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Charles Edward Magoon

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Charles Edward Magoon (Sedimonthole 5, 1861 – Ferikgong 14, 1920) e ne e le mmueledi wa Amerika, moatlhodi, modipolomate, le motsamaisi yo o gakologelwang thata jaaka mmusi wa Kgaolo ya Mosele wa Panama; gape o ne a direla e le Tona kwa Panama ka nako e le nngwe. E ne e le Mmusi wa Nakwana wa Cuba ka nako ya fa Amerika e ne e gapa Cuba go tloga ka 1906 go ya go 1909.

O ne a le setlhogo sa matlhabisaditlhong a le mmalwa mo tirong ya gagwe. Jaaka mogakolodi wa semolao yo o neng a direla Lefapha la Ntwa la United States, o ne a kwala dikgakololo le dipego tse di neng tsa dirisiwa ke Khonkerese le lekala la bokhuduthamaga go busa mafelo a masha a United States morago ga Ntwa ya Spain le Amerika. Dipegelo tseno di ne tsa kokoanngwa jaaka buka e e gatisitsweng ka 1902, mme morago ga moo tsa tsewa e le tiro e e botlhokwa thata mo kgannyeng eno. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mmusi, Magoon o ne a dira go diragatsa dikgakololo tseno. Ka bokhutshwane: Magoon o ne a atlega thata kwa Panama mme a kgalwa ka ntlha ya nako ya gagwe kwa Cuba.

Baekerafi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Botshelo jwa bogologolo

Magoon o tsholetswe kwa Owatonna kwa Minnesota. Lelapa la gagwe le ne la fudugela le ene kwa Nebraska fa a ne a sa ntse a le ngwana yo monnye. Ka 1876, o ne a ikwadisa mo thulaganyong ya "prep" kwa Yunibesithing ya Nebraska kwa Lincoln mme a ithuta koo dingwaga di le pedi pele ga a ikwadisa semmuso ka 1878. O ne a tlogela sekolo ka 1879 go ya go ithuta molao ka nosi le feme e e tlhageletseng ya molao. Ka 1882, o ne a amogelwa kwa lephateng la molao mme a dira tiro ya molao kwa Lincoln, kwa Nebraska.[1]Kgabagare, o ne a dirwa molekane mo femeng.[2]Gape o ne a nna mmueledi wa moatlhodi wa Nebraska National Guard mme a tswelela go dirisa sereto sa "Moatlhodi" mo nakong yotlhe e e setseng ya tiro ya gagwe.[3]

Lefapha la Ntwa le "Tiragalo ya Magoon".

Ka 1899, Magoon o ne a batliwa go tsenela ofisi ya molao ya Lephata le le sa tswang go tlhomiwa la Melelwane le Merero ya Ditlhaketlhake, le moragonyana le neng la bidiwa Biro ya Merero ya Ditlhaketlhake, kwa Lefapheng la Ntwa la U.S. ka fa tlase ga Mokwaledi wa Ntwa Russell A. Alger.

Go ne go tsogile dikganetsano tsa semolao le tsa sepolotiki malebana le gore a batho ba mafelo a a neng a sa tswa go bonwa ba ne ba newa ditshwanelo tse di tshwanang le tsa baagi ba Amerika ka go itirisa go ya ka Molaotheo wa United States. Magoon o ne a baakanyetsa Alger pegelo ka Motsheganong 1899 e e neng e tla tlhoma pholisi ya semmuso ya lefapha jaaka "Molaotheo o latela folaga."

