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Bokopano jwa ntlha jwa Aforika o o kopaneng

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Bokopano jwa ntlha jwa Aforika o o kopaneng
LetsatsiPhukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro go tsena a le masome mabedi le botlhano
Lebakamalatsi a mararo
VenueNtlo lohalahala ya kwa toropong ya Westminster
LefeloLontone, Enyelane
ThemeGo ema kgatlhanong le tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala, go ipusa
Batsenelelabatsaya karolo le baemedi ba le masome mane le bosupa ba akaretsa Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, John Alcindor, Benito Sylvian, Dadabhai Naoroji, John Archer, henry Francis Downing, W.E.B Du Bois, George James Christian, Richard E. Phipps, Anna J Cooper, Anna H. Jones, Bishop Alexander Walters

Bokopano jwa ntlha jwa Aforika o o kopaneng bo ne bo tshwaretswe kwa Lontone kwa lefatsheng la England, go tswa ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro go tsena a le masome mabedi le botlhane ngwaga wa 1900 (pele ga ditshupo tsa kwa Paris tsa 1900, go letlelela bajanala ba Aforika go tsenelela ditiragalo tsoo pedi).[1] Bo rulagantswe ke mmueledi wa kwa Trinidad and Tobago Henry Sylvester Williams,[2] bokopano jo bo diragalatse kwa ntlo lohalahaleng ya kwa toropong ya Westminster (e jaanong e bidiwang Caxton),[3] bo tseneletswe ke baemedi ba le masome a mararo le bosupa le ba bangwe ba ba neng ba tseneletse bokopano ba le lesome, le balebeledi[4][5] go tswa Aforika, West Indies, United States le United Kingdom, ba akaretsa Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (o a neng a le mmotlana go gaisa batho botlhe),[6] John Alcindor, Benito Sylvain, Dadabhai naoroji, John Archer, Henry Francis Downing, Anna H. Jones, Anna Jiulia Cooper le W.E.B Du Bois, le moruti Alexander Walters wa kereke ya AME Zion.[7][8]

Du Bois o ne a na le seabe sa tlhwatlhwa, a kwala lokwalo, a kwalela bateledipele ba mafatshe a Europe,[9] ba ba gwetlha go emisa tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala, go neela dikolone tse di mo Aforika le West Indies tshwanelo ya go ipusa le go batlela batho bantsho ba America ditshwanelo tsa sepolotiki le ditshwanelo tse dingwe.[3][10]

Tse di diragetseng pele

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Taletso ya bokopano jwa Aforika o o kopaneng kwa ntlo lohalahaleng ya toropo ya Westminster ka Phukwi ngwaga wa 1900

Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 1897, Henry Sylvester Williams o ne a le maleba mo go tlhameng mokgatlho wa Lontone wa Aforika, a tsibogela go kgaoganya Aforika ga Europe mo go neng ga sala morago bokopano jwa kwa Berlin jwa 1884 go tsena 1885. Go tlhamiwa ga mokgatlho go ne go tshwaya tshimologo ya letsholo le le kgatlhanong le bokolone, o ne o tlhamelwa go rotloetsa go tshwaragana ga ma Aforika le batho ba ba tswang Aforika, bogolo jang mo dikgaolong tsa bogosi jwa Britain,[11] bo itshwenya ka ditshiamololo mo dikoloneng tsa Aforika tsa Britain le Caribbean.[12] Ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 1898, mokgatlho o ne wa ntsha taletso ya bokopano jwa Aforika o o kopaneng. Booker T Washington, o a neng a tsere loeto mo UK ka paka ya selemo ya ngwaga wa 1899, o ne a kwala mo lokwalong lo lo neng lo ya kwa dipampiring tsa dikgang tsa batho bantsho ba America:

