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Diekere tse masome a mane le mmoulo

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General William T. Sherman, yo o neng a ntsha taolo ya tshimologo ya diekere le mmoulo.

Diekere tse masome a mane le mmoulo di kaya karolo ya botlhokwa ya Special Field Orders, No. 15 (motseletsele wa 1865), taelo ya nako ya ntwa e e neng ya goelediwa ke mojenerale wa Union William Tecumseh Sherman ka Firikgong a le lesome le borataro, 1865, ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika, go abela malapa mangwe a a golotsweng lefatshe, mo dipolotong tsa lefatshe tse di sa feteng diekere tse masome a mane.[1] Moragonyana Sherman o ne a laela sesole gore se adime meboulo go dira maiteko a go fetola temothuo. Ditaelo tse di ne tsa latela motseletsele wa dipuisano magareng ga Mokwaledi wa Ntwa Edwin M. Stanton le bafedisi ba Rephaboliki Charles Sumner le Thaddeus Stevens[2] morago ga go kgoreletsega ya motheo wa bokgoba o o neng o tsositswe ke Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika. Ba ne ba dira gore go tsewe diekere di le dikete tse lekgolo le masome a marataro tsa lefatshe go bapa le lotshitshi la Atlantic la South Carolina, Georgia, le Florida le go le kgaoganya go nna dikarolo tse di sa feteng diekere tse masome a mane,[3] tse mo go tsone go neng go tshwanetse ga agiwa malapa a mangwe a a ka nnang dikete tse lesome le boferabobedi a batho ba bantsho ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelo leo.

Batho ba le bantsi ba ba golotsweng ba ne ba dumela, morago ga go bolelelwa ke batho ba ba farologaneng ba dipolotiki, gore ba na le tshwanelo ya go nna le lefatshe le ba neng ba pateleditswe go le bereka jaaka makgoba mme ba ne ba tlhoafaletse go laola dithoto tsa bone. Batho ba ba golotsweng ba ne ba solofetswe thata go batla diekere di le masome mane tsa lefatshe ka fa molaong.[4] Le fa go ntse jalo, motlhatlhami wa ga Abraham Lincoln jaaka tautona, e bong Andrew Johnson, o ne a leka go busetsa morago boikaelelo jwa Taelo ya ga Sherman ya nako ya ntwa ya bolesome le botlhano le dipeelo tse di tshwanang tse di akareditsweng mo melaong ya bobedi ya Lekala la Freedmen.

Go abiwa gape ga lefatshe gongwe go ne ga dirwa kafa tlase ga taolo ya sesole ka nako ya ntwa le ka lobaka le lekhutshwane morago ga moo. Le fa go ntse jalo, molao wa puso le wa puso ya kgaolo ka nako ya Kagosesha e ne e gatelela tiro e e duelwang, e seng go nna le lefatshe, mo bathong ba bantsho. Mo e ka nnang lefatshe lotlhe le le neng la abiwa ka nako ya ntwa le ne la busediwa kwa beng ba lone ba basweu ba pele ga ntwa.[5] Ditshaba di le mmalwa tsa batho bantsho di ne di nna di laola lefatshe la tsone, mme malapa mangwe a ne a bona lefatshe le lesha ka go nna mo magaeng. Go nna le lefatshe la batho bantsho go ne ga oketsega thata kwa Mississippi, segolobogolo mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Puso e ne e na le lefatshe le lentsi le le sa tlhabololwang le le kwa tlase (lefatshe le le kwa tlase la alluvial gaufi le noka) ka fa morago ga mafelo a a fa thoko ga noka a a neng a lemilwe pele ga ntwa. Bontsi jwa batho bantsho ba ne ba bona lefatshe ka ditirisano tsa makala a ikemetseng, ka bong jwa lefatshe bo ne bo fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa diekere di le didikadike di le lesome le botlhano (diheketara di le didikadike di le thataro le motso) kgotsa ~23,000 square miles ka 1910, pele ga kwelotlase e e atolositsweng ya matlole e baka mathata a a neng a felela ka tatlhegelo ya dithoto mo go ba le bantsi.[citation needed]

Tsholofetso ya Lefatshe le go Itshetsa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Taelo e e kgethegileng ya lefatshe ya ga Mojenerale William Tecumseh Sherman No. 15, e e neng ya ntshiwa ka Firikgong a le lesome le borataro, 1865, e ne e le karabo e e tlhamaletseng ya ditlhokego le dikeletso tsa ka bonako tsa batho ba le diketekete ba ba kileng ba bo ba le makgoba ba ba neng ba setse mophato wa gagwe morago go ralala Georgia le Carolinas. Taelo eno e ne ya tlhopha lefatshe le le tserweng la Dikgaolo Tse di Kopaneng, bogolo jang go bapa le lotshitshi go tswa kwa Charleston, kwa Carolina Borwa, go ya kwa Jacksonville, kwa Florida, gore malapa ao a a sa tswang go gololwa a nne mo go lone. E ne ya abela ka tlhamalalo ditsha tsa "diekere tse di sa feteng masome a mane tsa lefatshe le le ka lengwang" go lelwapa lengwe le lengwe, ka tsholofelo ya gore le bone ba tla amogela mmoulo wa sesole, le fa dimmoulo di ne di sa nne teng ka tlhomamo. Taelo e ne ya neela "ditlhogo tsa go nna le lefatshe" ka tlhamalalo, ka maikaelelo a go tlamela ka motheo wa semolao wa go nna le go lema.[6] Mo bathong ba ba golotsweng, tsholofetso e e ne e le ya phetogo; e ne e sa emele fela go ikemela ka nosi mo itsholelong mme gape e ne e le mofuta o o bonalang wa tshiamiso le motheo wa go itlhophela morago ga dikokomana tsa go patelediwa go dira tiro e e bokete le go sa duelwe sepe. E ne ya godisa tsholofelo e e tseneletseng ya thulaganyo e ntsha ya loago le itsholelo kwa Borwa, kwa makgoba a pele a neng a tla nna beng ba lefatshe go na le go boela kwa seemong sa go ikaega.[7][8]

