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Bokopano jwa kwa Brussels jwa ngwaga wa 1889 go tsena ka 1890, go ema kgatlhanong le bokgoba

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Mokete kwa Brussels. Go iteelwa kgosi legofi fa a buelela molao wa bokopano jwa Brussels wa 1890

Bokopano jwa kwa Brussels jwa ngwaga wa 1889 go tsena 1890 jwa go ema kgatlhanong le bokgoba, bo ne bo tshwaretswe kwa Brussels ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 1889 go tsena Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 1890, bo ne jwa fela ka go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga molao wa bokopano jwa Brussels wa 1890 wa kemiso ya kgwebo ya makgoba le bokgoba mo Aforika. Bokopano bo ne bo eme nokeng melao ya bokolone bo dirisa ntwa kgatlhanong le bokgoba jaaka seipato.[1] Tiragalo le tshimolo ya yone di ne di tlhotlhelediwa thata ke kgatlhego ya setšhaba. Dipuso di ne di dira jaaka ekete di eme nokeng maikaelelo a ditshwanelo tsa setho go dira gore go rata maemo ga bone go lebege go amogelesega.[2]

Leopold wa bobedi, kgosi e e neng e nyoretswe maatla[3] ya batho ba Belgium, o ne a ikotlhaela dikganelo tsa maatla tse di neng di dirisiwa mo go ene ka ntlha ya maemo a gagwe a mmusi wa molaomotheo.[4] O ne a dira tsamaiso ya go aga puso ya gagwe ya segosi e e feletseng mo Aforika, mo go neng ga baka go tlhamiwa ga Congo Free State.[3] Leopold o ne a kgona go gapa kgaolo eo ka go tlhotlheletsa mafatshe a mangwa a kwa Europe kwa bokopanong jwa Benin jwa Aforika gore o dira tiro ya mautlwelobotlhoko le ditshwanelo tsa setho ebile o tla seke a lope lekgetho mo thekisong.[5] Ka lekgotla la mafatshe la Congo, o ne a kgona go gapa bontsi jwa kgampu ya Congo. Congo Free State e ne ya nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng le farologane le Belgium, a kopantswe ke Kgosi. Le ne le laolwa ke Leopold wa bobedi, le ntswa a ise a ke a etele lefatshe leo.[6]

Lestsholo la tumelo kgatlhanong le bokgoba la ga Lavigerie

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Bagwebi ba makgoba ba ditso tsa Arab-Swahili le ba ba neng ba ab tswhere mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Ruvuma kwa Mozambique

Ka nako ya go kgaratlhela Aforika ka dingwaga tsa 1880 di le fa gare, le ntswa bokopano jwa dikolone jwa kwa Benin bo ne bo solofeditse go namola batho, matshwenyego a babusi ba dikolone e ne e le a kgaolo le a itsholelo. Se se ne se tla fetoga ka ngwaga wa 1888. Mo mafokong a boremelelo kwa Paris le London, Cardinal Charles Lavigerie, o a neng a simolotse letsholo la sedumedi kgatlhanong le bokgoba, o ne a kgala dipogisego tsa kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya noka ya Indian, segolo jang kgwebo ya bokgoba kwa Zanzibar. O ne a gwetlha baithaopi ba masole mo mafatsheng otlhe go tsaya kgato k bofefo go emisa kgwebo ya makgoba kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika.[1]

Leopold wa bobedi o ne a etse tlhoko letsholo la dithero tsa ga Laviregie. O ne a tshwenngwa thata ke maano a go romela sesole sa mafatshefatshe sa sephiri. Se se ka raya go gapiwa ga Congo wa gagwe. Mophato o o wa sesole go ka siama fela fa e ne e le ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa puso ya Congo. Leopold o ne a tshaba gape gore Laviregie , o mo mafokong a gagwe a pele a neng a kile a supa Tippu Tip ka monwana go bo a gweba ka makgoba, o ka gobatsa molao wa Arabea wa Congo Free State.