Kafa tlase ga kgopolo eno, ka nako ya fa tumalano e e neng e fetisetsa mafelo ano kwa pusong ya U.S. e ne e saeniwa, baagi ba Puerto Rico, Philippines le mafelo a mangwe ba ne ba nna ka fa tlase ga ditshwanelo tsotlhe tse di neng di newa ke Molaotheo. Mo mafelong a mašwa a a neng a latela Ntwa ya Spain–Amerika, seno e ka bo e le go tswa mo go saenweng ga Tumalano ya Paris ka Sedimonthole 10, 1898. Ka go rola tiro ga ga Mokwaledi Alger, pegelo eno e e sa felelang ga e a ka ya gololelwa Khonkerese.[4]

Ka August 1899, Elihu Root o ne a nna mokwaledi yo mosha wa ntwa, mme pego e e neng e sa gololwa e ne ya phimolwa. Magoon o ne a kwala pegelo e ntšhwa e e neng ya fitlhelela tshwetso e e fapaaneng le ya ntlha: Molaotheo o ne o sa dire mo mafelong a masha go fitlha United States Congress e fetisa molao ka tlhamalalo go o ntsha tetla ya go dira jalo. E ne ya bolela gore go ne ga tlhomiwa sekao fa Khonkerese e ne e fetisa molao wa go dirisa Molaotheo mo Kgaolong ya Bokonebophirima le mo Thekong ya Louisiana. Pegelo eno e e tlhabolotsweng e ne ya kwalwa ka Tlhakole 12, 1900, mme ya gololelwa Khonkerese jaaka tokomane ya pholisi e e tlhalosang boemo jwa semmuso jwa Lefapha mo kgannyeng eno.[5]Kgopolo eno e ne ya amogelwa thata ke Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya United States go simolola ka 1901 mo go se se bidiwang "Dikgetsi tsa Ditlhaketlhake."

Mo pakeng eno, Khonkerese e ne e ngangisana ka Molao wa Ditefiso wa Puerto Rico o o ka bong o sa dumalane le molaotheo fa tlhaloso ya ntlha e ka bo e bolokilwe. Eno e ne e le kgang e e neng e ema thata ka nako eo—Ba-Republican ba ne ba rata Molao ono, mme o ne wa kgalwa thata ke Ba-Democrat. Ka nako ya ngangisano e e neng ya latela, go nna teng ga pegelo ya ntlha go ne ga lemogiwa ke ba Democrats, ba ba neng ba kopa gore Lefapha la Ntwa le ba gololele pegelo ya pelenyana gore di kgone go bapisiwa "ba bapile". Kopo e ne ya ganwa, mme khopi ya pego e ne ya dutla, mme seno sa dira gore Moeteledipele wa Minority James D. Richardson a e balele kwa godimo mo lebaleng la Senate, pele ga go bouta. Maiteko ano a ne a palelwa; boutu e ne ya nna go ya ka mela ya lekoko mme kgato e ne ya fetisiwa.[6]

Se se nnye seno se se bidiwang matlhabisaditlhong, se Magoon a neng a le mo gare, se ne sa bidiwa "Tiragalo ya Magoon" ke Chicago Tribune mme sa felela ka mafoko a a bogale kgatlhanong le ene go tswa mo maphateng ka bobedi. Ba-Republican ka ene ba ne ba rotloetsa gore Magoon e ne e le fela "tlelereke e e kwa tlase", e e senang tshwanelo ya go tlhagisa kakanyo epe fa e se kakanyo ya Lefapha, mme ka jalo pegelo ya ntlha ga e a tshwanela go rwala bokete bope.[7]Ba-Democrat ka tsela e e tshwanang ba ne ba le kgatlhanong le mofuta wa bobedi wa pegelo. Ga go tlhaloganyesege gore ke mofuta ofe, fa o le teng, o tota o neng o emela dikgopolo tsa ga Magoon ka namana go na le dikgopolo tsa mokwaledi wa ga jaanong wa ntwa.

Morago ga tiragalo e, Magoon o ne a sala le Lefapha la Ntwa. Ka 1902, tiro ya gagwe e e neng e bua ka metheo ya semolao ya dipuso tse disha tsa baagi e ne ya gololelwa setšhaba e le buka, Dipego ka Molao wa Puso ya Baagi mo Kgaolong e e Tshwerweng ke Sesole ka 1902.

