Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe kgatlhanong le bokgoba
Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe kgatlhanong le bokgoba bo nnile lantlha kwa ntlo lohalahaleng ya Exeter kwa London ngwaga wa 1840,[2] Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi go tsena a le lesome le boraro. Bo ne bo rulagantswe ke lekgotla le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba la Britain le mafatshe a sele, ka thotloetso ya ga modumedi Joseph Sturge.[2][3] Go kgaphela ntle basadi ka nako ya bokopano jo go ne ga rotloetsa tshimololo ya lekgotla la tshwanelo ya go tlhopa la basadi kwa United States.[4]
Ditso
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Mokgatlho wa go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba e ne e le mokgatlho wa badumedi o o tlhamilweng ka ngwaga wa 1787 ke banna ba le lesome le bobedi, ba ferabobedi e le badumedi fa ba le bararo e le batho ba tumelo ya Anglican, o mongwe wa bone e le Thomas Clarkson. Ka ntlha ya maiteko a bone, kgwebo ya makgoba jwa mafatshefatshe e ne ya fedisiwa mo dikgaolong tsa bogosi jwa Britain tsotlhe ka ntlha ya go fetisiwa ga molao wa kgwebisano ya makgoba wa 1807. Lekgotla la phemelo le kemiso ya bokgoba mo dikgaolong tsa Britain, le le saleng le nna teng go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1823 go tsena ka 1838, le thusitse go tla ka molao wa go fedisa bokgoba wa 1833, o buelelwa ke William Wilberforce, o o neng o emisa bokgoba kwa dikgaolong tsa bogosi jwa Britain go tswa ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 1834, fa batho ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a ferabobedi ba kwa Britain ba gololesega.[5]
Ka mo go tshwanang, ka dingwaga tsa 1830, basadi le banna kwa America ba ne ba diragatsa ditumelo tsa bone go nna bontlha bongwe jwa letsholo la kemiso ya bokgoba. Basadi ba le bantsi ba ne ba fetola taletso ya ga Wm. Llyod Garrison ya go nna le seabe mo lekgotleng la America la kemiso bokgoba. Ba ne ba tshwere phage ka mangana, ba tsenelela bokopano ebile ba kwala dikopo. Arthur Tappan le maloko a mangwe a lekgotla ba ne ba nna kgatlhanong le go tsaya karolo ga basadi mo polotiking.[6]
Ka ntlha ya letlhoko la lekgotla le le ka bolotsang letsholo le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba mo mafatsheng otlhe, lekgotla le le kagtlhanong le bokgoba la Britain le mafatshe a mangwe le ne la tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa 1839. Nngwe ya ditiro tsa yone tsa ntlha e ne e le go rulaganya bokopano jo bo kgatlhanong le bokgoba ka ngwaga wa 1840: "ditsholofelo tsa rona, re a dumalana, gore di ne di le kwa godimo, mme se se diragetseng ga se a di swabisa".[7] Dipaakanyo tsa tiragalo e di ne di simolotse ka ngwaga wa 1839, fa lekgotla le anamisa papatso e laletsa baemedi go tsaya karolo mo bokopanong.[3] Baemedi ba semmuso ba feta makgolo a mabedi e ne e le ba kwa Britain. Setlhopha se se latelang se segolo e ne e le ba kwa America, ka baemedi ba ka nna masome a matlhano. Palo potlana ya baemedi go tswa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe e ne ya tsenelela bokopano jo.[3]
Benjamin Robert Haydon o tshwantshitse setshwantsho sa bokopano jo bo kgatlhong le bokgoba ka ngwaga wa 1840, ngwaga morago ga tiragalo e,[6] setshwantsho se gompieno se kwa lefelong la ditshupo tsa botaki. Setshwantsho se setona se ebile se tsere dintlha tsotlhe, se supa Alexander e le motshwara madi wa lekgotla le lešha.[8] Setshwantsho se se supa bokopano jwa 1840, ebile se feditswe ngwaga o o latelang.[2] Lekgotla le lešha maikaelelo a lone e ne e le go fedisa bokgoba le kgwebo ya bokgoba mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso le tshireletso le kgatlhego ya batho kwa Britain le batho botlhe ba ba tshwerweng go nna makgoba.[9][10]
Potso ya go tsaya karolo ga basadi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Molaetsa o o anamisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 1839, o ne o gwetlha phetolo e e go ganetsanwang ka yone mo bathong ba ba kgatlhanong le bokgoba kwa America. Setlhopha sa ga Garrison se ne se ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga basadi mo letsholong le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Ba ne ba ganediwa ke ba ba emeng nokeng Arthur le Lewis Tappan. Fa setlhopha sa bobedi se romela molaetsa kwa BFASS se ganetsa go akaretsa basadi, molaetsa wa bobedi o ne wa ntshiwa ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 1840 o o neng o tlhamaletse o bua gore bokopano ke jwa borre fela.[3]
