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Botsuolodi jwa Mau Mau

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Mephato ya ga Kgosi e tshotso ditlhobolo fa ba lebeletse balwantwa ba Mau Mau

Botsuolodi jwa Mau Mau (go tswa ka 1952 go tsena ka 1960), jo bo itsegeng gape ka seemo sa tshoganyetso sa kwa Kenya, ke ntwa e e neng e diragetse kwa koloneng ya British Kenya (go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1920 go tsena 1963) gareng ga lefatshe la Kenya le sesole sa Freedom Army (KLFA), se se itsegeng gape ka leina la Mau Mau, le babusi ba Britain.[1] Se eteletswe pele ke balwantwa ba Kikuyu, Meru le Embu, masole a KLFA a ne a na le mephato ya Kamba[2] le Maasai e e neng e lwa kgatlhanong le baeteledipele ba dikolone ba Europe kwa Kenya - sesole sa Britain le baeteledipele ba kolone kwa Kenya, masole a mo gae le ba ba neng ba eme nokeng Kikuyu e e dirilweng kolone ke Britain.[3]

Go tshwarwa ga moeteledipele wa megwanto Dedan Kimathi ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 1956 go ne ga baka go fenngwa ga Mau Mau ga fedisa letsholo la sesole sa Britain.[4] Le fa go ntse jalo, tsuologo e ne ya tswelela go fitlhelela morago ga lefatshe la Kenya le sena go tsaya boipuso mo go la Britain, e eteletswe pele ke mephato ya Meru e e neng e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele wa megwanto Musa Mwariama. Mongwe wa baeteledipele ba Mau Mau General Baimungi o ne a bolawa morago ga lobakanyana Kenya e sena go ipusa.[5]

Ba sesole sa KLFA ba ne ba retelelwa ke go gapa kemo nokeng ya setshaba ka kakaretso.[6] Frank Furedi o bolela fa se se bakilwe ke tsamaiso ya go kgaoganya le go etelela pele ya Britain,[7]e ba neng ba e tlhamile gore ba fokotse seemo sa tshoganyetso sa Malaysia (se se nnileng go tswa ka 1948 go tsena 1960).[8] Letsholo la Mau May le ne la sala le ntse le kgaogane, le ntswa maiteko a kopanya ditlhopha a kile a dirwa. Mo letlhakoreng la bokolone, tsuologo e ne ya baka kgotlhang gareng ga setshaba sa bokolone kwa Kenya le dikgaolo tse dingwe,[9] ga mmogo le dikgaogano tsa kgokgontsho mo setshabeng sa Kikuyu:[10] Kgaratlho e e amile ditshaba tsa Aforika, kgotlhang e ne ya nna teng gareng ga ditsuolodi le ba ba dumalanang - ma Aforika a a neng a le mo lotlhakoreng lwa puso eseng lwa Mau Mau.[11] Go kokobetsa botsuolodi jwaa Mau Mau kwa koloneng ya Kenya go lopile lefatshe la Britain didikadike di le masome a matlhano le botlhano a diponto,[12] mme jwa baka dintsho di ka nna dikete di le lesome le motso mo bathong ba Mau Mau le masole a mangwe, ka dikakanyetso tse dingwe di le kwa godimo go feta foo.[13] Se se ne se akaretsa dipolao ka go kalediwa di le sekete, le masome a robabongwe.[13]

Kwa leina la Mau Mau le tswang teng ga go itsewe. Go ya ka maloko mangwe a Mau Mau, ba ne ba seke ba ipitsa jalo, ba ne ba itlhophela go bidiwa leina la sesole la Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA).[14] Dikgatiso dingwe jaaka ya ga Fred Majdalany ya seemo sa tshoganyetso: polelo e e feletseng ya Mau Mau, e bolela fa e ne e le lefoko le le tlhamilweng ka go kopakopanya lefoko Uma Uma ( le le rayang gore tswa! tswa!) e ne lefoko la seohiri la sesole la motshameko wa puo ya sephiri o basimanyana ba Kikuyu ba neng ba o tshameka ka nako ya fa ba kgaolwa letlalo. Majdalany are batho ba Britain ba ne ba dirisa leina le e le go tshwaya setshaba sa Kikuyu le sa ree sepe.[15] Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne go na le tsuololo ya Maji Maji kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika wa ma Jeremane kgotsa Tanzabis ka ngwaga wa 1905/6, (lefoko Maji le raya metsi, jaaka molemo wa metsi) jaanong se e ka tswa e le gone kwa lefoko Mau Mau le tswang teng.

