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Charlene Mitchell

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Charlene Alexander Mitchell (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le boferabobedi (8) ka ngwaga wa 1930 abo a thokafala ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le bone (14) ka ngwaga wa 2022) e ne e le mo-American international socialist, mo-feminist, mo-labor le mo-civil rights activist. Ka ngwaga wa 1968, o ne a nna mosadi wa ntlha wa motho montsho go nna moemedi wa Tautona wa United States.[1][2]

Ka dingwaga tsa bo1970, o ne a nna moeteledipele mo maitekong a go tshegetsa tshireletso ya Angela Davis, a tlhoma National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression, a dira letsholo la go sireletsa Joan Little le Wilmington Ten, mme a tsepamisa tirisanommogo ya gagwe mo maitekong a go lwantsha tlhaolele.

Mitchell o ne a tsenela Communist Party USA (CPUSA) a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro (16), mme o tsewa e le mongwe wa baeteledipele ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo lekokong la bone kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga tsa bo1950 le bo1960.[3][4] Fa a sena go tlogela lekoko, o ne a nna moeteledipele wa dikomiti tsa dikwalo tsa demokerasi le bososhiale (CCDS) ka dingwaga tsa bo1990.

Botshelo le thuto

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O tshotswe Charlene Alexander kwa Cincinnati, Ohio, ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le boferabobedi (8) ka ngwaga wa1930,[5] o ne a fudugela le batsadi ba gagwe le bomonnawe ba le supa kwa Chicago a na le dingwaga di le robongwe.[1][3]Kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo20, batsadi ba gagwe ba ne ba fudugetse kwa bokone ka nako ya Khudugo e Kgolo ya Bantsho ba Borwa. [3]Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe, o goletse mo Frances Cabrini Rowhouses mo Near North Side ya Chicago mme a tsaya dithuto kwa Moody Bible Institute. [3][6]

O ne a tsena mo lekgotleng la Communist Party USA a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro (16), mme a tsenela lekgotla la basha, la American Youth for Democracy, fa a ne a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro (13).[1]Go nna matlhagatlhaga ga ga Mitchell ka dingwaga tsa bo1940 go ne go akaretsa go nna le seabe mo boipelaetsong jo bo atlegileng jwa go nna kgatlhanong le go kgaoganngwa ga ditulo mo bobogelong, ka baithuti ba basweu ba dutse mo "balcony ya mmala fela" le baithuti ba Bantsho ba dutse mo karolong ya "basweu fela" kwa tlase. [7]

Kwa Chicago, rraagwe e ne e le mookamedi wa mapodise a Repaboliki. William L. Dawson, yo e neng e le morwalo wa Pullman, yo o neng a rwala di-hod, le molwela-ditshwanelo.[1]Mitchell o ne a tsena kwa Herzl Junior College kwa Chicago mme a fudugela kwa Los Angeles ka ngwaga wa 1955.[1][3]

Tiro ya sepolotiki

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Ka ngwaga wa 1958, Mitchell o ne a tsenela komiti ya bosetšhaba ya Communist Party USA (CPUSA).[ Bopaki jwa gagwe jwa ngwaga wa 1959 fa pele ga komiti ya House Un-American Activities Committee bo ne jwa amogelwa ka ntlha ya go gana ga gagwe go araba dipotso le go gwetlha taolo ya komiti. Kwa Los Angeles, o ne a thaya Che-Lumumba Club, kgaolo ya Bantsho ya CPUSA, ka dingwaga tsa bo1960.[1][3]Angela Davis o ne a dira le Mitchell le Che-Lumumba Club, go akaretsa go rulaganya ditshupetso. [2][3]Morwarraagwe Mitchell le mogatsae Franklin le Kendra Alexander le bone ba ne ba le matlhagatlhaga mo Che-Lumumba Club.[3]Mitchell o ne a fudugela kwa New York City ka ngwaga wa 1968.[1][3]