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Maaforika a Amerika a ne a lebane le kgethololo e e masisi mme a ne a tsholwa jaaka setlhopha se se tlhaolegileng sa "semorafe" ke melao e e neng e tlhoka kgaogano ya semorafe le go thibela go tlhaolwa ga merafe e e farologaneng.[9] Pele ga Ntwa ya Selegae, bontsi jwa Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng a ne a nna kwa Bokone, kwa bokgoba bo neng bo fedisitswe gone. Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng gantsi a ne a tsewa e le matshosetsi a go utswa ditiro mo setshabeng ka gonne gantsi ba ne ba iketleeleditse go berekela dituelo tse di kwa tlase go feta batho basweu. Mo godimo ga moo, ba ne ba tsewa e le tlhotlheletso e e kotsi mo bathong ba ba neng ba santse ba le makgoba. Ka ntlha ya se, makgoba a a golotsweng a ne a sa amogelesege mo mafelong a le mantsi a Amerika.[10]

Kwa Borwa, melao ya go tsamayatsamaya e ne e letleletse dikgaolo go pateletsa Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng go bereka mme ka dinako tse dingwe go ba rekisa go nna makgoba.[11][12] Le fa go ntse jalo, Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng go ralala kgaolo a ne a dira ditiro tse di farologaneng, go akaretsa le palo e nnye e e neng e na le dipolase tse di atlegileng le go di tsamaisa.[13] Ba bangwe ba ne ba nna kwa Canada e e kwa Godimo (e jaanong e leng Borwa jwa Ontario), e leng kwa bokhutlong jwa Seporo sa Kafa Tlase ga Lefatshe, le kwa Nova Scotia.[12]

Go farologana le bokone jwa Amerika kwa Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng a neng a kgona go bona ditsha tse dintsi, motheo wa bokgoba kwa borwa jwa Amerika o ne wa amoga dikokomana tse dintsi tsa Maaforika a Amerika tshono ya go nna le lefatshe.[14] Ka fa molaong, makgoba a ne a sa kgone go nna le sepe. Mme mo tirisong, ba ne ba bona matlotlo.[15] Fa bokgoba jo bo kafa molaong bo ntse bo fela, batho basweu ba ne ba sa dumalane ka tsela e makgoba a a golotsweng a tshwanetseng go tshwarwa ka yone. Bangwe ba ne ba tshegetsa gore masimo a makgoba a a golotsweng a neng a a lemile kwantle ga pusetso a tshwanetse go tsewa mo go beng ba one ba pele mme a newe bone.[15][16] Ba bangwe, ka go tshaba go tlhakanngwa ga "letso" go go neng go tla tlisa go ba letla go nna kwa U.S., ba ne ba batla gore ba romelwe "go sele". Dithulaganyo tsa kolone ya makgoba a a golotsweng di simolotse ka 1801 fa James Monroe a ne a kopa Tautona Thomas Jefferson go thusa go tlhama kolone ya kotlhao ya batho bantsho ba ba tsuologang.[17][18]

Mokgatlho wa Bokolone wa Amerika (ACS) o ne wa tlhamiwa ka 1816 go lebagana le kgang ya Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng ka go nna (e seng go nna gape) kwa mafatsheng a sele.[19] Le mororo go ne go tlotliwa ka go ba nna mo lefatsheng lengwe le le sa tlhabololwang mo mafelong a masha a bophirima kana go ba thusa go fudugela kwa Canada kana kwa Mexico, ACS e ne ya swetsa ka gore e ba romele kwa Afrika. Ba ne ba tlhopha setsha se se gaufi thata se se neng se le teng, ka jalo ba fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa dipalangwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, go dira bokolone go ne go le bonya e bile go tura mme go ne go sa kgatlhegelwe ke bontsi jwa Maaforika a Amerika a a neng a se na kamano le Aforika kgotsa a a kgatlhegela. Bangwe ba pele ba neng ba le makgoba ba ne ba tlhagisa gore ga se Maaforika go feta Maamerika a masweu a ne a le Maborithane.[citation needed] Magareng ga 1822 le Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika, Mokgatlho wa Bokolone wa Amerika o ne o fuduseditse Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng a ka nna dikete tse lesome le botlhano kwa Liberia.[20] Le fa go ntse jalo, palo eo e ne e emela karolo e nnye fela ya batho ba le didikadike di le supa le sephatlo ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba neng ba tloga ba gololesega. Ka kgololo ya bontsi e ne e le gaufi, go ne go sena tumalano ka ga gore go dirwe eng ka makgoba a bantsho a a neng a tloga a gololwa.[21][22] Kgang e e ne e sa bolo go itsege mo balaoding ba basweu jaaka "Bothata jwa Bantsho".[22][23]