Masole a Sesole a United States, jj. E ne ya gatisiwa gape makgetlo a le mmalwa mme ya tsewa e le mokwalo o o botlhokwa thata ka kgang eno.[8]

Panama

Mo bokhutlong jwa 1903, Mokwaledi Root o ne a itsise gore o rola tiro ya go nna mokwaledi wa ntwa. Go ne ga latela diphopholetso mo metsweding ya dikgang gore Magoon o tla rola tiro ka nako e le nngwe mme a kopanela le mokwaledi yo o tswang mo tirong ya poraefete.[9]Go na le moo, Magoon o ne a tlhomiwa ke Moporesidente Theodore Roosevelt ka Seetebosigo 1904 gore e nne mogakolodi-kakaretso wa Khomišene ya Mosele wa Isthmian, setlhopha se se neng se dira go dira se kgabagare se neng se tla nna Mosele wa Panama. Mo tirong eno, o ne a tla bo a dira ka fa tlase ga Modulasetulo John Grimes Walker, mme e ne e se mokomišenara.[10]Go ya ka Moporesidente Roosevelt, Magoon o ne a tshwanelwa ke maemo ao ka gonne o ne a "fenyile di-spurs tsa gagwe" a bereka mo Lefapheng la Ntwa mme a tlotliwa thata.[11]Le fa Magoon a ne a berekela porojeke ya Canal, ofisi ya gagwe le lefelo la gagwe la bonno di ne tsa nna kwa Washington, DC.

Ka Mopitlwe 29, 1905, Moporesidente Roosevelt o ne a kopa go sa lebelelwa gore maloko otlhe a Khomišene ya Mosele le mmusi wa Lefelo la Mosele wa Panama, George Whitefield Davis, ba tlogele tiro ka nako e le nngwe.[12] Go ya ka Mokwaledi wa Ntwa William Howard Taft, go feela gono go go phepa go ne go bakilwe ke "go sa tlhomama go go tlholegileng" ga Khomišene, bogolosegolo jaaka go amana le mathata a bophepa mo Kgaolong, mmogo le bothata jwa go fitlhelela tumalano magareng ga bakomišenara ba ga jaana ba le supa.[13] Malatsi a le mmalwa moragonyana, go ne ga itsisiwe ka go tlhomiwa ga batho ba ba tla emisetsang: Magoon o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mmusi le leloko la Khomišene, mme rakgwebo wa seporo Theodore P. Shonts o ne a dirwa modulasetulo wa Khomišene.[14] Khomišene e ntšhwa e ne e na le bakomishinara ba le supa, jaaka go ne go tlhokega ke molao wa Khonkerese o o neng wa tlhama setlhopha, mme maikarabelo a ne a tshwanetse go kgaoganngwa ka tsela ya gore ke Magoon fela, Shonts le moenjenere yo mogolo ba ba nang le taolo epe ya mmatota. Maloko a mane a a setseng a khomišene a ne a tlhomiwa fela go diragatsa tlhaka ya molao. Khonkerese e ne e setse e ganne kopo ya ga Moporesidente ya go dira Khomišene semmuso setlhopha sa maloko a le mararo; go aga sešwa ga mokgatlho e ne e le tiro e e dirilweng ke Moporesidente go dikologa thibelo eo.[15] Gore a kgone go simolola ditiro tsa gagwe tse disha, Magoon o ne a fudugela kwa Canal Zone mo kgweding e e latelang.

