgian Colonial Empire) timestamp 10:40 to 10:52)
  3. ↑ Bruce Gilley: In Defense of German Colonialism, September 1, 2022
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Katzenellenbogen, S. (1996). "It didn't happen at Berlin: Politics, economics and ignorance in the setting of Africa's colonial boundaries.". In Nugent, P.; Asiwaju, A. I. (eds.). African Boundaries: Barriers, Conduits and Opportunities. London: Pinter. pp. 21–34
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Craven, M. (2015). "Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the logic of free trade". London Review of International Law. 3: 31–59. doi:10.1093/lril/lrv002.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Crowe, S. E. (1942). The Berlin West African Conference, 1884–1885. London: Longmans Green.
  7. ↑ Paine, Jack; Qiu, Xiaoyan; Ricart-Huguet, Joan (2024). "Endogenous Colonial Borders: Precolonial States and Geography in the Partition of Africa". American Political Science Review. 119: 1–20. doi:10.1017/S0003055424000054. ISSN 0003-0554.
  8. ↑ Ladimeji: Ethiopia and Berlin, February 2025
  9. ↑ Pakenham, Thomas (15 December 1991). The Scramble for Africa. HarperCollins.
  10. ↑ Boahem, Adu A (1 September 1989). African Perspectives on Colonialism. JohnsHopkinsPress.
  11. ↑ Chamberlain, Muriel E., The Scramble for Africa (1999).
  12. ↑ Acherson, Neal, The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo (1999).
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cornelis, S. (1991). "Stanley au service de Léopold II: La fondation de l'État Indépendant du Congo (1878–1885)". In Cornelis, S. (ed.). H.M. Stanley: Explorateur au Service du Roi. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. pp. 41–60 (53–54).
  14. ↑ Förster, Stig, Wolfgang Justin Mommsen, and Ronald Edward Robinson, eds. Bismarck, Europe and Africa: The Berlin Africa Conference 1884–1885 and the Onset of Partition (1988).
  15. ↑ Langer, William L., European Alliances and Alignments: 1871–1890 (1950), pp. 217–220.
  16. ↑ Langer, European Alliances and Alignments: 1871–1890 (1950), pp. 251–280.
  17. ↑ Rosenberg, Matt. "The Berlin Conference: Where a Continent Was Colonized". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 03 June 2025.
  18. ↑ Wang, Shih-tsung (31 July 1998). "The Conference of Berlin and British 'New' Imperialism, 1884–85"柏林會議與英國「新帝國主義」,(PDF) (Report). 王世宗. Taipei: Department of History and Research Institute of National Taiwan University (國立臺(國立臺灣大學歷史學系暨研究所). Archived from the original (PDF) on 03 June 2025. Also available here, original here.
  19. ↑ General-Akte der Berliner Konferenz [Acte Général de la Conférence de Berlin], 26 February 1885
  20. ↑ "Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the logic of free trade". London Review of International Law. Lril.oxfordjournals.org. 10 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 03 June 2025.
  21. ↑ David, Saul. "BBC – History – British History in depth: Slavery and the 'Scramble for Africa'". bbc.co.uk/history. BBC. Retrieved 3 June 2025
  22. ↑ "Historical Context: Heart of Darkness." EXPLORING Novels, Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Discovering Collection. (subscription required)
  23. ↑ Stengers, Jean, "Sur l'aventure congolaise de Joseph Conrad". In Quaghebeur, M. and van Balberghe, E. (eds), Papier Blanc, Encre Noire: Cent Ans de Culture Francophone en Afrique Centrale (Zaïre, Rwanda et Burundi). 2 Vols. Brussels: Labor. Vol. 1, pp. 15–34.
  24. ↑ Thomson, Robert (1933). Fondation de l'État Indépendant du Congo: Un chapitre de l'histoire du partage de l'Afrique. Brussels. pp. 177–189.
  25. ↑ Moniteur Belge / Belgisch Staatsblad. Brussels. 1885–1886. p. 22.
  26. ↑ Herbst, Jeffrey. States and Power in Africa. Ch. 3, pp. 71–72.
  27. ↑ Aghie, Antony (2004). Landauer, Carl (ed.). Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. Cambridge University Press.
  28. ↑ Hargreaves, John (1963). Prelude to the Partition of West Africa. Macmillam.
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