Go naya setlhopha sotlhe sa batho thebolelo ya lefatshe e ne e se selo se se sa tlwaelesegang mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabobedi le la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Go ne go na le lefatshe le lentsi mo e leng gore gantsi le ne le newa mongwe le mongwe yo o ratang go le lema mahala. Sekai, Thomas Jefferson o ne a akaretsa mo moalong wa gagwe wa molaomotheo wa phetogo wa Virginia ka 1776 kakanyo ya go newa diekere di le masome matlhano go monna mongwe le mongwe yo o gololesegileng yo o neng a sa ntse a se na madi ao.[24] Morago ga moo, Molao wa Preemption wa 1841, o o neng wa latelwa ke Melao e le mmalwa ya Homestead e e neng ya fetisiwa magareng ga 1862 le 1916, ka go farologana e ne ya neela magareng ga diekere di le lekgolo le masome a marataro le makgolo a marataro le masome a mane (karolo ya kotara go ya go karolo e e tletseng) ya lefatshe. Le fa go ntse jalo, Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng ka kakaretso a ne a sa tshwanelwa go nna le magae ka gonne e ne e se baagi. Se se ne sa fetoga ka go fetisiwa ga Tlhabololo ya Bolesome le bone ka 1868 e e neng ya neela "batho botlhe ba ba tsetsweng kgotsa ba ba tsetsweng mo Amerika" boagi. Se se ne sa nonotshiwa gape ke go fetisiwa ga Tlhabololo ya Bolesometlhano ka 1870 e e neng ya naya baagi botlhe, go sa kgathalesege "letso, mmala, kgotsa maemo a pele a botlhanka", tshwanelo ya go tlhopha.

Congress e ne ya fetisa Molao wa go Tseela Dithoto wa 1861, o o neng o letla Sesole sa Kopano go tsaya dithoto ka fa molaong ka nako ya fa e ne e lwa le Borwa. Molao o o ne o naya masole tetla ya go gapa dithoto tsa ditsuolodi, go akaretsa le lefatshe le makgoba. Tota e bile, e ne e bontsha boammaaruri jo bo neng bo atologa ka bonako jwa dikampa tsa batshabi tsa batho bantsho tse di neng di tlhagile go dikologa Sesole sa Kopano. Diponagalo tseo tse di bonalang tsa "Bothata jwa Bantsho" di ne tsa tsosa kganetsano mo gare ga maloko a le mantsi a maemo a a kwa godimo a Union, mme seo sa dira gore go tlhokege boeteledipele jo bo eteletsweng pele ke badiredi.[25]

Kampa e kgolo ya dithoto tse di thibetsweng

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Morago ga go ikgaoganya, Union e ne ya nna e laola Fort Monroe kwa Hampton kwa lotshitshing lwa Virginia Borwa. Makgoba a a neng a tshaba a ne a itlhaganelela kwa lefelong leo, a solofetse gore a tla sirelediwa ke Sesole sa Confederate. (Le ka bonako le go feta, baagi ba basweu ba toropo ba ne ba tshabela kwa Richmond.)[26] Moeteledi Benjamin Butler o ne a tlhoma sekao sa masole a Union ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bone, 1861, fa a ne a gana go neela makgoba a a tshabetseng kwa Confederates ba ba neng ba re ke beng ba bone. Butler o ne a bolela gore makgoba a thibetswe ke ntwa mme a ba letla go nna le Sesole sa Kopano.[27] Ka Phukwi 1861, go ne go na le makgoba a le makgolo a mararo a "dithoto tse di thibetsweng" a a neng a berekela dijo kwa Fort Monroe. Kwa bokhutlong jwa Phukwi go ne go na le ba le makgolo a ferabongwe, mme Moeteledi Butler o ne a tlhoma Edward L. Pierce go nna Molaodi wa Merero ya Bantsho.[28]

Batlhasedi ba Kopano ka fa tlase ga Moeteledi John B. Magruder ba ne ba fisa toropo e e gaufi ya Hampton, Virginia ka Phatwe a supa, 1861, mme batho bantsho ba ba "thibetsweng" ba ne ba nna mo matlotleng a yone.[28] Ba ne ba tlhoma motse wa mekhukhu o o neng o itsege e le Kampa e kgolo ya dithoto tse di thibetsweng. Ba le bantsi ba ne ba berekela Sesole ka selekanyo sa $10.00 ka kgwedi, mme dituelo tseno di ne di sa lekane gore ba kgone go dira ditokafatso tse dikgolo mo matlong. Maemo mo Kampeng a ne a nna maswe le go feta, mme ditlhopha tsa Bokone tsa thuso ya batho di ne tsa batla go tshereganya mo boemong jwa baagi ba yone ba le dikete tse masome marataro le bone.[29][30] Mokapotene C. B. Wilder o ne a tlhomiwa go rulaganya tsibogo.[29] Mathata a a neng a lemogiwa a botho a ka tswa a ne a fefosa maano a ga Lincoln a go dira Île-à-Vache kolone.[31]

Leano le le tlhamilweng ka Lwetse 1862 le ka bo le ne la fuduseditse batshabi ka bontsi kwa Massachusetts le kwa dikgaolong tse dingwe tsa bokone.[32] Leano le—le le simolotsweng ke John A. Dix mme la engwa nokeng ke Mokapotene Wilder le Mokwaledi wa Ntwa Stanton—le ne la gogela ditsibogo tse di sa siamang go tswa mo go MaRephaboliki a a neng a batla go tila go golaganya go fudugela ga batho bantsho kwa bokone le Kgoeletso e e sa tswang go itsisiwe ya Kgololesego.[33] Go tshaba kgaisano ya badiri ba bantsho, mmogo le go tlhaola batho ka letso ka kakaretso, go ne ga dira gore tsholofelo ya batshabi ba bantsho e se ka ya itumedisa boradipolotiki ba Massachusetts.[34]