"Mabapi le bokopano jwa batho bantsho ba le bantsi kwa London go tswa mafelong a a farologaneng a lefatshe, letsholo le le botlhokwa le tlhamilwe. Le itsewe jaaka bokopano jwa Aforika o o kopaneng. Baemedi go tswa Aforika, ditlhaketlhake tsa bophirima jwa India le mafelo a mangwe a lefatshe, ba nkopile go kopana le bone malatsi a le mmalwa a a fitileng, ka maikaelelo a go dira thulaganyo ya bokopano jo, mme re nnile le bokopano jo bo kgatlhisang thata. Go a gakgamatsa go bona batho ba ba botlhale ba ma Aforika le batho ba India bophirima ba nang le bone. Popego ya bokopano jo jwa Aforika o o kopaneng e bolelwa botoka ka mafoko a se se rarabolotsweng, se se diragaditsweng kwa bokopanong jo go buiwang ka bone: fa go lebelelwa go sa nne kelotlhoko mo go tumileng mo England ka go tshwarwa ga batho ba merafe ya pele mo melaong ya Europe le America, mokgatlho wa Aforika, o o nang le maloko a lotso lo lo nnang mo England ebile lo sa le lo nna teng dingwaga di le pedi, ba rarabolotse ka ditshupo tsa kwa Paris tsa 1900 go tshwara bokopano kwa Londo ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ya ngwaga one oo, go tsaya dikgato go rotloetsa maikutlo a batho ka melao le diemo tse di leng teng tse di amang go nna sentle ga batho ba pele mo mafelong a a farologanneg a Aforika, West Indies le United States. Tharabololo e beilwe monwana ke Mr. H Mason Joseph, Tautona, le Mr. H Sylvester Williams e le mokwaledi mogolo. Mokwaledi mogolo o tla itumelela go utlwa go tswa mo baemeding ba batho ba pele ba tseneletse bokopano pele ga letsatsi le lebeilweng. [13]

Dikgang le matshwenyego a bokopano

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Fa bokopano jwa ntlha jwa Aforika o o kopaneng bo bulwa ka Mosupologo, kgwedi ya phukwi e le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa 1900, kwa ntlo lohalahaleng ya Westminster kw a London, Moruti Alexander Walters mo mafokong a gagwe a pulo o ne are: " Dikgwetlho le mathata a batho ba mmala mo America", o ne a tsibosa gore "e le lantlha mo ditsong batho bantsho ba kopane go tswa dikhutlong tsotlhe tsa lefatshe go buisana le go tokafatsa seemo sa lotso lwa bone, go tlhomamisa ditshwanelo tsa bone le go rulaganya gore ba kgone go ema mo maemong a a lekanang le mafatshe a mangwe."[14] Moruti wa kwa London, mandell Creighton, o ne a fa mafoko a kamogelo "a bua ka dipoelo tsa go ipusa tse Britain a tshwanetseng go di neela merafe e mengwe ka potlako".[14]

Dibui mo malatsing a mararo a a latelang di netsa bua ka go farologana ga tlhaolelele ya lotso le mmala. Mo dipampiring tse di neng di tsisitswe go ne go na le "diemo tse di bayang kwa pele setho sa Aforika" (go kwadile C. W French wa St. Kitts), "go babalelwa ga tekatekano ya lotso le mmala" (go kwadile Anna H. Jones, go tswa Kansas, Missouri). "Bothata jwa batho bantsho mo America (go kwadile Anna J. Cooper go tswa Washington), "tswelelopele ya batho ba rona" (go kwadile John E. Quinlan wa kwa St. Lucia).[15] Ditlhogo tse dingwe di ne di akaretsa go ngongorega ga ga Richard Phipps ka tlhaolele kgatlhanong le batho bantsho mo tirong kwa Trinidad le tlhaselo ya ga William Meyer, moithuti wa tsa botsogo kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Edinburgh. Dipuisano di ne tsa sala morago go bontshiwa ga dipampiri, ka letsatsi la bofelo George James Christian, moithuti wa tsa molao go tswa Dominica,[16][17] o ne a etelela pele puisano ya setlhogo sa gore tswelelopele ya setho e dirile lotso lwa rona lefelo la ntwa ya bone", a re bogologolo ma Aforika a ne a tswewa ka dikgoka mo lefatsheng la bone, kwa Aforika Borwa le kwa Rhodesia bokgoba bo ne bo ntšhafadiwa bo le mo seemong sa pereko e e patelediwang."[18][19]