Le ntswa molaetsa o o ne o bua gore basadi ba ka se tsenelele bokopano, basadi ba ba kgatlhanong le bokgoba ba kwa America le Britain ba akaretsa Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton le Lady Byron, ba ne ba itshupa kwa bokopanong kwa London. Lekgotla le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba la kwa America, setlhopha sa ga Garrison, se ne sa akaretsa mosadi Lucretia Mott, le motho montsho wa kwa America Charles lenox Remond mo baemeding ba lone.[11] Makgotla a kwa Massachusetts le Pennsylvania a a kgatlhanong le bokgoba a ne a romela maloko a basadi go ba emela, ba akaretsa Abigail Kimber, Elizabeth Neall, Mary Grew le Sarah Pugh.[11] Cady Stanton ene e ne e se moemed; o ne a le kwa England a ipelela lonyalo lwa gagwe, a patile monna wa gagwe Henry Brewster Stanton, o e neng e le moemedi. (O ne a tsamaelana le setlhopha sa America se se neng se le kgatlhanong le tekatekano ya basadi le banna.)[11] Wendell Phillips o ne a ntsha molao kakanyetso wa gore basadi ba tshwanetse go akarediwa, letsatsi la ntlha la bokopano, le ne le itebagantse le go abelana ka gore a ke ba akarediwe go tsaya karolo. Dipego tse di gatisitsweng go tswa kwa bokopanong di ne di supa fa "bo kwa godimo le lotlhakore lwa kamore di ne di neetswe basadi, ba ba neng ba tsile ka dipalo tse di nametsang, ba akaretsa basadi ba ba kgatlhanong le bokgoba ba ba tswang kwa United States." Basadi ba ne ba letlelelwa go lebelela le go reetsa ba le kwa lefelong la babogedi mme ba sa letlelelwe go tsaya karolo.[6]
Ka go utlwela botlhoko basadi ba ba seegetsweng kwa thoko, ma America William Garrison, Charles lenox, Nathaniel P. Rogers le William Adams ba ne ba gana go tsaya manno a bone jaaka baemedi, mme ba tlhakana le basadi kwa lefelong la go bogela.
Lucretia Mott le Elizabeth Cady Stanton, ba morago ga dingwaga di ferabobedi ba neng ba rulaganya bokopano jwa kwa Seneca Falls, ba kopane kwa bokopanong jo.[12]
Dithulaganyo (ga di a felela)
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Komiti e e neng e rulaganya bokopano e ne e kopile moruti Benjamin Godwin go baakanya pampiri e e buang ka maitsholo a bokgoba.[13] Bokopano bo ne jwa amogela pampiri e ka bongwe fela jwa pelo, e e neng e kgala baeteledipele ba ditumelo, bokgoba le ditšhaba tse di neng di reteletswe ke go ema kgatlhanong le tiragalo e. Bokopano jo bo ne jwa tsaya tshwetso ya go kwalelabaeteledipele ba ditumelo tsotlhe go dumalana le se. Bokopano bo ne jwa gwetlha diphthego le ditumelo go koba baema nokeng ba bokgoba mo gare ga bone.[14]
George William Alexander o ne a bega ka maeto a gagwe le James Whitehorn ka ngwaga wa 1830, go ya Sweden le Netherlands go buisana ka diemo tsa makgoba kwa dikoloneng tsa Dutch le kwa Suriname. Kwa Suriname, o ne a bega, go na le makgoba a le dikete di le lekgolo, ba le masome a mabedi mo lekgolong ba gololwa ngwaga le ngwaga. Bokopano bo ne jwa baakanya makwalo a go ema kgatlhanong, ba kwalela baeteledipele ba ba tshwanetseng.[7]
Joseph Pease o ne a bua a bo a supa puso ya Britain ka monwana go bo ba itlhokomolositse go tswelela ga bokgoba kwa lefatsheng la India.[15]
Tse di duleng mo bokopanong
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Morago ga go tswa kwa bokopanong morago ga letsatsi lantlha, ba sena go kganelwa go tsaya karolo mo ditsamaisong, Lucretia Mott le Elizabeth Cady Stanton ba ne ba ya gae mmogo, ba latlhela la bone ka ditiragalo tsa letsatsi leo, ba tsaya tshwetso ya go dira bokopano mo nakong e khutshwane fa ba goroga kwa gae, le go tlhama lekgotla le le buelelang ditshwanelo tsa basadi. Dingwaga di ferabobedi morago ba ne ba tshwara bokopano kwa Seneca falls kwa New York.[10]
Dingwaga di le lekgolo morago, kopano ya basadi ya dingwaga tse di lekgolo e ne ya tshwarelwa kwa America go ipelela kgatelopele e basadi ba e dirileng fa e sale ka letsatsi le ba neng ba kganelwa go bua kwa bokopanong jo.