Ka tshegetso ya ditaelo go tswa go Moeteledi Rufus Saxton, Moeteledi Butler le Mokapotene Wilder ba ne ba tswelela ka ditiro tsa go fudusetsa batho bantsho mo lefelong la bone, ba tlamela bontsi jwa batho bantsho kwa Hampton ka diekere di le pedi tsa lefatshe le didirisiwa tse ba ka dirang ka tsone.[22] Ba bangwe ba ne ba abelwa ditiro tsa go nna batlhanka kwa Bokone.[35] Go ne ga tlhamiwa dikampa tse di farologaneng tse dinnye le dikoloni, go akaretsa le Koloni ya Freedmen ya Setlhaketlhake sa Roanoke. Hampton e ne e itsege thata jaaka nngwe ya dikampa tsa ntlha le tse dikgolo tsa batshabi tsa Ntwa, mme e ne ya dira jaaka mofuta wa sekao sa mafelo a mangwe a bonno.[36]

Ditlhaketlhake tsa Lewatle

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Sesole sa Kopano se ne sa gapa Ditlhaketlhake tsa Lewatle morago ga Ntwa ya Port Royal ya Ngwanaatsele 1861, mme sa tlogela masimo a mantsi a letseta a lefelo leo go balemibarui ba bantsho ba ba neng ba bereka mo go one. Kgololosego ya pele ya batho bantsho ba Setlhaketlhake sa Lewatle, le go tlhokafala mo go sa tlwaelesegang ga beng ba pele ba basweu, go ne ga tsosa kgang ya gore Borwa bo ka rulaganngwa jang morago ga go wa ga bokgoba. Lincoln, ga akgela jalo motlhankedi wa Lephata la Naga Adam Gurowski, "o tshositswe ke katlego kwa South Carolina, ka gonne go ya ka kakanyo ya gagwe katlego eno e tla tswakanya kgang ya bokgoba."[37][38] Mo malatsing a ntlha a go gapiwa ke puso, masole a ne a tshwara baagi ba setlhaketlhake se bosula, mme a ne a tlhasela mabeelo a tshimo a dijo le diaparo. Modiredi mongwe wa Union o ne a tshwarwa a ipaakanyetsa go isa setlhopha sa batho bantsho kwa Cuba ka sephiri, gore a kgone go ba rekisa jaaka makgoba.[39] Dikgokgontsho tsa masole a Union di ne tsa tswelela le morago ga gore puso e e tlhomameng e tlhomiwe.[40]

Makgoba a Gullah a ne a lemile Ditlhaketlhake tsa Lewatle ka dikokomane di le mmalwa.

Mokwaledi wa Lephata la Matlotlo Salmon P. Chase o ne a rometse Mokolonele William H. Reynolds ka Sedimonthole go phutha le go rekisa letseta lengwe le lengwe le le ka tsewang mo masimong a Setlhaketlhake sa Lewatle.[41] Ka bonako morago ga foo, Chase o ne a romela Edward Pierce (morago ga nako ya gagwe e khutshwane kwa Kampeng e kgolo ya dithoto tse di thibetsweng) go sekaseka seemo kwa Port Royal.[42] Pierce o ne a bona tshimo e e neng e laolwa thata ke Sesole, a duela dituelo tse di kwa tlase thata go ka kgona go ikemela ka nosi mo itsholelong; o ne gape a kgala molao wa Sesole ya go romela letseta kwa Bokone gore le tlhotlhorwe.[43] Pierce o begile gore badiri ba bantsho e ne e le baitseanape mo temothuong ya letseta mme ba ne ba tlhoka batsamaisi ba basweu "go diragatsa kotlhao ya borre". O ne a akantsha gore go tlhomiwe setlhopha sa balemi barui ba bantsho se se okametsweng go baakanyetsa badiri maikarabelo a boagi—le go dira jaaka sekao sa dikamano tsa tiro tsa morago ga bokgoba kwa Borwa.[44][45]

Lephata la Matlotlo le ne le batla go kokoanya madi mme mo mabakeng a le mantsi le ne le setse le hirisetsa bokapitale jwa Bokone mafelo a a neng a gapilwe gore ba a laole ka go ikemela. Kwa Port Royal[46] Mokolonele Thomas o ne a setse a baakantse thulaganyo ya mofuta ono; mme Pierce o ne a gatelela gore Port Royal e ne e naya tshono ya go "rarabolola potso e kgolo ya loago": e leng, gore a "fa ba rulagantswe sentle, le ka maikaelelo a a siameng a a beilweng fa pele ga bone, [bantsho] ba tla nna matlhagatlhaga jaaka morafe mongwe le mongwe wa banna o ka nna mo maemong ano."[45][47] Tautona Chase o ne a romela Pierce go ya go bona Lincoln. Jaaka fa Pierce a ne a tlhalosa kopano eo moragonyana:

Rre Lincoln, yo ka nako eo a neng a tlhotlhorega ka fa tlase ga khutsafalo e e neng e solofetswe, o ne a reetsa metsotso e le mmalwa, mme morago a re, ka go tlhoka bopelotelele go sekae, gore o ne a sa akanye gore o tshwanetse go tshwenyega ka dintlha tse di ntseng jalo, gore go ne go lebega go na le go babega go tsenya batho bantsho mo meleng ya rona; e ke neng ka e araba ka gore batho ba bantsho bao ba ne ba le mo teng ga bone ka taletso ya ga ope, ba ne ba nna koo pele ga re simolola go gapa. Morago ga moo Tautona o ne a kwala le go nnaya karata e e latelang :

Ke tla tlamega fa Mokwaledi wa Lephata la Matlotlo ka kakanyo ya gagwe a ka naya Rre Pierce ditaelo tse di ntseng jalo malebang le dilo tse di thibetsweng tsa Port Royal tse di ka lebegang di le botlhale. A. LINCOLN.