Morago ga go kopana le Leopold, le fa go ntse jalo, Lavigerie o ne a tlogela mogopolo wa sesole sa mafatshe se se ithaopileng. Loeto lwa go nna kgatlhanong le bokgoba lo ne jaanong lo rulaganngwa ke mokgatlho wa mafatshe o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba, o bereka le babusi ba dikolone ba ba amegang. Mo puong ya gagwe ya kwa Brussels,le ntwa Laviregie a supile kgwebo ya makgoba e e golellang pele kwa Congo Free State ka monwana o o bogale, o ne a re se ke ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya didirisiwa.[1]

Go ya kwa bokopanong

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Charles Lavigerie, motlhami wa barongwa ba Aforika

Letsholo la sedumedi la ga Levigerie ga le a kgotletsa letsholo la kgatlhanong le bokgoba fela,[7] mme gape go ne ga tswa bokopano jwa kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Go dira mafatshe a a kwa botlhaba le legare la Aforika dikolone ga mafatshe a Europe go bakile mathata a le mmalwa, bogolo jang ka boeteledipele jwa ditso tsa Arabea-Swahili. Sekai se se papametseng ke tsuologo ya Arab-Swahili e e neng ya baka kganelo ya lotshitshi lwa botlhaba lwa Aforika ke mafatshe a Germany le Britain.[1][8]

Bokopano jwa Brussels kgatlhanong le bokgoba le bone ka tsela nngwe bo gwetlhile letsholo le le tsweletseng la Britain kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya makgoba le bokgoba mo bogosing jwa Ottoman. Letsholo le ne la nna le kgatelopele ka go ne go lebeletswe bokopano jwa Brussels jo bo nneg bo tshwaneste go diragala ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 1889. Ofisi ya Britain ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya supetsa babusi ba Ottoman gore bogosi jwa bone bo tla kgalwa ka ba sa tsenya bokopano jwa Ottoman jwa 1880 mo tirisong kwa bokopanong jo bo tlang jwa Brussels jo bo kgatlhanong le bokgoba, ntle le fa ba ka tsaya kgato pele ga bone, le gore kgato e e tseneletseng e e kgatlhanong le bokgoba e ka fenyetsa bogosi jwa Ottoman megopolo ya batho ba Europe.[9] Kgatelelo ya lefatshe la Britain e ne ya tswa maduo fa kgosi Abdul Hamid wa bobedi a itsise molao wa Kanunname wa 1889 ka Morule a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 1889, e le molao wa ntlha o o neng o fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba semmuso mo bogosing jwa Ottoman.[10]

Auguste Lambermont o ne a etelela pele bokopano

Lefatshe la Britain, morago ga go buisana le la Germany, le ne la kopa lefatshe la Belgium go bitsa bokopano jwa mafatshe jwa kgwebo ya makgoba.[11] Lefatshe la Belgium le ne le tlhophilwe go kokobetsa dipelaelo tsa mafatshe a France le Portugal. Ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 1889 a le lesome le borobabobedi, baemedi ba mafatshe a le lesome le bosupa ba ne ba kopana kwa Brussels dikgwedi di robabobedi di sa tlhomagana. Dikopano tse di diragetse kwa lephateng la mafatshe a sele la Belgium.[12] Lambermont o ne a tlhophiwa go nna tautona wa bokopano jo.[13] Ditetla tsa molao go emisa kgwebo ya bokgoba mo kgaolong ya Aforika go ne go lekana le leano la bokolone bo bongwe gape. Se se ne se dirwa ke mabaka a gore sepe se se neng se na le seabe mo go oketseng puso ya Europe se tshwanetse go fokotsa kgato ya bagwebi ba makgoba.[14]

Molao wa bokopano jwa Brussels o ne o tlhalosa gore dira gore go nne le ditsamaiso tsa molao, tumelo le sesole mo dikoloneng tsa Aforika le mafatshe a a sireleditsweng ke yone tsela e e siameng go emisa kgwebo ya bokgoba. Ntlha ya botlhokwa mo lenaaneng e ne e le go laola go tsisiwa ga dibetsa. Kgwebo ya dibetsa e ne ya seka ya nonotsha fela batho ba Arab-Swahili, mme ditlhobolo le marumo e ne e le ditsela tse dingwe tsa go gweba ka makgoba.[1]