Bokopano bo ne jwa fetoga go nna lekgotla la Aforika (le tlhamilwe ke Sylvester Williams ka ngwaga wa 1897) go nna mokgatlho wa Aforika o o kopaneng,[1] le go diragatsa tumalano ya go bolelela mafatshe otlhe a lefatshe ka bophara, go romeleletswe baeteledipele ba mafatshe a batho bantsho ba Aforika ba nnang teng ba gateletswe. [20]Tumalano e e ne e gwetlha mafatshe a United States le a Europe go lemoga le go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba Aforika le go tlotla thokgamo le go ipusa ga mafatshe a a ikemetseng a batho bantsho a Abyssinia, Liberia le Haiti, le a mangwe.[21] E beilwe monwana ke Walters (tautona wa mokgatlho wa Aforika o o kopanneg), Rev, Henry B. Brown mothusa tona wa Canada, Williams (mokwaledi mogolo) le Du Bois (modulasetilo wa komiti mabapi le kgang e)[22], tokomane e ne e na le mokwalo o o reng "bothata jwa lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi ke mmala" mafoko a Du Bois a neng a a dirisa dingwaga di le tharo morago mo bukeng ya gagwe ya Souls of Black folk ya ngwaga wa 1903.[23]

Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse, batsaya karolo ba ne ba kopa Mmamosadinyana Victoria ka puso ya Britain go leba ka fa batho ba Aforika ba tshwarwang ka teng kwa Aforika Borwa le kwa Rhodesia, go akaretsa ditiro tsa bosiamolodi tse di dirwang ke batho basweu ba koo, ebong:

  1. Pereko e e tlontlololang ebile e se ka fa molaong kwa Kimberley le Rhodesia.
  2. Go dira batho bantsho ba borre, basadi le bana batlhanka ba batho basweu ba dikolone.
  3. Tsamaiso ya pereko e e patelediwang mo setshabeng
  4. Tsamaiso ya mokwalo e e neng e dirisediwa batho ba mmala.
  5. Melao e e kgaoganyang le go nyenyafatsa batho ba Aforika jaaka go idiwa go dirisa tsela ya dinao, le go dirisa dipalamo tse di farologaneng.
  6. Bothata mo go rekeng matlo a bonno.

Phetolo e e neng ya amogelwa ke Sylvester Williams ka Firkgong a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 1901 e ne e re:

"Rra. Ke romilwe ke mokwaledi [Joseph] Chamberlain go tlhalosa fa a amogetse taelo ya ga Mmamosadinyana go go bolelela gore segopotso sa bokopano jwa Aforika o o kopaneng go kopiwa seemo sa merafe ya pele kwa Aforika se beilwe pele ga ga mmamosadinyana, le gore o ne a itumeletse go mo laela go busetsa karabo mo boemong jwa puso.

Mr. Chamberlain o eletsa go netefaletsa maloko a bokopano jwa Aforika o o kopaneng gore, ka go baya tsela ya go tsamaisa dikgaolo tse di fentsweng, puso ya ga Mmamosadinyana ga e ka ke ya itlhokomolosa dikeletso le botsogo jwa batho ba pele.[24]

Malatsi morago, Victoria o ne a fetola a laela mokwaledi wa gagwe wa sephiri Arthur Biggie go kwala, mo a neng a go dira ka Firikgong a le masome mabedi le motso - letsatsi pele ga Mmamosadinyana a tlhokafala.[25] Le ntswa ditshiamololo kwa Aforika borwa di ne tsa tswelela ka nakwana, bokopano bo ne jwa itsese lefatshe ka bophara ka tsone.[26]

Bobegadikgang le kamogelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Bokopano bo ne jwa begwa mo dipampiring tsa dikgang tse ditona kwa Britain, di akaretsa ya The Times[1][27] le Westminster Gazette,[20] e e neng a ya kwala gore bo tshwaya tshimologo ya letsholo le le makatsang mo ditsong: "motho montsho kwa phelelong o lemoga kgonagalo ya bokamoso jwa gagwe" ya inola Williams are: "maikalelo a rona gone jaana ke go netefatsa gore batho bantsho ba bona ditshwanelo le didirisiwa tse batho basweu ba di akolang."[28]

Du Bois o ne a kwala mo pegong ya gagwe,

"ka Mosupologo, Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro, bokopano bo ne jwa lalediwa tee ya nako ya botlhano ke Codben Club ya London go fa batsaya karolo tlotla, kwa ofisikgolong ya yone kwa St. Ermin Hotel, e e leng nngwe ya tse di maemo a ntlha mo toropong. Maloko a le mmalwa a palamente le baemedi ba tlotla ba ne ba le teng. Dioura di le pedi ba tsaya karolo ba ne ba tlhatlhelelwa ke maloko le ditsala tsa mokgatlho.