Pierce o ne a amogela taelo eno e e sa rateng, mme o ne a tshaba gore "go ineela mo go sa itumediseng" go ka nna ga senya leano la gagwe la go dira gore batho bantsho ba nne baagi.[48]

Tekeletso ya Port Royal

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Setlhopha seo se ne sa tlhongwa mme sa itsege jaaka Teko ya Port Royal: sekao se se ka nnang teng sa tiro ya itsholelo ya batho bantsho morago ga bokgoba. Tekeletso e ne ya ngoka tshegetso go tswa go batho ba Bokone jaaka moitseanape wa itsholelo Edward Atkinson, yo o neng a solofetse go supa kgopolo ya gagwe ya gore tiro e e gololesegileng e tla nna le matswela go feta tiro ya makgoba.[49] Batho ba bangwe ba ba neng ba fedisa bokgoba jaaka Maria Weston Chapman le bone ba ne ba akgola leano la ga Pierce. Ditlhopha tsa baagi jaaka Mokgatlho wa Barongwa ba Amerika di ne tsa thusa ka matlhagatlhaga.[50] Batho bao ba ba kutlwelobotlhoko ba kwa Bokone ba ne ba thapa ka bonako sekepe se se tletseng (masome a matlhano le boraro se se neng se tlhophilwe mo letangwaneng la bakopatiro ba ba neng ba feta makgetlho a le mmalwa) sa Dialogane tsa Ivy League le tsa sekolo sa bomodimo tse di neng tsa simolola go ya kwa Port Royal ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a mararo, 1862.[51]

Baagi ba Port Royal ka kakaretso ba ne ba galefetse batlhasedi ba sesole le ba ba sa tlhaselwang, ba ba neng ba bontsha bogolo jwa bosemorafe ka ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tlhagelela.[52] Boitumelo bo ne jwa fetoga kutlobotlhoko fa, ka Motsheganong masole a le lesome le bobedi a Union a goroga go kwadisa banna botlhe ba bantsho ba ba nonofileng ba ba neng ba golotswe pele ka Moranang a le lesome le boraro, 1862, ke Mojenerale David Hunter yo o neng a bolela gore bokgoba bo fedisitswe kwa Georgia, South Carolina, le Alabama.[53] Hunter o ne a boloka mophato wa gagwe le fa Lincoln a sena go busetsa morago kgoeletso eno ya kgololesego ya dinaga tse tharo; mme a e phatlalatsa mo e ka nnang yotlhe fa a sa kgone go goga dituelo go tswa kwa Lephateng la Ntwa.[54] Balemibarui ba bantsho ba ne ba rata go jala merogo le go tshwara ditlhapi, fa barongwa (le basweu ba bangwe mo ditlhaketlhakeng) ba ne ba rotloetsa go jala letseta e le nngwe jaaka sejalo sa madi.[55] Mo kakanyong ya morago, tlhabologo e ne e tla tsweletswa pele ka go akaretsa batho bantsho mo itsholelong ya bareki e e neng e laolwa ke tlhagiso ya Bokone.[56]

Go sa le jalo, go ne ga tsoga dikgotlhang tse di farologaneng mo gare ga barongwa, Sesole, le bagwebi ba Chase le Reynolds ba neng ba ba laleditse kwa Port Royal gore ba kgone go tsaya tsotlhe tse di neng di ka rekisiwa.[57] Le fa go ntse jalo, fa go lekalekanngwa, baetleetsi ba basweu ba Tekeletso ba ne ba lemogile diphelelo tse di molemo; rakgwebo John Murray Forbes ka Motsheganong 1862 o ne a e bitsa "katlego e e tlhomameng", a itsise gore Bantsho ba tla bereka ka nnete go ananya dituelo.[58]

Mokwaledi wa Ntwa Edwin M. Stanton o ne a tlhoma Mojenerale Rufus Saxton go nna mmusi wa sesole wa Port Royal ka Moranang 1862, mme ka Sedimonthole Saxton o ne a tlhotlheletsa gore batho bantsho ba laole lefatshe leo ka bosakhutleng. O ne a bona tshegetso go tswa go Stanton, Chase, Sumner, le Tautona Lincoln, mme a kopana le kganetso e e tswelelang go tswa go khuduthamaga ya lekgetho e e neng e batla go rekisa lefatshe.[59] Saxton gape o ne a amogela tetla ya go katisa sesole sa batho bantsho, se se neng sa nna semmuso Baithaopi ba ntlha ba South Carolina ka Ferikgong 1, 1863, fa Kitsiso ya Kgololesego e ne e dira gore se nne teng semolao.[60]

Go nna le lefatshe kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tsa lewatle

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Jaaka gongwe le gongwe, badiri ba bantsho ba ne ba ikutlwa thata gore ba na le tshwanelo ya go batla mafatshe a ba a berekang.