Go emisa kgwebo ya makgoba kwa lewatleng, go ne go tshwanela gore go nne le taolo e e tseneletseng ya dikepe. Pele mo ntweng kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic,lefatshe la England le ne le feditse ditumalano ka mawatle le mafatshe a aa farologaneng. Se se ne sa letla sesole sa England go tlhatlhoba dikepe tsa mafatshe a sele gore a ga di a tshola makgoba. Lefatshe la England le ne la batla tumalano ya mafatshe kwa bokopanong e e tla a letlang tshwanelo ya go tlhotlhomisa. Lefatshe la France, le fa go ntse jalo, le ne le sale le ema kgatlhanong le tshwanelo eo ka e ne e dira gore masole a England a lewatle a nne mapodisi a sesole, kgato e e ne e supa tirisanommogo gareng ga bobedi boo.[1]

Kwa phelelong kgwebo ya bokgoba e ne e ka emisiwa fa go batla makgoba a masha go ka nyelela. Ka jalo, go fedisa bokgoba jwa lewatle la Indian gotlhelele, bokgoba bo ne bo tshwanela go fedisiwa kwa mafatsheng a go goregelwang kwa go one. Le fa go ntse jalo, bokopano ga bo a ka jwa ya kgakala jalo: go tsisiwa ga makgoba ke gone fela go builweng ka gone. Bogosi jwa Ottoman bo gwetlhilwe ke bokopano, bo ne jwa fetisa molao o mosha o o emisang theko ya makgoba, tsamaiso ya bone le go rekisa makgba, mme jwa tlogela bokgoba. Makgoba a a neng a le mo kgolegelong le a a neng a tsisitswe go se ka fa molaong a ne a tshwanelwa ke go neelwa makwalo a kgololo.[1]

Lekgetho la theko

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Kgosi Leopold wa bobedi wa Belgium o ne a tshwere bokopano

lekgetho la theko mo gae ke lone le neng le tshwentse Leopold. Molao wa Berlin o ne o emisitse tuelo ya makgetho a theko ya mo gae kwa kgampung ya Congo ka lobaka lwa dingwaga di le masome mabedi. Jaanong o ne a batla go busetsa se kwa morago, morago ga dingwaga fela di le tlhano. [1]

Setshwantsho sa ngwaga wa 1904 ka go tlhoka go tsaya kgato ga polotiki ya mafatshefatshe ya ditshwanelo tsa setho ka ditiro ste di setlhogo kwa Congo Free State

Mo puisanong ya pele le lefatshe la England, Leopold o ne a kopile gore mafatshe otlhe a neng a nnile le ditshenyegelo mo ntweng kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya makgoba a letlelelwe go duela lekgetho la theko; go ne go sena o o ganneng se. Leopold ka jalo o ne a batla gore se se akarediwe mo thulaganyong ya bokopano, mme Lambermont o ne a dumela gore ba tshwanetse go nna kelotlhoko. Ka Motsheganong a le lesome, Lambermont o ne a isa kakanyetso e kwa bokopanong. O ne a kopa kemiso ya molao wa bone wa molao wa Berlin, a kopa gore mafatshe a kgampu ya Congo a letlelelwe go duela lekgetho la tse di tsenang la lesome mo lekgolong la madi, kemiso kgotsa lekgetho la dinotagi le lone le ne la akanngwa, ka di amamana le kgwebo ya makgoba.[15] Tlhabololo ya go dira ditirelo tsa phatlalatsa go ema nokeng kgwebo go ne go tlhoka madi. Fa godimo ga foo, mafatshe a a neng a le kwa pele kgatlhanong le bokgoba a ne a tshwanelwa ke go letlelelwa, ka tiro ya bone ya ditshwanelo tsa setho e jele madi a mantsi.[1]

Pele mafatshe a Netherlands le United States a ne a le kgatlhanong le kakanyetso e, mme morago ga dipuisano tsa lobaka le kitso ya ga Leopold, botlhe ba ne ba dumalana, Leopold o ne a fenya, mme ka Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi, molao le kitsiso ya bokopano jwa Brussels o ne o ka bewa monwana.[1][16]