Fa letsholo le tswelela pele, mafoko a Swahili a ne a dirisiwa a a reng: "a motswakwa a boele moseja, a mo Aforika a nne le boipuso gape".[16] J M Kariuki, leloko la Mau Mau o a neng a tshwerwe ka nako ya kgotlhang, o supa fa batho ba Britain ba ne ba itlhophela go dirisa lefoko Mau Mau mo boemong jwa KLFA gore botsuolodi jwa Mau Mau bo seka jwa itsege mo lefatsheng ka bophara.[17] Kariuki o kwadile gape gore lefoko Mau Mau le ne la amogelwa ke ditsuolodi go emisa se ba neng ba se sups e le bonokwane jwa bokolone.[16]

Mokwadi le molweladitshwanelo Wangari Maathai o supa fa mo go ene, se se kgatlhisang ka polelo ya kwa leina le le tlholegang teng ke mafoko a Kikuyu a go simolola ga dintlha. Fa go simololwa dintlha ka Kikuyu motho o are "maundu ni mai" " dikgang tsa boremelelo ke..." a bo a tsholetsa menwana e le meraro go di itsise. Maathaia re dikgang tsa boremelelo tsa Mau Mau e ne e le lefatshe, kgololesego le go ipusa.[18]

Tse di diragetseng pele

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Mmepe wa lefatshe la Kenya

Botsuolodi jwa dibetsa jwa Mau Mau e ne e le tsibogo ya molao wa bokolone.[19] Le ntswa go nnile le ditiragalo tsa botsuolodi tsa go gana bokolone pele, botsuolodi jwa Mau Mau ke bone bo bo tsereng lobaka ebile bo le dikgoka mo koloneng ya Kenya ya Britain. Go tswa kwa tshimologong, lefatshe leo le ne le kgatlhile Britain thata kwa Kenya,[20] ka le ne le na le mmu o o nonneng wa temo go gaisa mafelo a mangwe mo lefatsheng, bogolo jang kwa mafelong a bo kwa godimo le seemo sa loapi di dirang gore go kgonagale gore batho ba Europe ba nnele teng ruri.[21] Le ntswa e dirilwe kolone ka ngwaga wa 1920, go nna teng ga batho ba Britain semmuso kw a Kenya go simologile ka kitssiso ka ngwaga wa 1895, Phukwi a rogwa, kwa lefatshe la kenya le neng la gapiwa go nna lele mo tshireletsong ya Britain.[22]

Le pele ga ngwaga wa 1895, le fa go ntse jalo, go nna teng ga batho ba Britain kwa Kenya go ne go tshwaiwa ke go fudusiwa le dikgoka. Ka ngwaga wa 1894, tona wa Britain Sir Charles Dilke o ne a etse tlhoko kwa palamenteng gore motho a le esi o o anywileng sengwe mo kgwebong kwa pelong ya Aforika ke Mr. Hiram Maxim (motlhami wa tlhobolo ya ntlha ya Maxim). Ka nako e boteng jwa Kenya bo neng bo patelediwa go itshetlela ga batho ba Britain, go ne ga nna le kgotlhang e tona mme masole a Britain a dira dikgakgamatso kgatlhanong le beng gae.[23]

Go nna kgatlhanong le go busiwa ke Britain go sale go nna teng go tswa bogologolong fa lefatshe la Britain le busa dikolone. Ba ba lemotshegang thata ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong ke kganetso ya Nandi e eteletswe pele ke Koitalel Arap Samoei wa 1895 go tsena 1905;[24] ntwa ya Giriama e eteletswe pele ke Mekatilili wa Menza go tswa ka 1913 go tsena 1914,[25] tsuologo ya basadi kgatlhanong le go patelediwa go bereka kwa Murangá ka 1947;[26] le ba Kolloa Affray ka 1950.[27] Ga go na bape ba ba neng ba tshotse dibetsa ka nako ya tshimologo ya go iriwa kolone ga Kenya ba ba neng ba atlega. [28]Mokgwa wa ntwa kwa Kenya o eteletswe pele ke Winston Churchill go supa matshwenyego ka sekale sa ntwa: "ga go na pelaelo ya gore merafe e ne e tshwanetse go otlhaiwa. Ba le lekgolo le masome a marataro ba bolailwe go sena ba ba amegileng mo letlhakoreng la rona...go lebega jaaka marekisetso a nama.

Baitshetledi ba nako ya bokolone ba ne ba kgona go nna le bophara jo bo tona jwa lefatshe.[29] Batho ba ntlha go itsetlela ba gorogile ka ngwaga wa 1902 e le bontlha jwa leano la ga molaodi Charles Eliot go nna le itsholelo ya bagorogi e duelela seporo sa Uganda.[30][31] Katlego ya itsholelo e ne e ikaegile thata ka go nna teng ga lefatshe, pereko le madi, mo dingwageng di le masome tse tharo tse di latelang, puso ya bokolone e ne ya tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng la Kenya, ya bo ya pateletsa batho ba Kenya go nna babereki.

