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Bolwetse jwa Sukiri

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Diabetes mellitus
A hollow circle with a thick blue border and a clear centre
Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes.[1]
Tlhanolo
SpecialtyEndocrinology
DikaiFrequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger[2]
DitamoragoDiabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers, cognitive impairment, gastroparesis[2][3][4][5]
Risk factorsType 1: Family history[6]
Type 2: Obesity, lack of exercise, genetics[2][7]
Diagnostic methodHigh blood sugar[2]
TreatmentHealthy diet, physical exercise[2]
MedicationInsulin, anti-diabetic medication like metformin[2][8][9]
Frequency463 million (8.8%)[10]
Deaths4.2 million (2019)[10]

Bolwetse jwa sukiri ( DM ), jo gantsi bo bidiwang bolwetse jwa sukiri, ke setlhopha sa mathata a metaboliki a a tlhaolwang ke selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa sukiri mo mading ka nako e telele.[11] Dikai gantsi di akaretsa go tlhapologa kgapetsakgapetsa, go tshwarwa ke leyora thata le keletso e e tseneletseng ya dijo.[2] Fa bolwetse jwa sukiri bo sa alafiwe bo ka baka mathata a le mantsi.[2] Mathata a a masisi a ka akaretsa ketoacidosis ya sukiri, seemo sa go nna le sukiri e ntsi mo mading, kgotsa loso.[3] Mathata a a masisi a nako e telele a akaretsa bolwetse jwa pelo le methapo, bolwetse jwa go swa Mohama, bolwetse jo bo sa foleng jwa diphilo, diso tsa dinao, go senyega ga ditshika, go senyega ga matlho le go sa kgone go dirisa tlhaloganyo sentle.[2][5]

Bolwetse jwa sukiri bo bakwa ke go sa tlhagise insulin sentle ga satlhoko e e lekaneng, kgotsa disele tsa mmele ga di tsibogele insulin e e tlhagisiwang sentle.[12] Go na le mefuta e meraro e megolo ya bolwetse jwa sukiri: [2]

  • Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa ntlha bo bakiwa ke go palelwa ga santlhoko go ntsha insulin e e lekaneng ka ntlha ya go latlhegelwa ke disele tsa beta.[2] Mofuta ono o ne o bidiwa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo ikaegileng ka insulin" (IDDM) kgotsa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa bana".[2] Go latlhegelwa ke disele tsa beta go bakwa ke tsela e masole a mmele a tsibogelang ka yone.[13] Se se bakang tsibogo eno ya masole a mmele ga se itsiwe.[2]
  • Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa bobedi bo simolola ka go sa kgone go dirisa insulin, e leng seemo se mo go sone disele di palelwang ke go tsibogela insulin sentle.[2] Fa bolwetse bo ntse bo tswelela, go ka nna ga nna le go tlhoka insulin le gone.[14] Mofuta ono o ne o bidiwa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo sa ikaegang ka insulin" (NIDDM) kgotsa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo simololang mo bagolong".[2] Selo se se tlwaelegileng se se bakang seno ke kopano ya bokete jo bo feteletseng jwa mmele le go sa itshidila mmele.[2]
  • Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa boimana ke mofuta wa boraro o mogolo, mme bo diragala fa basadi ba ba itsholofetseg ba ba senang hditso tsa bolwetse jwa sukiri mo nakong e e fetileng ba nna le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa sukiri mo mading.[2]

Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa 1 bo tshwanetse go laolwa ka go tlhabelwa insulin.[2] Thibelo le kalafi ya bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa 2 e akaretsa go ja dijo tse di itekanetseng, go ikatisa mmele ka metlha, boima jwa mmele jo bo tlwaelegileng, le go tila go goga motsoko.[2] Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa bobedi bo ka alafiwa ka melemo e e jaaka di-sensitizer tsa insulin tse di nang le insulin kgotsa tse di senang yone.[15] Go laola kgatelelo ya madi le go tlhokomela tlhokomelo e e siameng ya maoto le matlho go botlhokwa mo bathong ba ba nang le bolwetse jono.[2] Insulin le melemo mengwe e e nowang di ka baka go nna le sukiri e e kwa tlase mo mading.[16] Go arwa ga batho ba ba mmele motoa go fokotsa boima jwa mmele ka dinako tse dingwe ke tsela e e nang le matswela mo bathong ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa 2.[17] Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa boimana gantsi bo rarabologa morago ga go tsholwa ga lesea.[18]