Ka nako ya botlhano ka Labobedi tee e ne ya sielwa batho ke Dr. Creighton o a sa tlholeng a le mo botshelong, moruti wa London, kwa ntlong ya gagwe ya bogosi kwa Fulham, e e neng e nniwa ke baruti ba London fa e sale ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano. Fa re goroga kwa ntlong ya bogosi re fitlhetse moruti le baruti ba bangwe ba babedi, le basadi ba bone le bana ba basetsana ba emetse gore dumedisa. Morago ba ne ba bontshiwa mabala a ntlo eo...

Ka bopelokgale jwa ga Mr. Clark, leloko la palamente, re ne ra lalediwa tee ka laboraro, ka nako ya botlhano kwa palamenteng. Morago ga tee, maloko a borre a phathi ya rona ba ne ba isiwa kwa ntlong e e kwa tlase mo palamenteng, mo go bonwang e le tlotla e le ruri, loeto lwa rona kwa palamenteng e ne ele tlotla ya motseletsele wa maeto a rona. Malebo a magolo go mokwaledi wa rona Mr. H Sylvester Williams go rulaganya ditirelo tse.

Miss Catherine Impey wa London, o ne a re o itumeletse go kopana le batho bantsho ba ba rulagantseng bokopane jwa Aforika o o kopaneng, ebile a eletsa gore ba maemo a ntlha ba etele England go kopana le banni ba koo ba maemo, le gore maikutlo a batho ka bone a ka tswa a fetogile.[9]

Diphelelo tse di molemo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Morago ga bokopano bo fela, Williams o ne a tlhoma makalana a mokgatlho wa Aforika o o kopaneng kwa Jamaica, Trinidad le USA. O ne a tlhama le lokwalodikgang lwa nako e khutshwane lwa The Pan African ka Phalane ngwaga wa 1901.[29] Le ntswa maano a mokgatlho e ne e le go kopana gangwefela mo dingwageng tse pedi, bokopano jwa 1900 bo ne jwa rotloetsa tlhabololo ya bokopano jwa Aforika o o kopaneng.[30]

Jaaka morutuntsi Professor Tony Martin a ne a kwadile, "boraro mo batsaya karolong ba kwa Caribbean ba ne ba fudugela Aforika morago. George Chrisitian wa kwa Dominica o ne a nna mmueledi o o atlegileng kwa Gold Coast (Ghana) kwa a neng a le leloko la khansele ya puso go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1920 go tsena ka 1940. Richard E Phipps, wa kwa Trinidad o ne a boela gae morago ga bokopano a bo a fudugela kwa Gold Coast ka ngwaga wa 1911.O ne a nna koo go fitlhelela ka loso lwa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1926. Williams ka bo ene o ne a nna kwa Aforika Borwa go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1903 go tsena ka 1905, a tlhokafala kwa Trinidad ka ngwaga wa 1911."[31]

Metseletsele ya dikopano e ne ya diragala ka bokopano jwa Aforika o o kopaneng ka ngwaga wa 1919 kwa Paris, 1921 kwa London, 1923 kwa London, 1927 kwa New York, 1945 kwa Manchester, 1974 kwa Dar es Salaam le 1994 kwa Kampala go buisana ka dikgang tse di amang Aforika e le maduo a go diriwa dikolone ke mafatshe a Europe.

Moletlo wa dingwaga di le lekgolo o ne wa tshwarelwa kwa london ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 2000,[32] o tseneletswe ke dikokomane tsa bangwe ba batsaya karolo ba bokopano jwa ntlha (ba akaretsa Margaret Busby, ngwana wa ngwana wa ga George Christian le kokomane ya ga Moira Stuart), ga mmogo le dikokomane tsa ba ba neng ba le kwa bokopanong jwa botlhano jwa Aforika o o kopaneng jwa ngwaga wa 1945 kwa Manchester (jaaka morwadia George Padmore Blyden Cowart, le Samia Nkrumah ngwana wa ga kwame Nkrumah).[33]

