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Cuba

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Republic of Cuba

Flag of Cuba
Folaga
A shield in front of a Fasces crowned by the Phrygian Cap, all supported by an oak branch and a laurel wreath
Coat of arms
Motto: Patria o Muerte, Venceremos
("Homeland or Death, We Shall Overcome!")[1]
Anthem: La Bayamesa
("The Bayamo Song")[2]
Cuba, a supilwe ka mmala wa botala jwa tlhaga jo bo gateletseng
Cuba, a supilwe ka mmala wa botala jwa tlhaga jo bo gateletseng
Mošate
and largest city
Havana
23°8′N 82°23′W / 23.133°N 82.383°W / 23.133; -82.383
Diteme tsa semmusôSpanish
Dipuo tse dingweHaitian Creole
English
Lucumí
Galician
Corsican
Merafe ya Batho
(2012)
Sedumedi
2020 [3]
GovernmentUnitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic[4][5]
Fatshe
• Total
110,860[6] km2 (42,800 sq mi)
• Bokete
90.7/km2 (234.9/sq mi)

Lefatshe la Cuba, le le tlhomamisitsweng semmuso ka leina la Republic of Cuba, ke lefatshe la setlhaketlhake, le le dikaganyeditsweng ke ditlhaketlhake tse dingwe di akaretsa se setona sa Island of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud le tse dingwe tse dinnye. Lefatshe le le kwa bokopanong jwa lewatle la Carribean, Gulf of Mexico le Atlantic Ocean. Le kwa botlhaba jwa Yucatan Peninsula, kwa borwa jwa Florida le Bahamas, bophirima jwa Hispaniola (Haiti/Dominican Republic), le bokone jwa lefatshe la mafatshe a Jamaica le Cayman Islands. Toropokgolo ya lone ke Havana. Lefatshe la Cuba le sala morago la Haiti le la Dominican Republic mo bontsing jwa palo ya batho, se se dira gore e nne lone la boraro kwa Carribean ka banni ba le di milione di le lesome. Ke lone lefatshe le letona go feta a mangwe ka sephara kwa Carribean.

Lefelo le e leng Cuba gompieno, le sale le nna le banni go simolola ka dingwaga tse di dikete tse nne pele ga Keresete. Batho ba ditso tsa Guanahatabey le Taino ba thibeletse kwa lefatsheng le ka nako ya puso ya Spain diketekete tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng. Lefatshe le le tsere boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1902, morago ga go busiwa ke la United States fa le sena go fenya ntwa gareng ga lone le la Spain le e leng lone le neng le busa Cuba pele. Ka ngwaga wa 1940, lefatshe la Cuba le ne la simolola molaomotheo o mosha, mme ga nna le dikgoberego tsa sepolotiki ka ngwaga wa 1952, mo go nneng ga salwa morago ke puso ya kgatelelo ya ga Fulgencio Batista. Puso ya ga Batista e ne ya phatlaladiwa ka ngwaga wa 1959, kgwedi ya Firikgong, e phatlaladiwa ke mokgatlho wa 26th of July Movement. Phetogo e e ne ya tsisa molao wa puso ya ga Fidel Castro.

Lefatshe la Cuba le na puso e e gatelelang, e go sa letlelelweng polotiki ya kganetso.[7][8] Metswedi ya dikgang e e ikemetseng ga e letlelelwe[9] [10][11]mme ebile dikgang di a sekasekwa pele gadi ka gatisiwa; lekgotla la Reporters Without Borders le supile fa lefatshe la Cuba e le lengwe la mafatshe a a sa siamang fa go tla mo go gololesegeng ga metswedi ya dikgang.[12][13] Ka lotso lefatshe la Cuba le ka supiwa fa e le bontlha bongwe jwa Latin America. Ke leloko la United Nations, G77, Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation of African, Carribean and Pacific States, ALBA le Organization of American States. Itsholelo ya lone e ikaegile ka lekalana la bojanala, thekiso ya boitseanape, sukiri, motsoko le kofi. Lefatshe le, le ne le dira bontle thata mo go tsa thuto,[14][15] kgonagalo ya go tshela ga masea morago ga pelegi, le sebaka se batho ba tshelang ka sone, fa le tshwantshanngwa le a mangwe mo kgaolong e. Lefatshe la Cuba le na le lenaneo la botsogo le le karetsang batho botlhe ebile le netefatsa gore banni botlhe ba lone ba bona ditlamelo tsa botsogo ba sa di duelele sepe[16][17]; le ntswa dikgwetlho di akaretsa dituelo tse dikwa tlase tsa dingaka, go tlhoka go itekanela ga dikago, letlhoko la didirisiwa le go tlhoka go nna teng ga melemo.[18][19] Patlisiso e e dirilweng ke ba Cuban Observatory of Human Rights (OCDH) ka ngwaga wa 2023, e akanyetsa fa 88% ya banni ba tshelela o lehumeng la nta ya tlhogo.[20] Dijo tsa setso di tshwentse ba le bantsi ka jaana di sena dikotla ebile di le mofuta o mongwe fela. Jaaka go supilwe ke lephata la United Nations la World Food Programme (WFP), dijo tse di lekanyeditsweng di lekana bontlha bongwe fela jwa dijo tse di tlhokafalang, se se baka makoa.[21]

Tlholego

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Baitseanape ba ditso ba dumela fa leina la Cuba le tswa mo puong ya Taino; mme le fa go ntse jalo, kwa le tlholegang teng ga go itsagale.[22] Se leina le le se rayang ga go itsewe, mme le ka ranolwa ele 'kwa go leng bongola teng;[23] kgotsa 'lefelo le le siameng thata'.