Mmusi wa Kgaolo ya Mosele wa Panama

Lefelo la Mosele wa Panama

Maikarabelo a magolo a ga Magoon mo teng ga Kgaolo ya Mosele e ne e le go tokafatsa kgeleloleswe le go samagana le go runya ga letshoroma le le serolwana le malaria go go tlwaelegileng thata. Kwa tshimologong, o ne a gana go dumela gore malwetse ano a rwalwa ke menang ka gonne, o ne a akanya gore batho ba naga eo ba ka bo ba amegile thata. Ka nako eno, go ne go sa tlhaloganngwe sentle gore batho ba na le masole a mmele a go lwantsha malwetse jang. Chicago Tribune, mo athikeleng e e buang ka maemo mo moseleng, e ne ya umaka kgopolo ya gore letshoroma le le serolwana le ne le rwalwa ke menang jaaka "bugaboo".[16]Le fa go ntse jalo, ka January 1906, Magoon o ne a sa bolo go tlhaloganya seabe sa menang mo go fetiseng malwetse, jaaka go supilwe mo setlhogong sa New York Times se mo go sone Magoon a neng a bua ka botlalo ka go tshwaiwa phoso ga puso ya gagwe; ka nako eo o ne a setse a dirile leano le le matlhagatlhaga le le nang le maikaelelo a a kwa godimo la go fedisa metlhaba e e neng e tsala menang.[17]

Fa a ne a le mmusi, o ne a dira le baranodi kwa Lefapheng la Ntwa go gatisa kgatiso ya Seesemane ya Molao o o feletseng wa Selegae wa Panama, o a neng a o kwala jaaka molao wa Canal Zone ka May 9, 1904. Leno e ne e le lekgetlo la ntlha molao o o feletseng wa selegae wa naga e e buang Sepanishe e e seng kgaolo e e ranoletsweng mo Seesemaneng ya U.S. Go ne go le botlhokwa gore a se ka a dira diphetogo mo melaong e fa a ne a e "tsenya" mo tsamaisong ya semolao ya kgaolo e a neng a e busa.[18]

Ka Phukwi 2, 1905, Moporesidente Roosevelt o ne a tswelela go tiisa maatla kwa Panama ka go tlhoma Tona ya Magoon kwa Panama, go emisetsa John Barrett. Seno se ne sa dira gore Magoon a nne mo boemong jo bo tlhomologileng jwa go nna mmusi wa kgaolo ya U.S. le go nna modipolomate wa naga e kgaolo eo e neng e le karolo ya yone. Ka nako ya fa Mmusisi Davis a ne a le mo pusong, go ne go nnile le kgotlhang fa gare ga gagwe le Tona Barrett. Go thapiwa gono gabedi go ne go tla netefatsa gore dikarolo tse pedi tseno di ne di ka se dire ka maikaelelo a a farologaneng. Magoon o ne a tla goga dituelo tse pedi mo thulaganyong, kgang e e neng e tla tlhagelela moragonyana go mo tshwenya. Ka diposo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso kwa Panama le kwa Kgaolong ya Mosele, Magoon e ne e le monna yo o maatla thata mo Isthmus.[19]

Kgotlhang le Khonkerese

Moporesidente o ne a tla mo kgotlhang e e oketsegang le Khonkerese ka ga go tshwara Kgaolo, go akaretsa le go kopanya maatla ka tsela e e sa tlwaelegang. Mo godimo ga go sa rulaganye Khomišene sešwa semmuso, Khonkerese e ne ya tswelela go lwa kgotsa go tsosa dipotso ka ga go tlhomiwa ga bakomišenara ba ba tla emisetsang. Ka November 1905, Panama e ne ya etelwa ke Poultney Bigelow, motlhatlheledi le mokwadi wa Mokgatlho wa Thutafatshe wa Amerika, yo o neng a kwala pego e e botlhoko ka kgatelopele mo Kgaolong ya Mosele—pego e e neng ya phasaladiwa thata kwa United States. Pego eno e ne ya kgala bokgoni jwa tiro e e dirwang mmogo le boleng jwa tsamaiso ya yone. Mme

goon o ne a ganetsa bobegadikgang jono jo bo sa siamang ka go gatelela gore Bigelow o ne a etetse Lefelo leno malatsi a a kwa tlase ga a mabedi, mme lengwe la one e ne e le Letsatsi la Thanksgiving, mme tiro eo e ne e le botlhofo ka letsatsi la boikhutso.[20]