Molao wa go Tseelwa Dithoto wa 1862 o ne wa letla Lephata la Matlotlo go rekisa ditsha tse dintsi tse di neng di gapilwe ka ntlha ya go sa duele makgetho. Fa di kopanngwa tsotlhe, puso jaanong e ne ya batla diekere di le 76,775 tsa lefatshe la Setlhaketlhake sa Lewatle.[61] Badupi ba ne ba goroga kwa Port Royal mme ba simolola go sekaseka ditsha tse jaanong di neng di nna batho bantsho le barongwa.[62] Dikotsi di ne di le kwa godimo: thobo ya letseta la Sea Island e ne e emetse thoto e e nang le poelo e babeeletsi ba Bokone ba neng ba ka e laola.[63]

Bontsi jwa basweu ba ba neng ba amega mo porojekeng e ba ne ba ikutlwa gore go nna beng ba lefatshe ke batho bantsho e tshwanetse go nna ditlamorago tsa yone tsa bofelo. Saxton—mmogo le babegadikgang go akaretsa le morulaganyi wa Free South James G. Thompson, le barongwa go akaretsa le moruti wa Methodist Mansfield French—ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa thata gore lefatshe le abelwe beng ba bantsho.[64] Ka Firikgong 1863, Saxton o ne a emisa thekiso ya lekgetho ya Lephata la Matlotlo ka ntlha ya tlhokego ya sesole.[63]

Balaodi ba lekgetho ba ne ba dira palabalo go sa kgathalesege, ba rekisa diekere di le dikete di le lesome tsa lefatshe.[65] Masimo a le lesome le bongwe a ne a ya kwa setlhopheng ("Tshwenyego ya Boston") se se neng se eteletswe pele ke Edward Philbrick, yo o neng a rekisa lefatshe ka 1865 go balemibarui ba bantsho.[63][66] Setlhopha sengwe sa balemibarui ba bantsho se ne sa feta babeeletsi ba kwa ntle, sa duela palogare ya $7.00 ka ekere ya tshimo ya 470 e ba neng ba setse ba nna le go dira mo go yona.[65] Ka kakaretso, bontsi jwa lefatshe le ne la rekisediwa babeeletsi ba Bokone mme la nna ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone.[63]

Ka Lwetse 1863, Lincoln o ne a itsise ka leano la go rekisa ka palobalo diekere di le dikete tse masome marataro lefatshe la South Carolina mo dikarolong tsa diekere di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi—a beela kwa thoko diekere di le dikete tse lesome le borataro tsa lefatshe go "ditlhogo tsa malwapa a morafe wa Aforika", ba ba neng ba ka bona ditsha tsa diekere di le masome mabedi tse di rekisiwang ka $1.25/ekere (e e lekanang le $32 ka 2024).[67] Molaodi wa Lekgetho William Brisbane o ne a bona ka leitlho la mogopolo go kopanngwa ga merafe mo ditlhaketlhakeng, ka beng ba masimo a magolo ba thapa batho bantsho ba ba senang lefatshe.[68] Mme Saxton le French ba ne ba tsaya gore lefelo le le bolokilweng la diekere di le dikete tse lesome le borataro ga le a lekana, mme ba laela malwapa a batho bantsho go dira dikopo le go aga matlo mo diekereng tsotlhe di le dikete tse masome marataro tsa lefatshe.[69] French o ne a ya kwa Washington ka Sedimonthole 1863 go ya go ngoka gore leano leno le netefadiwe semolao.[70] Ka go rotloediwa ke French, Chase le Lincoln ba ne ba naya malapa a Sea Island (le basadi ba masole a a neng a le nosi mo Sesoleng sa Union) tetla ya go batla ditsha tsa diheketara di le 40. Batho ba bangwe ba ba fetang dingwaga di le 21 ba ne ba tla letlwa go kopa diheketara di le 20. Ditsha tseno di ne di tla rekwa ka $1.25 ka heketara, ka 40% e e duelwang kwa pele mme 60% e e duelwang moragonyana. Ka tlhokego ya go nna dikgwedi di le thataro pele ga bonno, taelo e ne ya lekanyetsa bonno go batho bantsho, barongwa, le ba bangwe ba ba neng ba setse ba amega mo Tekong.[71]

Dikopo tsa go nna ka fa tlase ga leano le lesha di ne tsa simolola go goroga ka bonako, fela Molaodi Brisbane o ne a di tlhokomologa, a solofetse gore tshwetso e tla busediwa morago gape kwa Washington.[72] Chase o ne a busetsa boemo jwa gagwe morago ka Tlhakole, a busetsa leano la thekiso ya lekgetho.[73] Thekiso e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa Tlhakole, ka lefatshe le le rekisiwang ka tlhwatlhwa e e magareng ya go feta $11/acre (e e lekanang le $221 ka 2024).[74] Thekiso e ne ya tsosa selelo sa batho ba ba golotsweng ba ba neng ba setse ba batla lefatshe go ya ka taelo ya ga Chase ya Sedimonthole.[75]

"Bathobantsho ba Savannah"