  1. 1 2 3 Ramla Bandele, "Pan-African Conference in 1900" Archived 2013-09-22 at the Wayback Machine, Article #461, Origins of the movement for global black unity, Global Mappings.
  2. ↑ "A history of Pan-Africanism", New Internationalist, 326, August 2000.
  3. 1 2 "The First Pan African Conference of 1900"[permanent dead link]. Global Pan African Movement.
  4. ↑ Peter Fryer in Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain (Pluto Press, 1984) quotes these figures from Owen Charles Mathurin, Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869-1911, Greenwood Press, 1976, p. 62.
  5. ↑ Marika Sherwood in "Pan-African Conferences, 1900-1953: What Did ‘Pan-Africanism’ Mean?" identifies "three Africans attending; fifteen West Indians and nine Africans temporarily in the UK mainly as students; five Black Britons and nineteen visiting African-Americans".
  6. ↑ Jeffrey Green, "Do we really know Samuel Coleridge-Taylor?" Talk for the Black and Asian Studies Association Conference, London, 27 June 2009.
  7. ↑ Tony Martin, Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (Dover: Majority Press, 1985), p. 207.
  8. ↑ Paul Finkelman, ed., Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present (Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 246. ISBN 9780195167795.
  9. 1 2 "(1900) W. E. B. Du Bois, 'To the Nations of the World'", BlackPast.org
  10. ↑ Maloney, Wendi A. (19 February 2019). "African-American History Month: First Pan-African Congress | Library of Congress Blog". blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved 11 July 2025.
  11. ↑ "African Association", in E. L. Bute and H. J. P. Harmer, The Black Handbook: The People, History and Politics of Africa and the African Diaspora, London & Washington: Cassell, 1997, p. 111.
  12. ↑ Immanuel Ness and Zak Cope (eds), "The First Pan-African Conference", The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism, Volume 1, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, p. 908.
  13. ↑ Quoted by J. R. Hooker in "The Pan-African Conference 1900", Transition Magazine, No. 46 (1974), pp. 20–24 (p. 20).
  14. 1 2 Fryer (1984), p. 283.
  15. ↑ "Sylvester Williams" Archived October 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Spartacus Educational.
  16. ↑ Thomson Fontaine, "George James Christian: Pioneer in Africa", Thedominican.net, Vol. 1, Issue 32, 27 November 2002.
  17. ↑ Gabriel J. Christian, "Nelson Mandela, Dominica and the Caribbean Contribution to African Liberation", Dominica News Online, 8 December 2013.
  18. ↑ Peter Fryer, Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain, London: Pluto Press, 1984, p. 284.
  19. ↑ Bernard Magubane, The Ties that Bind: African-American Consciousness of Africa, Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 2nd printing 1989, p. 140
  20. 1 2 Shivani Sivagurunathan, "Pan-Africanism", in David Dabydeen, John Gilmore, Cecily Jones (eds), The Oxford Companion to Black British History, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 259–60.
  21. ↑ The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945, BlackPast.org.
  22. ↑ 1900 Pan-African Conference Resolution Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Source: Ayodele Langley, Ideologies of Liberation in Black Africa, London: Rex Collings, 1979, pp. 738–739.
  23. ↑ Brent Hayes Edwards, "The Practice of Diaspora", in Janice A. Radway, Kevin Gaines, Barry Shank, Penny Von Eschen (eds), American Studies: An Anthology, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, p. 33.
  24. ↑ "1900 Pan African Conference Petition to Queen Victoria". Source: Molefi K. Asante, The History of Africa, New York & London: Routledge, 2007, p. 260.
  25. ↑ J. R. Hooker, "The Pan-African Conference 1900", Transition, No. 46 (1974), p. 24.
  26. ↑ Frank A. Salamone, "Pan-African Conference, London", in Paul Finkelman, Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 43.
  27. ↑ "PanAfrican Conference", The Times (London), 24 July 1900, and "PanAfrican Conference", The Times (London), 25 July 1900.
  28. ↑ Fryer, p. 287.
  29. ↑ Fryer, p. 287.
  30. ↑ "Pan-African Conference", in Bute and Harmer, The Black Handbook, 1997, p. 96.
  31. ↑ Tony Martin, "African consciousness", in General History of the Caribbean, Unesco, 1996, Vol. 5, Chapter 6, pp. 259–60.
  32. ↑ "Centenary Pan African Conference a Resounding Success" Archived 2014-02-21 at the Wayback Machine, Pan-African Perspect
  33. ↑ Lester Lewis, "Pan Africans on the Rise Again", RaceandHistory.com, 23 January 2001.
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