Ka Tlhakole, Magoon o ne a bidiwa go tla go neela bosupi fa pele ga Komiti ya Senate e e neng e ikarabela ka tsamaiso ya Canal, go akaretsa le go araba pego ya ga Bigelow. O ne a kgalwa jaanong ka ntlha ya go amogela tsamaiso ya kotlhao ya Panama pelenyana mo Kgaolong. Ntlha nngwe e kgolo e e neng ya ganetsanwa e ne e le gore e ne e sa letle gore baagi ba Amerika ba ba tshwerweng koo ba sekisiwe ke juri. Ba ne ba tsosa dipotso ka ga boleng jwa baatlhodi mo tshimong le dikgang tse dingwe.[21]

Go ne go sena dipoelo tsa semmuso go tswa mo ditheetsong tse, fela morago ga moo Khonkerese e ne ya fetisa Molaotlhomo wa Phetolo ya Boemedi o o neng o akaretsa tlamelo e e neng e ka se letle modipolomate, jaaka Magoon, go nna le maemo a a farologaneng a botsamaisi.[22] Go na le gore a tlose Magoon mo go nngwe ya maemo a gagwe, o ne a bidiwa gore e nne motlatsa-mmusimogolo wa Philippines. Kwa bofelong, thebolo eno e ne ya phimolwa pele ga e simolola go dira, mme boemong jwa seo o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mmusi wa Cuba.[23]Bona Dingwaga tsa Panama. Río Piedras, kwa Puerto Rico: Ratoropo wa Plaza wa Botseleganyi. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. (1999), thuto e e gaisang ya dingwaga tsa ga Magoon kwa Panama.

Cuba

Tshedimosetso e nngwe: Go Gapiwa ga Cuba ga Bobedi

Ka 1906, Cuba e ne e le mo gare ga mathata a molaotheo ka ntlha ya ditlhopho tse di neng di ganetsanwa le maiteko a ga Moporesidente yo o tlhophilweng e bong Tomás Estrada Palma a go nna mo pusong morago ga go wediwa ga paka ya gagwe. Seno se ne sa dira gore go nne le botsuolodi, mme sesole sa U.S. se ne sa romela banna ba le 5 600 go ya go tlhomamisa taolo ya naga gape mo go se se neng se tla bidiwa Go Tsewa ga Cuba ga Bobedi.[24] Seno se ne sa letlwa go ya ka Tumalano ya Dikamano ya Cuba le Amerika ya 1903, e leng tumalano e e neng e tlhalosa gore United States e ne e tla tsereganya go le kana kang mo Cuba. Morago ga paka e khutshwane ya go tlhomama ke Mokwaledi Taft, Magoon o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mmusi.[25] O ne a busa ka fa tlase ga Molaotheo wa Cuba, ka taolo e e feletseng e bile a engwe nokeng ke sesole sa U.S.[26]

Ka Diphalane 13, 1906, Magoon o ne a nna mmusi wa Cuba semmuso. Magoon o ne a gana go nna le moletlo wa go tlhomiwa semmuso, mme, go na le moo, dikgang tsa go tlhomiwa ga gagwe di ne tsa itsisiwe setšhaba sa Cuba ka makwalodikgang. Mo puong ya gagwe e e kwadilweng ya go tlhomiwa kwa nageng, Magoon o supile gore o tla "dira ditiro tse di tlametsweng ke ... molaotheo wa Cuba go somarela boipuso jwa Cuba". O ne a le teng, ka bokhutshwane, go busetsa thulaganyo e seng go dira bokoloniale.[27]

