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Go saena Tumalano ya Selegae ya Rhodesia ( go tswa ka fa molemeng : Bishopo Abel Muzorewa, Ian Smith, Jeremiah Chirau le Sithole ya Ndabaningi )

Tumalano ya Selegae ( e gape e bidiwang Tumalano ya Salisbury [1] [2]) e ne e le tumalano e e neng ya saeniwa ka di 3 Mopitlwe 1978 fa gare ga Tonakgolo ya Rhodesia ya nako eo Ian Smith le baeteledipele ba bosetšhaba ba ba itekanetseng ba Aferika ba ba akaretsang Bishopo Abel Muzorewa, Ndabaningi Sithole le mookamedi wa senoto,Jeremiah Chirau.[2][3] Morago ga dingwaga di ka nna lesome le botlhano tsa Ntwa ya Bush ya Rhodesia, le ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo ya dikiletso tse di neng tsa bewa mo Rhodesia ke baagi ba boditšhabatšhaba, le kgatelelo ya sepolotiki go tswa kwa Aferika Borwa, United Kingdom, le United States, Goromente wa Rhodesia o ne wa kopana le baeteledipele bangwe ba bomorafe ba Aferika ba ba nang le maemo a a kwa tlase go fitlhelela tumalano ka isagwe ya sepolotiki sa lefatshe. [4]

Se se Diragetseng

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Lebelela gape: Ntwa ya Rhodesian Bush § Karolo ya Bobedi (1972 -1979)

Ka 1975-1976, go ne go bonala sentle gore go busediwa morago ga puso ya bontsi ka nako e e sa lekanyediwang, e e neng e le motheo wa leano la Puso ya ga Smith fa e sa le ka nako ya fa go ne go dirwa Maiphako a Boipuso a a Neng a Dirilwe ka Tsela e le Nngwe, go ne go sa tlhole go kgonega. Naga e ne e le ka fa tlase ga dikotlhao tsa kgwebo le tsa madi tse di neng di latelwa ke Borithane mme go ne go simololwa tiro ya ntwa kgatlhanong le Rhodesia ke Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) le Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU).[5] Fa Phetogo ya Dikerenate e ne e fedisa puso ya Sepotokisi kwa Mozambique, maemo a puso ya Rhodesia a ne a nna maswe le go feta. Tshegetso e e neng e le mo pepeneneng ya Aforika Borwa mo go Rhodesia e ne e fokotsega, ka ntlha ya maikutlo a a neng a gola kwa Pretoria a gore puso ya basweu mo nageng e e nang le bontsi jwa bantsho (bantsho ba ne ba feta basweu ka palo ya 22 go ya go 1) e ne e ka se nnele ruri.[6] Afrika Borwa e simolotse go fokotsa thuso ya ikonomi go Rhodesia, e beile melelwane mo palong ya peterolo le dithunya tse di neelwang Masole a Tshireletso a Rhodesia, mme ya ntsha badiri le didiriswa tse ba neng ba di neetse pele go thusa mo ntweng, go akaretsa le yuniti ya sepodisi sa molelwane e e neng e thusa go disa molelwane wa Rhodesia le Zambia.[7] Mo godimo ga moo, Aforika Borwa e ne ya tshwenyega ka bogolo jwa kgotlhang, mme ya latela pholisi ya go tshegetsa puso e e "botsalano" ya Bantsho kwa Zimbabwe. Se se ne sa latelwa ke maiteko a Aforika Borwa a go buisana le baeteledipele ba bosetšhaba le go gatelela Ba-Rhodesia mo mokgeleng ono ka thuso ya moporesidente wa Zambia Kenneth Kaunda. [8]

Kwa bokhutlong jwa 1976, Ian Smith, morago ga gore maiteko a gagwe a tharabololo ya ka fa gare le Joshua Nkomo wa ZAPU a retelelwe, o ne a amogela dintlha tsa motheo tsa ditshitshinyo tsa go ineela tse di dirilweng ke Mokwaledi wa Naga wa US Henry Kissinger go tsenya puso ya bontsi mo dingwageng tse pedi. [9][8] Puso ya ga Smith e ne ya batla go buisana ka tharabololo e e amogelesegang le baeteledipele ba bantsho ba ba tekatekano, fa e ntse e tshola tlhotlheletso e e nonofileng ya basweu mo mafelong a botlhokwa. Masole a kwa Rhodesia, a ne a ikaeletse go koafatsa maatla a sesole a ZANLA le ZIPRA go ya bokgakaleng jo bo kgonegang gore ba tle ba "bone nako" ya gore go fitlhelelwe tharabololo e e amogelesegang ya sepolotiki. Karabo ya ZAPU ya ga Nkomo le ZANU ya ga Robert Mugabe e ne e le go bopa Patriotic Front, go kopanya maiteko a ZAPU le ZANU, le go godisa ntwa mo kgotlhang.[ 10]