Go fitlhelela ka dingwaga tsa 1930 di le fa gare, dingongora tse pedi e ne e le dituelo tse di kwa tlase tsa Kenya le go tshwanela go tshola pampiri ya sesupo sa motho ya kipande.[32] Go tswa ka dingwaga tsa 1930, le fa go ntse jalo, tse dingwe tse pedi di ne tsa tlhagelela: kemedi ya sepolotiki ya batho ba Aforika le lefatshe.[32] Tsibogo ya lefatshe la Britain e tsile ka dingwaga tsa 1930 di simolola, fa ba dira lenaneo la komiti e e okametseng lefatshe.[33]

Komiti e ne ya bega ka ngwaga wa 1934, mme tse e neng e di akantse di ne di di sa tsamaisane le se batho ba Kenya ba dumelang mo go sone, mo e leng gore kgonagalo ya tharabololo ya kagiso mo tlaleng ya lefatshe ya Kenya e ne ya fedisiwa.[19]  Ka metseletsele ya melawana, puso e ne ya gapa lefatshe le ka nna dikhilomithara di le dikete di le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, bontsi jwa lone bo le kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa dithabeng tsa mmu o o nonneng.[34] Kwa Nyanza komiti e ne ya seegela batho ba Kenya ba le sedikadike, dikete di le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, makgolo a mane le masome a mabedi le bobedi mo lefatsheng la dikhilomithara di le dikete di le lesome le borobabobedi, makgolo a mane, masome a mararo, fa e neetse ba Yuropa dikhilomithara di le dikete di le masome a mane le boraro ba le dikete di le lesome le bosupa.[35] Ka dingwaga tsa 1930, mo bathong ba Kikuyu, lefatshe e ne e le lone matshwenyego a ntlha mo molaong wa bokolone,[30] seemo se le maswe ka ngwaga wa 1948 ka batho ba Kikuyu ba le sedikadike, dikete di le makgolo mabedi, masome a matlhano ba na le lefatshe la dikhilomithara di le dikete tlhano,makgolo a mabedi fa ba Yuropa ba le dikete di le masome a marari ba ne ba nna mo lefatsheng la dikhilomithara di le dikete di le masome a mararo le motso, le ntswa bontsi jwa lone e ne e se mo lefatsheng la setso la Kikuyu. Komiti ya botlhaba jwa Aforika ya 1925 e ne ya supa fa ka fa batho ba morafe wa Giriama ba tshwarwang ka teng go ne go sa nna sentle. Morafe o o ne o fudusiwa kwa Pele le kwa morago gore go tsewe lefatshe le l nonneng le neelwe ma Yuropa.[21]

Batho ba Kikuyu ba ba neng ba nna kwa Kiambu, Nyeri le Murang, kwa go neng ga nna kgaolo ya legare, e ne e le mengwe merafe e e neng e amilwe thata ke go tsaya lefatshe ga puso le go thibelela ga ma Yuropa;[36] ka ngwaga wa 1933, ba ne ba na le lefatshe la dikhilomithara di le makgolo mabedi, masome a robabobedi le bone jwa lefatshe la bone le tserwe.[34] Batho ba Kikuyu ba ne ba sekisa puso ka go tsewa ga lefatshe la bone, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola ka ngwaga wa 1921 e supa fa go le ka fa molaong.[21] Go ya ka bophara jwa lefatshe, batho ba merafe ya Masai le Nandi ke bone ba latlhegetsweng thata.[37]

Puso ya bokolone le balemi ba basweu ba ne ba batla go berekelwa ka madi a a kwa tlase,[38] mo ka nakwana, puso e neng ya go tsaya ka dikgoka mo baaging ba Kenya.[34] Go gapa lefatshe go ne ga thusa go dira kwa babereki ba ka bonwang teng, mme kolone e ne ya diragatsa ditsela tsa go pateletsa batho ba Kenya ba bangwe go bereka.