Ba ba neng ba tseneletse bokopano (le basadi ba ba neng ba le teng)
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Maina a baemedi a le makgolo a mane, masome a ferabongwe le boraro, a mo kgatisong ya semmuso.[16]
| Moemedi | Lefatshe | mo setshwantshong? | Dikakgelo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prof William Adam | UK | kwa godimo kwa mojeng | Motlhatlhelela dithuto |
| Edward Adey | UK | kwa mojeng thata | moruti wa kereke ya Baptist |
| George William Alexander | UK | Kwa molemeng | Modira le madi |
| Richard Allen | Ireland | Mopelotlhomogi | |
| Stafford Allen | UK | Mopelotlhomogi | |
| William Allen | UK | Ramaranyane | |
| Sir Edward Baines | UK | Tona wa palamente | |
| Edward Baldwin | UK | Ramelao wa pele wa kwa South Wales | |
| Saxe Bannister | UK | O o tsamaisang dipampitshana | |
| Edward (Jonas) Barrett | US | Lekgoba la pele | |
| Richards Barrett | Jamaica | ||
| Issac Bass | UK | ||
| Henry Beckford | Jamaica | Lekgoba la pele le motiakone wa kwa Jamaica | |
| Abraham Beaumont | UK | ||
| Mrs John Beaumont | UK | ||
| George Bennett | UK | ||
| Rev. Dr. Thomas Binney | UK | Tona | |
| James Gillespie Birney | US | ramelao | |
| John Birt | US | ||
| Jonathan Backhouse | UK | wa dibanka | |
| W.T Blair | UK | ||
| William Boulbee | UK | ||
| Samuel Bowly | UK | Mmueledi | |
| George Bardburn | US | Tona | |
| William Brock | UK | Tona | |
| John Burnet | UK | Tona | |
| Anne Isabella, Lady Byron | UK | o o rweleng berethe jwa mojeng | |
| Tapper Cadbury | UK | mogwebi | |
| Mary Clarkson | UK | ngwetsi ya sebui segolo | |
| Thomas Clarkson | UK | molweladitshwanelo | |
| Nathaniel Colver | US | tona | |
| Josiah Conder | UK | mokwadi | |
| Daniel O'Connell | Ireland | mopalamente | |
| Francis Augustus Cox | UK | tona | |
| Isaac Crewdson | UK | tona | |
| John Cropper | UK | mopelotlhomogi | |
| William Dawes | US | tsa thuto | |
| James Dean | US? | motlhatlheleladithuto | |
| Sir John Eardley-Wimot, 1st Baronet | UK | mopalamente | |
| Joseph Eaton | UK | ||
| John Ellis | UK | mopalamente | |
| William Foster | UK | tona | |
| Josiah Forster | UK | mopelotlhomogi | |
| Wm. Lloyd Garrison | US | mmega dikgang, mogatisi, o ne a itlhophela go nna le basadi | |
| Samuel Gurney | UK | wa tsa madi | |
| George Head Head | UK | wa tsa madi | |
| Francois-Andre Isambert | France | mmueledi | |
| Rev. John Keep | US | tona | |
| William Knibb | Jamaica | tona |
Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- ↑ The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840, Benjamin Robert Haydon, 1841, National Portrait Gallery, London, NPG599, Given by British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society in 1880
- 1 2 3 McDaniel, W. Caleb (2007). "World's Anti-Slavery Convention". In Peter P. Hinks; John R. McKivigan; R. Owen Williams (eds.). Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition. Vol. 2. Greenwood. pp. 760–762. ISBN 978-0-313-33144-2.
- 1 2 3 4 Maynard 1960, p. 452.
- ↑ Sklar 1990, p. 453.
- ↑ Slavery and Abolition, ODNB, retrieved 26 June 2025 [dead link – needs investigation]
- 1 2 3 "Women and the American Story: 1840 London Anti-Slavery Convention" (PDF). New York Historical Society. 2017.
- 1 2 "The Anti-Slavery Convention". The Citizen (Dublin). 2 (10): 213–222. August 1840.
- ↑ The baptist Magazine. 1854. p. 786. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
- ↑ The baptist Magazine. 1854. p. 786. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
- 1 2 "1840 London Anti-Slavery Convention" (PDF). New York Historical Society Museum & Library. 2017.
- 1 2 3 Sinha, Manisha (January 2016). The slave's cause: a history of abolition. New Haven. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-300-18137-1. OCLC 920017303.
- ↑ "Elizabeth Cady Stanton". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
- ↑ Paper presented to the General Anti-Slavery Convention, Rev. Benjamin Godwin, 1840
- ↑ The Baptist Magazine, page 374, retrieved 26 June 2025
- ↑ Madhavi Kale (1 January 1998). Fragments of Empire: Capital, Slavery, and Indian Indentured Labor Migration in the British Caribbean. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-8122-3467-7.
- ↑ Society, British Foreign Anti-Slavery (1840). British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society: Convention, June 12th, 1840. No publisher name given. JSTOR 60228328.