Ka 1977, ntwa e ne e aname go ralala Rhodesia yotlhe. ZANLA e ne ya tswelela go dira go tswa kwa Mozambique mme ya tswelela go laola batho ba Mashona kwa botlhaba le bogare jwa Rhodesia. Go ntse go le jalo, ZIPRA e ne ya nna e dira kwa bokone le bophirima, e dirisa mafelo a kwa Zambia le Botswana, mme e ne e tshegediwa ke merafe ya MaNdebele. 11] Ka go tlhatloga gono go ne ga tla go raraana, go rulaganngwa le dibetsa tsa segompieno tsa dirukhutlhi, mme le fa bontsi bo ne bo santse bo sa katisiwa, palo e e oketsegang e ne ya katisediwa mo lekokong la Bokomonisi le dinaga tse dingwe tse di neng di ba utlwela botlhoko.[ Khansele ya Tshireletsego ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng e ne ya kgala tlhaselo ya "puso e e seng ka fa molaong ya bomorafe kwa Rhodesia Borwa" ka Resolution 411, ka June 30, 1977. 13]

Maemo le maikaelelo a tharabololo

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Tumelano e ne ya isa kwa go tlhamiweng ga puso ya nakwana e mo go yona Maaforika a neng a akarediwa mo maemong a a eteletseng pele la ntlha, fa go ntse go tlhamiwa tirelo ya setšhaba e e ikemetseng, boatlhodi, sepodisi le sesole. Tshwaragano e e tlhodile Khansele ya Khuduthamaga e e dirilweng ke Ian Smith le batho ba le bararo ba bantsho (Muzorewa, Sithole, le Chirau),[10] le khansele ya ditona, fa Smith a ne a nna le maemo a gagwe jaaka tonakgolo. Gape go ne ga bolelwa gore tiro ya ntlha ya puso e ntšhwa e ne e le go kwala molaotheo wa naga, go tshwara ditlhopho ka Moranang 1979,[10] le go rulaganya go emisa ntwa le Patriotic Front.[ [16] [17] Mokgele o mongwe wa tumelano e go ne go twe ke go solofela go fedisa ntwa ya selegae ya naga. [ 17]

Maitlhomo a mangwe a mabedi a tharabololo e ne e le go amogelwa ke dinaga tse dingwe le go tlosa dikiletso tse di neng di beilwe morago ga gore Rhodesia e itlhophele go ipusa ka 1965. Morago ga tharabololo, Muzorewa o ne a leka go rotloetsa puso ya Brithane go amogela puso ya phetogo, mme ga ba a ka ba dira jalo. 18] Ka tsela e e tshwanang, bangwe ba ne ba dumela gore tharabololo e ne e le mabaka a a "lekane" a go amogela Rhodesia le go tlosa dikotlhao.[ Moragonyana ka 1978, go tlosiwa ga dikiletso go ne ga dumelwa ke U.S. Ntlo ya Baemedi le U.S. Senate, ka tlhagiso ya gore di ka tlosiwa fela "fa ditlhopho di sena go tshwarwa". Go begwa gore tumelano e ne ya felela ka go gololwa ga bagolegwa ba sepolotiki. 20]

Tlhotlheletso

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Morago ga tumalano, Muzorewa le lekoko la gagwe la UANC ba ne ba tlhophiwa ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa Mopitlwe 1979,[21][17] tse di neng di na le batlhophi ba ba neng ba tshwanelega ka maemo a thuto le/kgotsa lotseno le/kgotsa boleng jwa dithoto tse ba nang le tsona, e seng ka morafe. Le fa go ntse jalo, ZAPU le ZANU di ne tsa gana go tsaya karolo mo ditlhophong.[ Khansele ya Tshireletsego ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng e ne ya fetisa ditshwetso di le mmalwa kgatlhanong le ditlhopho tse di seng ka fa molaong, go akaretsa Tshwetso ya bo 445 le Tshwetso ya bo 448, tseo ka bobedi di neng di ngangisana gore ditlhopho tseo di ne di sa emele batho ba Zimbabwe mme di ne di diretswe go tiisa puso ya basweu ba bannye. Mo ditshwetsong tseno, UN e ne ya bolela gore dipholo tsa ditlhopho ga di na mosola. 23][24]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ "Rhodesia (Hansard, 5 May 1978)". Hansard 1803-2005. Parliament of the United Kingdom. HC Deb 04 May 1978 vol 949 cc 455–592
  2. 1 2 "Rhodesia (Hansard, 5 May 1978)Hansard 1803-2005. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived. HC Deb 04 May 1978 vol 949 cc 455–592
  3. ↑ Chigwida, Max T. (May 1, 1978). The Rhodesian Agreement: Aspects and Prospects.South African Institute of International Affairs.
  4. ↑ Burns, John (March 4, 1978). "Rhodesian Leaders Sign Pact Providing for Majority Rule". New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
  5. ↑ Oliver, Roland; Atmore, Anthony (2009). Africa Since 1800 (5th ed.). New York City: Cambridge University Press. pp. 279–280. ISBN 9780511800283.
  6. ↑ "APF newsletter, "Appraisal of Rhodesia in 1975
  7. ↑ Britannica (1976). Britannica Books of the Year 1971, 1972, 1974 and 1976: Events of 1970, 1971, 1973 and 1975
  8. ↑ Oliver and Atmore, Africa Since 1800, 280
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