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

"Mogwanto wa go ya kwa Lewatleng" wa ga Major General William Tecumseh Sherman o ne wa tlisa mophato o mogolo wa Sesole sa Kopano kwa lotshitshing lwa Georgia ka Sedimonthole 1864. Ba ba neng ba tsamaya le Sesole go ne go na le batshabi ba bantsho ba ba fopholediwang go nna dikete di le lesome, ba pele e neng e le makgoba. Setlhopha se se ne se setse se tshwerwe ke tlala le malwetse.[76][77] Bontsi jwa makgoba a pele ba ne ba swabisitswe ke Sesole sa Kopano, ka gonne ba ne ba thubelwa, ba betelelwa le go sotlwa ka tsela e nngwe.[78] Ba gorogile kwa Savannah "morago ga megwanto e meleele le go tlhoka dilo tse dintsi, ba lapile, ba bolawa ke tlala, ba lwala, e bile ba batla ba sa apara sepe.[79] Ka Sedimonthole a le lesome le boferabongwe, Sherman o ne a romela bontsi jwa makgoba ao kwa Hilton Head, setlhaketlhake se se neng se setse se dira jaaka kampa ya batshabi. Saxton o ne a bega ka Sedimonthole a le masome mabedi le bobedi " kago le ntlo nngwe le nngwe mo setlhaketlhakeng se e tletse ebile e a penologa—ke na le ba ka nna dikete tse lesome le botlhano." Ba bangwe ba le makgolo a supa ba ne ba goroga ka Keresemose.[80]

Ka Firikgong a le lesome le motso, 1865, Mokwaledi wa Ntwa Edwin Stanton o ne a goroga kwa Savannah le Molaodimogolo wa Dikotara Montgomery C. Meigs le badiredibagolo ba bangwe. Setlhopha seo se ne sa kopana le Bajenerale Sherman le Saxton go tlotla ka mathata a batshabi. Ba ne ba swetsa, ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go buisana le baeteledipele go tswa mo setshabeng sa Bantsho sa selegae mme ba ba botse: "Lo batlela batho ba lone eng?" Go ne ga rulaganngwa kopano ka tshwanelo.[81]

Ka nako ya boferabongwe mo bosigong jwa Firikgong a le lesome le bobedi, 1865, Sherman o ne a kopana le setlhopha sa batho ba le masome a mabedi, bontsi jwa bone e ne e le makgoba bontsi jwa matshelo a bone. Bantsho ba Savannah ba ne ba tsere tshono ya kgololesego go nonotsha metheo ya morafe wa bone, mme ba ne ba na le maikutlo a a nonofileng a sepolotiki.[82] Ba ne ba tlhopha mmueledi a le mongwe: Garrison Frazier, yo e kileng ya bo e le moruti wa Baptist ya Boraro ya Aforika wa dingwaga di le masome marataro le bosupa. Mo bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1850, o ne a rekile kgololesego ya gagwe le mosadi wa gagwe ka $1,000 .[83] Frazier o ne a buisane le batshabi mmogo le baemedi ba bangwe. O ne a raya Sherman a re: "Tsela e re ka itlhokomelang ka yone ke go nna le lefatshe, le go le fetola le go le lema ka maatla a rona." Frazier o ne a akantsha gore makau a tla direla puso mo go lwantsheng ditsuolodi, mme ka jalo "basadi le bana le banna ba bagolo" ba tla tshwanelwa ke go bereka lefatshe leo. Mo e ka nnang botlhe ba ba neng ba le teng ba ne ba dumalana go kopa dikabo tsa lefatshe tsa merafe ya bantsho e e ipusang, ka mabaka a gore letlhoo la semorafe le tla thibela kgatelopele ya itsholelo ya bantsho mo mafelong a a tlhakaneng.[84][85]

Ditaelo tse di kgethegileng tsa lefatshe tsa ga Sherman, No. 15

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditaelo tse di Kgethegileng tsa lefatshe tsa ga Sherman, No. 15, tse di ntshitsweng ka Firikgong a le lesome le borataro, 1865, di ne tsa laela badiredi go baya batshabi bao kwa Ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Lewatle le mo lefatsheng le le mo teng: diekere di le dikete tse makgolo a mane tse di kgaogantsweng ka ditsha tsa diekere di le masome mane.[2][86] Le fa dimmoulo (diphologolo tsa morwalo tse di dirisiwang go lema) di ne di sa umakwe,[2] bangwe ba bajaboswa ba yone ba ne ba di amogela go tswa mo sesoleng.[87] Ditsha tse di jalo di ne di itsege ka puo ya tlwaelo jaaka "Blackacres".

Ditaelo tsa ga Sherman di ne tsa abelwa ka tlhamalalo "ditlhaketlhake go tswa kwa Charleston, kwa borwa, masimo a raese a a tlogetsweng go bapa le dinoka dimmaele di le masome a mararo go boela kwa morago go tswa kwa lewatleng, le lefatshe le le bapileng le Noka ya St. Johns, Florida." Taelo eo e thibela basweu ka tlhamalalo go nna mo lefelong leo. Saxton, yo, le Stanton, ba neng ba thusa go kwala mokwalo, o ne a tlhatlhosiwa go nna mojenerale yo mogolo mme a rwesiwa maikarabelo a go okamela lefelo le lesha la bonno.[88] Ka Tlhakole a le gararo, Saxton o ne a bua kwa kopanong e kgolo ya batho ba ba golotsweng kwa Second African Baptist, a itsise taelo le go tlhalosa dipaakanyo tsa bonno jo bosha.[89][90] Ka Seetebosigo 1865, batho ba ka nna dikete tse makgolo a mane ba ba golotsweng ba ne ba nna mo diekereng di le dikete tse makgolo a mane le masome a mararo le botlhano (dihekere di le dikete tse lekgolo le masome a ferabobedi) kwa Ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Lewatle.[91][92]