  1. ↑ Blakeley, Ruth (2009). State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-04246-3.
  2. ↑ Osborne, Myles (2010). "The Kamba and Mau Mau: Ethnicity, Development, and Chiefship, 1952–1960". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 43 (1): 63–87. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 25741397.
  3. ↑ Anderson, David (2005). Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84719-9.
  4. ↑ The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army (1994) p. 350
  5. ↑ "Kenya: A Love for the Forest". Time. 17 January 1964. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
  6. ↑ The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army (1994) p. 346.
  7. ↑ Mumford, Andrew (2012). The Counter-Insurgency Myth: The British Experience of Irregular Warfare. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-66745-6.
  8. ↑ Füredi, Frank (1989). The Mau Mau War in Perspective. London: James Currey; Nairobi: Heinemann Kenya; Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-821-40940-4.
  9. ↑ Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1998) [1993]. Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt (revised ed.). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-852-55745-7.
  10. ↑ Anderson, David (2005). Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84719-9.
  11. ↑ — (2009). Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13090-5.
  12. ↑ Gerlach, Christian (2010). Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88058-9.
  13. 1 2 "Bloody uprising of the Mau Mau". BBC News. 7 April 2011. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
  14. ↑ Kanogo, Tabitha (1992). Dedan Kimathi: A Biography. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers.
  15. ↑ Majdalany, Fred (1963). State of Emergency: The Full Story of Mau Mau. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
  16. 1 2 Kariuki, Josiah Mwangi (1975). "Mau Mau" Detainee: The Account by a Kenya African of his Experiences in Detention Camps 1953–1960. New York and London: Oxford University Press.
  17. ↑ Kariuki, Josiah Mwangi (1975). "Mau Mau" Detainee: The Account by a Kenya African of his Experiences in Detention Camps 1953–1960. New York and London: Oxford University Press.
  18. ↑ Wangari Maathai (2006). Unbowed: a memoir. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 63. ISBN 0307263487.
  19. 1 2 Coray, Michael S. (1978). "The Kenya Land Commission and the Kikuyu of Kiambu". Agricultural History. 52 (1): 179–193. JSTOR 3742957.
  20. ↑ Curtis, Mark (2003). Web of Deceit: Britain's Real Role in the World. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-099-44839-6.
  21. 1 2 3 Ormsby-Gore, William; et al. (1925). Report of the East Africa Commission. London: Government Printer. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
  22. ↑ Alam, S.M. Shamsul (2007). Rethinking the Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-8374-9.
  23. ↑ Edgerton 1989, p. 4. Francis Hall, an officer in the Imperial British East Africa Company and after whom Fort Hall was named, asserted: "There is only one way to improve the Wakikuyu [and] that is wipe them out; I should be only too delighted to do so, but we have to depend on them for food supplies."
  24. ↑ Alam, S.M. Shamsul (2007). Rethinking the Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-8374-9.
  25. ↑ Brantley, Cynthia (1981). The Giriama and Colonial Resistance in Kenya, 1800–1920. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04216-2.
  26. ↑ Atieno-Odhiambo, Elisha Stephen (1995). "The Formative Years: 1945–55". In Bethwell Allan Ogot & William Robert Ochieng' (eds.). Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93. Oxford: James Currey. pp. 25–47. ISBN 978-0-8214-1051-6.
  27. ↑ — (2003). "Mau Mau & Nationhood: The Untold Story". In Elisha Stephen Atieno-Odhiambo & John Lonsdale (eds.). Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority and Narration. Oxford: James Currey. pp. 8–36. ISBN 978-0-852-55478-4.
  28. ↑ Leys, Norman (1973). Kenya (4th ed.). London: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-714-61688-9.
  29. ↑ Mosley, Paul (1983). The Settler Economies: Studies in the Economic History of Kenya and Southern Rhodesia 1900–1963 (reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-10245-2.
  30. 1 2 Anderson, David (2005). Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84719-9.
  31. ↑ Edgerton 1989, pp. 1–5. Elkins 2005, p. 2, notes that the (British taxpayer) loans were never repaid on the Uganda Railway; they were written off in the 1930s.
  32. 1 2 Anderson 2005, p. 10.
  33. ↑ Carter, Morris; et al. (1934). "The Kenya Land Commission Report". London: Government Printer. Archived from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
  34. 1 2 3 — (1993) [1987]. Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905–63. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers. ISBN 978-9966-46-326-5.
  35. ↑ Shilaro, Priscilla M. (2002). "Colonial Land Policies: The Kenya Land Commission and the Kakamega Gold Rush, 1932–4". In William Robert Ochieng (ed.). Historical Studies and Social Change in Western Kenya: Essays in Memory of Professor Gideon S. Were. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers. pp. 110–128. ISBN 978-9966-25-152-7.
  36. ↑ Edgerton, Robert B. (1989). Mau Mau: An African Crucible. New York, NY: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-029-08920-0.
  37. ↑ Emerson Welch, Claude (1980). Anatomy of Rebellion. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-873-95441-9.
  38. ↑ Anderson, David (2004). "Kenya, 1895–1939: Registration and Rough Justice". In Douglas Hay & Paul Craven (eds.). Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562–1955. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-807-82877-9.
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