Ka nako ya fa Magoon a ne a le mmusi, bafetogedi ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba fenngwa, mme tlhokomelo ya gagwe e ne ya lebisiwa kwa teng kwa mafaratlhatlheng. O ne a gokaganya go agiwa ga tsela e kgolo ya dikilometara di le makgolo a mabedi.[28] O ne a kopa gore sesole sa Cuba se rulaganngwe sešwa go nna sesole se se tlhomameng, go na le "balebedi ba magae" ba mofuta wa Mexico.[29] Se se neng se baka kganetsano le go feta ke gore o ne a kopa gore go tlosiwe sekepe se se neng se nwetse sa USS Maine, sekepe se go senngwa ga sone go neng ga baka Ntwa ya Spain le Amerika, ka gonne se ne se kgoreletsa pharakano mo boemakepeng jwa Havana. Mo pegong ya gagwe ya ngwaga le ngwaga e a neng a e kwalela mokwaledi wa ntwa, Magoon o ne a bega gore batho ba le bantsi ba Cuba ba ne ba na le tumelo e e tlwaelegileng ya gore United States le fa e le puso ya Cuba e e neng e engwa nokeng ke United States ga di a sekaseka dithotobolo ka gonne go ka nna ga bonwa bosupi jo bo bontshang gore sekepe ga se a ka sa nwela ke torpedo, fela jaaka pego ya semmuso e ne e le—sengwe se se neng se tla dira gore United States e belaele ntwa kgatlhanong le Spain. Go tlosiwa ga sekepe ga go a diragala fa Magoon a ne a le mo maemong; e ne ya dumelelwa ke Khonkerese ka 1910.[30]

Le fa a ne a tseelwa kwa godimo kwa United States, Magoon o ne a sa ratege mo bathong ba Cuba. O ne a roba ditatofatso tse dintsi tse di sa siamang mo diatleng tsa bakwadi ba Cuba ba ba neng ba mo tlhalosa jaaka "monna wa boka", yo o neng a le "motho yo o makgwakgwa, a le makgwakgwa ka maitseo, a na le keletso e e tseneletseng le a le pelotshetlha ya go amogwa". Mokwadi wa dibuka tsa bosetšhaba wa Cuba Carlos Manuel Trelles o ne a kwala moragonyana gore Magoon "o ne a senya setšhaba sa Cuba thata, mme ka ntlha ya bogale jwa gagwe o ne a lejwa ka lenyatso." Borahisitori ba bangwe ba Cuba ba supa tshenyo ya madi ya nako ya ga Magoon, e e "tlogetseng kgakologelo e e sa siamang le sekao se se sa siamang mo nageng" mme ya busetsa Cuba kwa mekgweng e e bodileng ya dinako tsa bokoloniale.[31]

Ka Ferikgong 28, 1909, puso e e ipusang ya Cuba e ne ya busediwa, mme José Miguel Gómez o ne a nna mopresidente. Ga go na bosupi jo bo tlhamaletseng jwa bonweenwee jwa ga Magoon jo bo kileng jwa tlhagelela, mme go kgaogana ga gagwe ka go ntsha dikonteraka tse di nang le poelo tsa Cuba go difeme tsa U.S. e ne e le ntlha e e tswelelang ya kganetsano.[32]Dikgwedi di le mmalwa moragonyana, Magoon o ne a amogela kakgolo ya semmuso go tswa go Moporesidente Taft ka ntlha ya tirelo ya gagwe e e molemo kwa Cuba.

Morago ga tirelo ya gagwe kwa Cuba, Magoon o ne a rola tiro ya setšhaba mme a ya go ikhutsa ngwaga kwa Yuropa pele a boela kwa United States. Diphopholetso ka nako eo di ne di supa gore o tla tsaya maemo a go nna moemedi kwa China, e leng khomišene e e kgethegileng ya go tlhomama kwa Bogare .

Amerika, kgotsa maemo a Kabinete. Kgabagare Magoon ga a ka a tsaya epe ya maikarabelo ao a masha mme a tsena mo tirong ya go rola tiro semmuso. O ne a nna ka tidimalo mme a tlhokafala kwa Washington, D.C., ka 1920 morago ga mathata a a bakilweng ke karo ya bolwetse jo bo masisi jwa appendicitis.