Ditso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Pele ga puso ya Columbia

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Batho ba thibeletse kwa Cuba dingwaga di le dikete tse thataro tse di fetileng, ba tswa kwa bokone jwa South America le kwa legareng la America.[24] Go goroga ga batho kwa Cuba go ne ga baka go nyelela ga diphologolo tse di neng di tlholega koo, bogolo jang diphologotswana tse di bidiwang 'sloths'. Batho ba teme ya Arawakan, ba e leng bomogolwagolwane batho ba lotso lwa Taino, ba gorogile mo lefelong le ba tswa borwa jwa America dingwaga di ka nna sekete le makgolo a marataro tse di fetileng. Fa ba tshwantshwangwa le bathibeledi ba pele, batho ba lotso lwa Taino ba ne ba bopa ebile ba lema.[24] Ditshupo tsa ntlha tsa go nna teng ga batho ba Taino kwa Cuba ke tsa di century di robabongwe morago ga loso lwa ga keresete. Ditlogolwana tsa banni ba pele ba kwa Cuba ba ne ba tswelella ba ya go tsena kwa bophirima jwa setlhaketlhake go fitlhelela ba tsena kwa Columbia kwa ba neng ba bidiwa batho ba lotso lwa Guanahatabey ba e neng e le batsumi baphuthi.[24]

Puso le ketelelopele ke lefatshe la Spain (1492 - 1898)

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Morago ga go gorogela kwa setlhaketlhakeng se se neng se bidiwa Guanahani ka ngwaga wa 1492, kgwedi ya Phalane e le lesome le bobedi ga ga Christopher Columbus, o ne a goroga mo Cuba ka ngwaga wa 1942, Phalane a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, mme a goroga kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokone botlhaba ka letsatsi le le latelang. Columbus o ne a tlhoma setlhaketlhake se go nna bogosi jwa Spain mme a se bitsa Isla Juana (John's Island) a se reelela ka leina la ga John, kgosana ya kwa Asturias.

Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar

Ka ngwaga wa 1511, Diego Velazquez de Cuellar o ne a tlhoma manno a batho ba Spain kwa Baracoa. Manno a mangwe a ne a sala morago a akaretsa San Cristobal de la Habana le le simolodisitsweng ka ngwa wa 1514 mme morago ya nna toropokgolo ka ngwaga wa 1607.





Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ "Cuban Peso Bills". Central Bank of Cuba. 2015. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  2. ↑ "National symbols". Government of Cuba. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  3. ↑ "Cuba – The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. 6 October 2021. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  4. ↑ "Constitution of Cuba" (PDF). constituteproject.org. National Assembly of People's Power. 10 April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-28. Retrieved 14 february 2025. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  5. ↑ "New Cuban leadership reflects a rebranding of Castro dictatorship". Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  6. ↑ "Cuba". Central Intelligence Agency. 20 February 2023. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  7. ↑ Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (16 August 2010). Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–363. ISBN 978-1-139-49148-8. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  8. ↑ Lachapelle, Jean; Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A.; Casey, Adam E. (2020). "Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability". World Politics. 72 (4): 557–600. doi:10.1017/S0043887120000106. ISSN 0043-8871. S2CID 225096277. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  9. ↑ Stein, Elizabeth Ann (2016). "Information and Civil Unrest in Dictatorships". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.35. ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  10. ↑ "Six facts about censorship in Cuba". Amnesty International. 11 March 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  11. ↑ "Press Freedom Index 2015" Archived 27 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  12. ↑ "Press Freedom Index 2008" (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2009.
  13. ↑ "Press Freedom Index 2015" Archived 27 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  14. ↑ "Pre-Castro Cuba | American Experience". PBS. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  15. ↑ Greenberg, Jon (24 February 2020). "Fact-checking Bernie Sanders' claim on Cuba literacy under Castro". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2025
  16. ↑ Geloso, Vincent; Pavlik, Jamie Bologna (1 April 2021). "The Cuban revolution and infant mortality: A synthetic control approach". Explorations in Economic History. 80: 101376. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2020.101376. ISSN 0014-4983. S2CID 229073336. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  17. ↑ Kessler, Glenn (1 December 2016). "Justin Trudeau's claim that Castro made 'significant improvements' to Cuban health care and education". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  18. ↑ Editorial (16 May 2015). "Be more libre". The Economist. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  19. ↑ The Committee Office, House of Commons (28 March 2001). "Cuban Health Care Systems and its implications for the NHS Plan". Select Committee on Health. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  20. ↑ The State of Social Rights in Cuba: VI Report 2023" (PDF). Observatorio Cubano de Derechos Humanos (OCDH). 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  21. ↑ "Un informe de la ONU señala que los cubanos de 14 a 60 años sufren de malnutrición". 14ymedio (in Spanish). 5 April 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  22. ↑ "Cuba – Cultural institutions | history – geography". Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 11. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  23. ↑ "Alfred Carrada – The Dictionary of the Taino Language". alfredcarrada.org. Archived from the original on 14 February 2025.
  24. 1 2 3 Fernandes, Daniel M.; Sirak, Kendra A.; Ringbauer, Harald; Sedig, Jakob; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Culleton, Brendan J.; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Bravo, Guillermo; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kimberly (4 February 2021). "A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean". Nature. 590 (7844): 103–110. Bibcode:2021Natur.590..103F. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 7864882. PMID 33361817.
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