Tempolete:Asof, an estimated 463 million people had diabetes worldwide (8.8% of the adult population), with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases.[10] Rates are similar in women and men. Trends suggest that rates will continue to rise.[10] Diabetes at least doubles a person's risk of early death.[2] In 2019, diabetes resulted in approximately 4.2 million deaths.[10] It is the 7th leading cause of death globally.[19][20] The global economic cost of diabetes related health expenditure in 2017 was estimated at US$727 billion.[10] In the United States, diabetes cost nearly US$327 billion in 2017.[21] Average medical expenditures among people with diabetes are about 2.3 times higher.[22]

Ditshupiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ "Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol". International Diabetes Federation. 17 March 2006. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "Diabetes Fact sheet N°312". WHO. October 2013. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  3. 1 2 Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN (July 2009). "Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes". Diabetes Care. 32 (7): 1335–43. doi:10.2337/dc09-9032. PMC 2699725. PMID 19564476.
  4. ↑ Krishnasamy S, Abell TL (July 2018). "Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management". Diabetes Therapy. 9 (Suppl 1): 1–42. doi:10.1007/s13300-018-0454-9. PMC 6028327. PMID 29934758.
  5. 1 2 Saedi, E; Gheini, MR; Faiz, F; Arami, MA (15 September 2016). "Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments". World Journal of Diabetes. 7 (17): 412–22. doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.412. PMC 5027005. PMID 27660698.
  6. ↑ Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL (July 2014). "Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association". Diabetes Care. 37 (7): 2034–54. doi:10.2337/dc14-1140. PMC 5865481. PMID 24935775.
  7. ↑ "Causes of Diabetes". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "AFP09".
  9. ↑ Brutsaert, Erika F. (February 2017). "Drug Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus". Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "IDF DIABETES ATLAS Ninth Edition 2019" (PDF). www.diabetesatlas.org (in Sekgoa). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  11. ↑ "About diabetes". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  12. ↑ Shoback DG, Gardner D, eds. (2011). "Chapter 17". Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 978-0-07-162243-1.
  13. ↑ Norman, Anthony; Henry, Helen (2015). Hormones. Elsevier. pp. 136–137. ISBN 9780123694447.
  14. ↑ RSSDI textbook of diabetes mellitus (Revised 2nd ed.). Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. 2012. p. 235. ISBN 978-93-5025-489-9. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015.
  15. ↑ "The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310". World Health Organization. October 2013. Archived from the original on 30 May 2017.
  16. ↑ Rippe RS, Irwin JM, eds. (2010). Manual of intensive care medicine (5th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 549. ISBN 978-0-7817-9992-8.
  17. ↑ Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, Clegg AJ (September 2009). "The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation". Health Technology Assessment. 13 (41): 1–190, 215–357, iii–iv. doi:10.3310/hta13410. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30064294. PMID 19726018.
  18. ↑ Cash, Jill (2014). Family Practice Guidelines (3rd ed.). Springer. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-8261-6875-7. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015.
  19. ↑ "What is Diabetes?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in American English). 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  20. ↑ "The top 10 causes of death". www.who.int (in Sekgoa). Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  21. ↑ American Diabetes Association (2018-03-22). "Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017". Diabetes Care. 41 (5): 917–928. doi:10.2337/dci18-0007. ISSN 0149-5992. PMC 5911784. PMID 29567642.
  22. ↑ "Deaths and Cost | Data & Statistics | Diabetes | CDC". cdc.gov (in American English). 20 February 2019. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
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