Magoon, 1902. Dipego ka ga Molao wa Puso ya Selegae mo Kgaolong e e Tsewang ke Sesole ke Masole a United States, jalo le jalo Washington, D.C.: Ofisi ya go Gatisa ya Puso ya U.S. OCLC 4668092. (E itsege gape jaaka Molao wa Puso ya Selegae ka fa tlase ga Tiro ya Sesole.)

  1. ↑ "Charles Edward Magoon Papers Inventory (#3922-z)". Wilson Library University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
  2. ↑ "Magoon Has Won His Spurs". The Washington Post. August 21, 1904. p. 8.
  3. ↑ "C.E. Magoon Dies" (fee). The New York Times. January 15, 1920. p. 11.
  4. ↑ "Problem of War Tax". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 2, 1900. p. 7.
  5. ↑ "The Constitution and the Flag". Forum. May 1900. pp. 257–263.
  6. ↑ "Puerto Rico Brought Close". Los Angeles Times. April 12, 1900. pp. I1 – I2.
  7. ↑ "Porto Rican Bill Passed By House". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 12, 1900. pp. 1–2.
  8. ↑ "Civil Government By the Military". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 14, 1902. pp. 1–2.
  9. ↑ "Judge Magoon's Success". The Washington Post. August 19, 1903. p. 6.
  10. ↑ "Hon. Charles E. Magoon". The Washington Post. June 28, 1904. p. 6.
  11. ↑ "Magoon Has Won His Spurs". The Washington Post. August 21, 1904. p. 8.
  12. ↑ "Requested to Resign". The Washington Post. March 30, 1905. p. 4
  13. ↑ "The Rainbow on the Isthmus". Medical News. April 22, 1905. pp. 745–746.
  14. ↑ "Shonts Canal Chief". The Washington Post. April 2, 1905. p. 6.
  15. ↑ "The Rainbow on the Isthmus". Medical News. April 22, 1905. pp. 745–746.
  16. ↑ Richard Weightman (June 7, 1905). "Yellow Fever Bugaboo On Isthmus May Retard Progress on Canal". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 6.
  17. ↑ Richard Weightman (June 7, 1905). "Yellow Fever Bugaboo On Isthmus May Retard Progress on Canal". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 6.
  18. ↑ "Panama Code Translated". The Washington Post. June 7, 1905. p. 4.
  19. ↑ "Magoon to Panama". Los Angeles Times. July 3, 1905. p. I3.
  20. ↑ "Magoon Here, Replies to Poultney Bigelow" (fee). The New York Times. January 29, 1906. pp. 1–2.
  21. ↑ "Hang Without a Hearing". The Washington Post. February 10, 1906. p. 2.
  22. ↑ "Magoon Is a Self-Made Man". Los Angeles Times. October 29, 1906. p. I16.
  23. ↑ "Magoon Gets New Office". The Washington Post. September 18, 1906. p. 7.
  24. ↑ Latin American Election Statistics. "Cuba: Elections and Events 1902–1911". University of California. Archived from the original on December 16, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
  25. ↑ Ralph Eldin Minger, "William H. Taft and the United States intervention in Cuba in 1906." Hispanic American Historical Review 41.1 (1961): 75-89 online
  26. ↑ "The Situation in Cuba". The Independent. October 11, 1906. pp. 840–841.
  27. ↑ "Magoon Takes Taft's Place". Los Angeles Times. October 14, 1906. p. V20.
  28. ↑ "Magoon's Good Work". The Washington Post. November 3, 1906. p. E4.
  29. ↑ John Callan O'Laughlin (May 5, 1908). "Cuba Will Have Army". The Washington Post. p. 1.
  30. ↑ "Magoon Says Raise Wreck of Maine" (fee). The New York Times. January 25, 1909. p. 5.
  31. ↑ Thomas, Hugh (March 1971). Cuba; the Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 283–287. ISBN 0-06-014259-6. OCLC 16434031.
  32. ↑ Thomas, Hugh (March 1971). Cuba; the Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 283–287. ISBN 0-06-014259-6. OCLC 16434031.
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