Jaaka moemedi wa lekoko la boraro mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1968, Mitchell e ne e le mosadi wa ntlha wa motho montsho go nna moporesidente wa United States.[1]O ne a emela lekoko la Communist Party USA (CPUSA) mme mothusi wa gagwe e ne e le Michael "Mike" Zagarell, National Youth Director wa lekoko. [3] 11] Ba ne ba tsenngwa mo ditlhophong mo dinageng di le nne fela mme ba amogela diboutu di ka nna 1000.[1][2]

Morago ga gore Davis a tshwarwe ka ngwaga wa 1970, Mitchell o ne a etelela pele maiteko a go tshegetsa tshireletso ya gagwe. [1]Mitchell o ne a dira le Kendra le Franklin Alexander mo letsholong la go golola Davis, go akaretsa jaaka motlhatlhobi wa National United Committee to Free Angela Davis le setlhopha se sennye le Davis go golaganya ditshireletso tsa sepolotiki le tsa semolao.[8]

Go ya ka Sol Stern kwa New York Times ka ngwaga wa 1971, e ne e le "tiro e e rulagantsweng sentle, e e anameng thata ya tshireletso mo hisetoring ya bosheng ya ditatofatso tsa sepolotiki tse di feteletseng - e e maatla go feta e e neng ya fiwa mongwe wa baeteledipele ba Panther kgotsa ba Chicago Seven".[9]Davis morago o ne a tlhalosa maiteko a a jaaka "e nngwe ya matsholo a a kgatlhisang thata a boditšhabatšhaba a lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga" mme a bua jaana ka Mitchell, "Ga ke ise ke itse ope yo o tshwanang le ene ka mekgwa ya gagwe, yo o tshwanang le ene ka tsela e a lebang botshelo ka yone, yo o tlhomameng mo tseleng ya gagwe jaaka molwela kgololosego".[6]

Morago ga go gololwa ga Davis ka ngwaga wa 1972, Mitchell o ne a thaya National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression, a bua thata ka bosetlhogo jwa sepodisi le tsamaiso ya molao. Mitchell o ne gape a dira letsholo mo boemong jwa Joan Little le Wilmington Ten.[5][2]

Mitchell o simolotse go tsepamisa mogopolo mo maitekong a go lwantsha tlhaolele ka dingwaga tsa bo1970, mme a etela Nelson Mandela kwa Afrika Borwa morago ga go gololwa kwa kgolegelong ka ngwaga wa 1990. [2]Benjamin Chavis o boletse gore ka dingwaga tsa bo1980, James Baldwin o ne a bitsa Mitchell "Joan of Arc wa Harlem" ka gonne "o ne a leka go bua boammaaruri jo bo ka se kang jwa tlhalosiwa mo bathong ba ba nang le maatla". [2]

Ka ngwaga wa 1988, Mitchell o ne a tsenela dikgetho tsa United States e le Modulasetulo yo o Ikemetseng wa Progressive. Mosenatoro wa New York kgatlhanong le Daniel Patrick Moynihan yo o sa ntseng a le mo setulong. O ne a tlhophiwa gape ka bontsi. Mitchell o ne a amogela 0.2% ya diboutu go fetsa a le mo maemong a bone mo go ba le supa, a le kwa pele ga ba ba tswang mo Workers World Party, Libertarian Party le Socialist Workers Party.[9]

Morago ga loso lwa leloko le le itsegeng la CPUSA Henry Winston ka ngwaga wa 1986, Mitchell le maloko a mangwe a mokgatlho ba ne ba botsa kaelo ya mokgatlho.[2]Ba ne ba rulaganyetsa mokgatlho wa diphetogo mme dilo di ne tsa senyegela pele kwa kopanong e kgolo ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 1991. Batho ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba saena lekwalo le le neng le rotloetsa diphetogo ba ne ba ntshiwa mo komiting ya bosetšhaba ya CPUSA ke Gus Hall, go akaretsa Mitchell, Angela Davis, Kendra Alexander le baeteledipele ba bangwe ba Maaforika-Amerika. Ba bangwe ba ba neng ba tlogela lekoko ba ne ba akaretsa Herbert Aptheker, Gil Green, le Michael Myerson.[8]

