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Bolwetse jwa Autism

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Autism
Boy stacking cans
Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.
SpecialtyPsychiatry
DikaiTrouble with social interaction, impaired communication, restricted interests, repetitive behavior[1]
DitamoragoSocial isolation, employment problems, family stress, bullying, self-harm, suicide[2][3][4]
Ditshimologo tse ditwaelesegilengBy age two or three[5][6]
DurationLong term[5]
CausesGenetic and environmental factors[7]
Diagnostic methodBased on behavior and developmental history[5]
Differential diagnosisReactive attachment disorder, intellectual disability, schizophrenia[8]
TreatmentBehavioral therapy, speech therapy, psychotropic medication[9][10][11]
MedicationAntipsychotics, antidepressants, stimulants (associated symptoms)[12][13][14]
PrognosisFrequently poor[15]
Frequency24.8 million (2015)[16]

Autism ke bolwetse jwa kgolo jo bo tlhaolwang ke mathata a go dirisana le batho ba bangwe le go buisana le bone, le ka boitshwaro jo bo thibetsweng le jo bo boaboelediwang.[6] Gantsi batsadi ba lemoga dikai mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa botshelo jwa ngwana wa bone.[1][6] Dikai tse gantsi di gola ka iketlo, le fa bana bangwe ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa autism ba itemogela go nna maswe le go feta mo bokgoning jwa bone jwa go buisana le go dirisana le batho morago ga go fitlhelela diphitlhelelo tsa kgolo ka lobelo lo lo tlwaelegileng.[17]

Bolwetse jwa autism bo amana le dilo tse di amanang le dijini le tikologo.[7] Dintlha tsa kotsi ka nako ya boimana di akaretsa ditshwaetsegi dingwe, jaaka rubella, botlhole jo bo akaretsang valproic acid, bojalwa, khokheine, dibolayasenyi, lloto, le kgotlhelo ya mowa, thibelo ya kgolo ya lesea le le mo popelong, le malwetse a a amanang le masole a mmele.[18] Dikganetsano di amana le mabaka a mangwe a a tshitshintsweng a tikologo ; sekai, kgopolo ya mokento, e e ganeditsweng.[19] Autism e ama go dirisiwa ga tshedimosetso mo bobokong le kafa disele tsa methapo le di-synapse tsa tsone di golaganang le go rulagana ka gone; gore seno se diragala jang ga go tlhaloganngwe sentle.[20] Bukana ya go Tlhatlhoba le ya Dipalopalo ya Mathata a Tlhaloganyo (DSM-5), e kopanya autism le mefuta e e seng maswe thata ya boemo jono, go akaretsa le bolwetse jwa Asperger le bolwetse jo bo anameng jwa tlhabololo jo bo sa tlhalosiwang ka tsela e nngwe (PDD-NOS) go nna go tlhatlhoba bolwetse jwa autism spectrum (ASD).[6][21]

Ditsela tsa ntlha tsa boitshwaro kgotsa kalafi ya puo di ka thusa bana ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa autism go nna le bokgoni jwa go itlhokomela, go dirisana le batho ba bangwe le go buisana le bone.[9][10] Le fa go se na kalafi e e itsiweng,[9] go nnile le dikgetsi tsa bana ba ba neng ba fola.[22] Bagolo bangwe ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa autistic ga ba kgone go tshela ba ikemetse.[15] Setso sa autistic se tlhamilwe, ka batho bangwe ba batla kalafi mme ba bangwe ba dumela gore autism e tshwanetse go amogelwa jaaka pharologano e e tshwanetseng go amogelwa go na le go alafiwa.[23][24]

Lefatshe ka bophara, go akanyediwa gore bolwetse jwa autism bo ama batho ba le dimilione di le 24,8 Tempolete:As of.[16] Ka dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi, palo ya batho ba ba amegileng e ne e akanyediwa go nna bongwe goya ko go bobedi (1–2) mo bathong ba le lekgolo lefatshe ka bophara.[25] Mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng, mo e ka nnang 1.5% ya bana ba lemogiwa ba na le ASD Tempolete:As of,[26] go tswa go 0.7% ka 2000 kwa United States.[27] E tlhagelela makgetlo a le mane go ya go a matlhano mo go tse ditonanyana go feta tse di namagadi.[27] Palo ya batho ba ba lemogilweng e oketsegile thata fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960), se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke diphetogo mo mokgweng wa go tlhatlhoba.[25] Potso ya gore a ditlhwatlhwa tsa mmatota di oketsegile ga e ise e rarabololwe.[25]

Ditshupiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. 1 2 Landa RJ (2008). "Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life". Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 4 (3): 138–147. doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0731. PMID 18253102.
  2. ↑ "Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  3. ↑ Ruggieri V (2020). "[Autism, depression and risk of suicide]". Medicina. 80 Suppl 2: 12–16. PMID 32150706.
  4. ↑ Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B (2014). "Suicide in autism spectrum disorders". Archives of Suicide Research. 18 (4): 327–39. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.824834. PMID 24713024. S2CID 25741716.
  5. 1 2 3 "NIMH " Autism Spectrum Disorder". nimh.nih.gov. October 2016. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  6. 1 2 3 4 American Psychiatric Association, ed. (2013). "Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing.
  7. 1 2 Chaste P, Leboyer M (2012). "Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 14 (3): 281–292. PMC 3513682. PMID 23226953.
  8. ↑ Corcoran J, Walsh J (9 February 2006). [[[:Tempolete:Google books]] Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice]. Oxford University Press, New York. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-516830-3. LCCN 2005027740. OCLC 466433183. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  9. 1 2 3 Myers SM, Johnson CP (November 2007). "Management of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1162–1182. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2362. PMID 17967921. Archived from the original on 2019-03-23. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  10. 1 2 Sanchack KE, Thomas CA (December 2016). "Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles". American Family Physician. 94 (12): 972–979. PMID 28075089.
  11. ↑ Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B (November 2013). "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 132 (5): e1341-50. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1193. PMC 3813396. PMID 24167175.
  12. ↑ Ji N, Findling RL (March 2015). "An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 28 (2): 91–101. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132. PMID 25602248.
  13. ↑ Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA (June 2007). "Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 17 (3): 348–355. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.17303. PMID 17630868.
  14. ↑ Doyle CA, McDougle CJ (September 2012). "Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 14 (3): 263–279. PMC 3513681. PMID 23226952.
  15. 1 2 Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB (June 2016). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 133 (6): 445–452. doi:10.1111/acps.12559. PMID 26763353.
  16. 1 2 GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  17. ↑ Stefanatos GA (2008). "Regression in autistic spectrum disorders". Neuropsychol Rev. 18 (4): 305–319. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y. PMID 18956241. S2CID 34658024.
  18. ↑ Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z (2015). "Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)". Reproductive Toxicology. 56: 155–169. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007. PMID 26021712.
  19. ↑ Rutter M (2005). "Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning". Acta Paediatr. 94 (1): 2–15. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x. PMID 15858952.
  20. ↑ Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT (2009). "Autism". Lancet. 374 (9701): 1627–1638. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3. PMC 2863325. PMID 19819542.
  21. ↑ Johnson CP, Myers SM (2007). "Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1183–1215. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2361. PMID 17967920. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009.
  22. ↑ Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D (December 2008). "Can children with autism recover? If so, how?". Neuropsychology Review. 18 (4): 339–366. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.2995. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9. PMID 19009353. S2CID 4317267. Archived from the original on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  23. ↑ Silverman C (2008). "Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum". BioSocieties. 3 (3): 325–341. doi:10.1017/S1745855208006236. S2CID 145379758.
  24. ↑ Frith, Uta (October 2014). "Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?". The Psychologist (British Psychological Society) 27: pp. 744–745. Archived from the original on 2019-05-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20190510154825/https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma.
  25. 1 2 3 Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC (2007). "The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annual Review of Public Health. 28: 235–258. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007. PMID 17367287.
  26. ↑ Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C (March 2017). "The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annual Review of Public Health. 38: 81–102. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318. PMC 6566093. PMID 28068486.
  27. 1 2 "ASD data and statistics". CDC.gov. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
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