Ditlamorago

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Bokopano bo ne jwa gwetlha puisano ya tumalano ya ntlha go emisa kgwebo ya makgoba kwa lewatleng la Indian, bokopano jwa Brussels, o o neng wa dumalanwa ka ngwaga wa 1890, wa simolola go bereka ka Moranang a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 1892.[14]

Ka Lwetse a le lesome, ngwaga wa 1991, bokopano jwa Saint German-en-Laye jwa 1919 go baakanya molao wa Berlin wa 1885 le kitsiso ya Brussels ya 1890,[17] bo ne jwa sireletsa go fokotsa bokgoba ka mefuta yotlhe le kgwebo ya makgoba ka tsela kgotsa ka lewatle,[18] se se baakanyetsa bokopano jwa United Nations jwa Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 1926, mabapi le bokgoba.[14]

Ba tsaya karolo

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Lefatshe Ba tsaya karolo
Germany Tona wa Germany kwa Brussels Friedrich Johann von Alvensleben, le Dr. Arendt, moemedi wa Germany kwa Antwerp
Austria-Hungary Tona wa Hungary kwa Brussels Johann Carl Khevenhuller
Belgium Tona wa lefatshe M. le Baron Lambermont

Mogogi kwa lephateng la mafatshe a sele Mr. Emile Banning

Spain Tona wa kwa Spain kwa Brussels, M. Franciso Gutirrez de Aguera y Bayo
Denmark Moemedi wa Denmark kwa Antwerp Mfg Schack De Brockdorff
United States Tona wa United States kwa Brussels Edwin H. Terrell
France Tona wa France kwa Brusse;s M. Bolree, mothusa mogogi kwa lephateng la mafatshe a sele kwa Paris M Georges Cogordan
United Kingdom Tona wa Britain kwa Brussels Lord Vivian, le Sir John Kirk wa GCMG
Italy Tona wa Italy kwa Brussels, Baron De Reinzis
Netherlands Tona wa Netherlands kwa Brussels Baron louis Gericke van Herwijnen
Portugal Tona wa Portugal kwa Brussels M. Henrique de Macedo Pereira Coutinho
Russia Tona wa Russia kwa Brussels Prince Lev Ouroussov
Sweden-Norway Tona wa Sweden le Norway kwa Brussels, Carl Burenstam
Congo Free State Tona wa lefatshe Mr. Pirmez, tautona wa khansele ya lefatshe le le ikemetseng la Congo.

Motsamaisi wa lephata la mafatshe a sele wa Congo Mr. Van Eetvelde

Ottoman Empire Tona wa Ottoman kwa Brussels Caratiieodory Efendi
Qajar Iran Tona wa Persia kwa Brussels Nazare Aga

[19]

Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chatelet, Luc. (1988). The humanitarian Action of Leopold II in Congo Free State. The Antislavery-Conference of Brussels (1889-1890). Afrika Focus. 4. 10.21825/af.v4i1-2.6489.
  2. ↑ Mulligan, William (2013). "The Anti-slave Trade Campaign in Europe, 1888–90". In Mulligan, William; Bric, Maurice (eds.). A Global History of Anti-slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-03260-7.
  3. 1 2 Pirotte, Jean (2013). "L'Afrique centrale ex-belge". Histoire, monde et cultures religieuses (in French). 25: 107–132. Léopold II s'était lancé dans l'entreprise coloniale pour assouvir sa soif de pouvoir et donner une importance stratégique à son pays. [Leopold II had embarked on the colonial enterprise in order to quench his thirst for power and to give strategic importance to his country.]
  4. ↑ Albig, Jörg-Uwe (2014). "Das Herz der Finsternis". Geo Epoche. Das Magazin für Geschichte (in German). 66: 96–113.
  5. ↑ Gifford, Paul (1971). France and Britain in Africa. Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 221–260. ISBN 9780300012897.
  6. ↑ MO - De koning in Kinshasa die nooit in Congo was [Slot] Archived 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ Laqua, Daniel (2011). "The Tensions of Internationalism: Transnational Anti-Slavery in the 1880s and 1890s". The International History Review. 33 (4): 705–726. JSTOR 23240858.
  8. ↑ THE IMPERIAL BRITISH EAST AFRICA COMPANY. HC Deb 03 March 1892 vol 1 cc1836-83 Cardinal Lavigerie, in a series of very powerful addresses delivered in Brussels, had arrested the attention of philanthropists to this matter. He proposed that it might be dealt with by the institution of a Volunteer Army and by the absolute prevention of the importation of arms. Those matters were submitted to Her Majesty's Government; and whilst they did not consider that either of those two plans was capable of adoption, or at all events of execution, it was chiefly at the instigation of Her Majesty's Government and the German Government that the Belgian King convoked the Brussels Conference, which led to the signature of the Brussels Act in 1890.
  9. ↑ Erdem, Y. (1996). Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise 1800–1909. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 143
  10. ↑ Erdem, Y. (1996). Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise 1800–1909. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 144
  11. ↑ New Africa; an essay on government civilization in new countries, and on the foundation, organization and administration of the Congo Free State, GREAT BRITAIN'S APPEAL TO BELGIUM. THE BRUSSELS CONFERENCE, Page 142. The change which has occurred in the political condition of the African Coast, to-day calls for common action on the part of the Powers responsible for the control of that Coast. That action should tend to close all foreign slave-markets and should also result in putting down slave hunting in the interior. The great work undertaken by the King of the Belgians, in the constitution of the Congo State, and the lively interest taken by His Majesty in all questions affecting the welfare of the African races, lead Her Majesty's Government to hope that Belgium will be disposed to take the initiative in inviting the Powers to meet in Conference at Brussels, in order to consider the best means of attaining the gradual suppression of the slave-trade on the Continent of Africa and the immediate closing of all the outside markets which the slave-trade daily continues to supply.
  12. ↑ Hochschild, A. (1998). King Leopold's ghost: a story of greed, terror, and heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. To the king's great satisfaction, Brussels was chosen as the location, for eight months of intermittent meetings starting in November 1889, for an Anti-Slavery Conference of the major powers. The king happily entertained the delegates, in whose meeting room at the Belgian Foreign Ministry aforked slave-yoke was on display.
  13. ↑ All the King's Men' A search for the colonial ideas of some advisers and "accomplices" of Leopold II (1853-1892). (Hannes Vanhauwaert), 6. Baron Auguste Lambermont (1819-1905), The Anti-Slavery Conference and the Relaxing Relationship with Leopold IIBetween 16 November 1889 and 2 July 1890, the last major phase of African work for Baron Lambermont took place in neutral Brussels: an international anti-slavery conference. He was elected president.
  14. 1 2 3 François-Paul Blanc (2010). "L'esclavage au Maroc au temps du protectorat".
  15. ↑ All the King's Men' A search for the colonial ideas of some advisers and "accomplices" of Leopold II (1853-1892). (Hannes Vanhauwaert), 6. Baron Auguste Lambermont (1819-1905), The Anti-Slavery Conference and the Relaxing Relationship with Leopold II In May 1890, Lambermont proposed at the Conference the abolition of Article 4 of the Berlin Act, which allowed for a 10% tax on the value of incoming goods. Moreover, a ban or tax on alcohol was also being considered because it was closely linked to the slave trade. The handy baron pointed to the new costs that the decisions of the Anti-Slavery Conference entailed for the EIC to get the proposal into good graces, but the Netherlands in particular balked.
  16. ↑ New Africa; an essay on government civilization in new countries, and on the foundation, organization and administration of the Congo Free State, GREAT BRITAIN'S APPEAL TO BELGIUM. THE BRUSSELS CONFERENCE, Page 144. In place of this absolute prohibition was substituted with the immediate consent of all the Powers except one, which finally also gave its assent the permission to levy moderate import duties, exclusive of any differential regime. These duties were to be uniform throughout the Congo and could not exceed a maximum of ten per cent of the value of the imported goods.
  17. ↑ Convention revising the General Act of Berlin, 26 February 1885, and the General Act and Declaration of Brussels, 2 July 1890: signed at Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919
  18. ↑ UN Slavery Convention of 25 September 1926
  19. ↑ Conférence internationale de Bruxelles: 18 novembre 1889-2 juillet 1890, protocoles et acte final/Ministère des affaires étrangères France. Ministère des affaires étrangères (1588-2007). Auteur du texte
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