Mitchell o ne a tlhophiwa go nna moeteledipele wa dikomiti tsa dikwadiso tsa demokerasi le bososhiale (CCDS) ka dingwaga tsa bo1990. [5]Ka ngwaga wa 1993, Mitchell o ne a ya kwa Foro de São Paulo kwa Havana jaaka motlhatlhobi go tswa kwa CCDS. Ka ngwaga wa 1994 o ne a dira jaaka motlhatlhobi wa semmuso wa boditšhabatšhaba wa ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa temokerasi mo Afrika Borwa ya morago ga tlhaolele, [1]kwa Nelson Mandela a neng a tlhophiwa go nna Tautona. [2]

Botshelo le loso

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Mitchell o ne a nyala Bill Mitchell ka ngwaga wa 1950 mme ba nna le ngwana wa mosimane ka ngwaga wa1951. [1]Morago ga tlhalo ya bone, o ne a nyala Michael Welch mme moragonyana ba ne ba tlhalana. Ka ngwaga wa 2007, o ne a nna le seterouku.[1][5]Mitchell o tlhokafetse kwa New York City's Amsterdam Nursing Home ka kgwedi Sedimonthole e le lesome le bone (14) ka ngwaga wa 2022, a le dingwaga di masome a boferabongwe le bobedi (92).[10]

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Risen, Clay (December 23, 2022). "Charlene Mitchell, 92, Dies; First Black Woman to Run for President". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 December 2022
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Murphy, Brian (December 24, 2022). "Charlene Mitchell, first Black woman in presidential race, dies at 92". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 McDuffie, Erik S. (2011). Sojourning for Freedom: Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism. Duke University Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-8223-5050-7.
  4. ↑ West, E. James (September 24, 2019). "A Black Woman Communist Candidate: Charlene Mitchell's 1968 Presidential Campaign". African American Intellectual History Society. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Boyd, Herb (December 22, 2022). "Charlene Mitchell, activist and presidential candidate, dies at 92". Philadelphia Tribune. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  6. 1 2 Gagarin, Nicholas (November 5, 1968). "Charlene Mitchell: Silhouette". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  7. ↑ "Black Women and the Radical Tradition Conference 2009: Angela Davis Tribute to Charlene Mitchell, Introductory comments by Gena Rae Mcneil". Vimeo. Graduate Center for Worker Education of Brooklyn College. 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2022. ...at age 7 in Cincinnati, Ohio, Charlene's mother's illness necessitated that Charlene take several busses for one of the scariest trips on which she had ever been thus far in her life. She was on her way to the Federal jail to visit her labor-activist father. After a long ride with several transfers, she arrived so late at the Federal jail that the guards deemed it too late for her to really have any kind of visit. Technically, at the time of her arrival, visiting hours were not over, and Charlene at age 7 argued the point, protesting the guards' decision which, if implemented, would have prevented her from visiting her father and delivering a basket of items her mother had entrusted to her for him. Through what she remembers and describes as "hollering and demanding", she managed to persuade the armed guard to let her go up in the jail elevator at the very end of visiting hours then, and after she "hollered" some more, she persuaded the guard that visiting her father with the glass between them was completely unacceptable, and made it impossible for her to deliver the basket. The guards held the basket and let her go into the room where there were table visits permitted providing visitors remained on their side of the table. As soon as Charlene's father came out and sat down, Charlene jumped around the table and sat on his lap. The guards threw up their hands, but she was not finished yet. She kept talking to them about the basket, telling the guards they could not go away with her father's basket, until they finally agreed that her father could see the basket before they took it back for inspection. In their very next conversation Charlene's mother and father had, Charlene's father told her mother 'never let Charlene come again'. It was too hard on him and the jailers would never get over it.
  8. 1 2 James, Joy, Transcending the Talented Tenth: Black Leaders and American Intellectuals (Routledge, 1997)
  9. 1 2 "Crisis in the CPUSA: Interview with Charlene Mitchell". University of the Western Cape. 1993. Retrieved 3 January 2021
  10. ↑ "Charlene Mitchell, Leader of the Campaign To Free Angela Davis". Portside. 18 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022
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