Ditaelo tse di kgethegileng tsa lefatshe di ne tsa ntshiwa ke Sherman, e seng puso ya federal mabapi le makgoba otlhe a pele, mme o ne a ntsha tse di tshwanang "mo letsholong lotlhe go netefatsa kutlwano ya tiro mo lefelong la ditiro."[93] Go ne ga bolelwa ke bangwe gore mafelo ao a ne go sa ikaelelwa gore a nnele ruri. Le fa go ntse jalo, seo ga se ise se ko se tlhaloganngwe ke baagi—le fa e le sa ga Mojenerale Saxton, yo o neng a re o ne a kopa Sherman go phimola taelo eo ntle le fa e ne e diretswe go nna ya sennelaruri.[94]

Mo tirisong, mafelo a lefatshe le le neng le agilwe a ne a farologana thata. James Chaplin Beecher o lemogile gore "tsela e e bidiwang diekere di le masome mane e farologana ka bogolo go tswa go diekere di robabobedi go ya go (450) makgolo a le mane le masome a matlhano."[95] Mafelo mangwe a ne a agiwa ke ditlhopha: Setlhaketlhake sa Skidaway se ne sa dirwa kolone ke setlhopha sa batho ba feta sekete, go akaretsa le Moruti Ulysses L. Houston.[96]

Botlhokwa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Porojeke ya Ditlhaketlhake tsa Lewatle e ne e bontsha molao wa "diekere di le masome mane le mmoulo" jaaka motheo wa itsholelo ya morago ga bokgoba. Segolobogolo ka 1865, sekao se e se tlhomileng se ne se bonala thata mo bathong ba bantsho ba ba sa tswang go gololesega ba ba batlang lefatshe la bone.[97]

Batho ba ba golotsweng go tswa kwa kgaolong yotlhe ba ne ba thologela kwa lefelong leo go batla lefatshe.[98][99] Phelelo e ne e le dikampa tsa batshabi tse di neng di tshwerwe ke malwetse le go tlhaela ga dithoto.[98][100]

Bogolo jang morago ga Ditaelo tsa ga Sherman, mafelo a a neng a le mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle a ne a dira gore batho ba tlhoafalele setshaba se sesha se se neng se tla emisetsa tsamaiso ya makgoba. Mmegadikgang mongwe o ne a bega jaana ka Moranang 1865: "E ne e le kolone ya Plymouth e e neng e ipoeletsa. Ba ne ba dumalana gore fa ba bangwe ba ka tla go kopana nabo, ba tshwanetse go nna le ditshiamelo tse di lekanang. Ka jalo go thunya Mayflower kwa Lebopong la Atlantic Borwa."[101]

Tsamaiso ya badiri ba ba duelwang

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go simolola kwa Louisiana e e neng e gapilwe ka fa tlase ga Mojenerale Nathaniel P. Banks, sesole se ne sa dira thulaganyo ya go duela tiro ya go lema mafelo a magolo a lefatshe. Tsamaiso eo—e e neng ya simolola go dira ka tshegofatso ya ga Lincoln le Stanton ka bonako fela fa Kitsiso ya Kgololesego e dira gore dikonteraka le batho ba ba golotsweng di nne kafa molaong—e ne ya naya batho ba ba golotsweng dikonteraka tsa ngwaga o le mongwe tse di tlhomameng tsa tshipi. Konteraka e ne e solofetsa $10/kgwedi mmogo le dijo le tlhokomelo ya kalafi. Go ise go ye kae tsamaiso eno e ne ya amogelwa ke Mojenerale Lorenzo Thomas kwa Mississippi.[102]

Ka dinako tse dingwe lefatshe le ne le nna ka fa tlase ga taolo ya badiredibagolo ba Lephata la Matlotlo. Go ne ga runya dikgotlhang tsa taolo fa gare ga Lephata la Matlotlo le sesole.[103] Go nyatsa Lephata la Matlotlo le le neng le dira dipoelo ke Mojenerale John Eaton le babegadikgang ba ba neng ba bona mofuta o mosha wa tiro ya masimo go ne ga tlhotlheletsa maikutlo a setshaba kwa Bokone mme ga gatelela Congress go tshegetsa taolo e e tlhamaletseng ya lefatshe ke batho ba ba golotsweng.[104] Lephata la Matlotlo, segolobogolo fa Mokwaledi Chase a ne a ipaakanyetsa go batla go tlhophiwa ke Rephaboliki ka 1864, o ne a latofatsa sesole ka go tshwara batho ba ba golotsweng ka tsela e e senang setho.[102] Lincoln o ne a swetsa go dumalana le taolo ya sesole go na le ya Lephata la Matlotlo, mme tsamaiso ya tiro e e duelwang e ne ya tlhongwa thata.[105] Ba ba neng na sa dumalane le go fedisa bokgoba ba ne ba ganetsana le molao o ba ne ba o bitsa o o seng botoka go feta botlhanka.[106]

Davis Bend

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Nngwe ya diporojeke tse dikgolo tsa go nna le lefatshe la batho bantsho e ne ya diragala kwa Davis Bend, kwa Mississippi, lefelo la masimo la diekere di le dikete tse lesome le motso le e neng e le la ga Joseph Davis le morwarraagwe yo mmotlana yo o tumileng e bong Jefferson, tautona wa Kgolagano. Ka go tlhotlhelediwa ke dikarolo dingwe tsa bojammogo jwa ga Robert Owen, Joseph Davis o ne a tlhomile Tshimo ya Dikgwanyape ya diekere di le dikete tse nne ka 1827 kwa Davis Bend.[107] Davis o ne a letla makgoba a le makgolo a le mmalwa go ja dijo tse di nang le dikotla, go nna mo matlong a a agilweng sentle, go bona tlhokomelo ya kalafi, le go rarabolola dikgotlhang tsa bone mo kgotlatshekelong ya beke le beke ya "Hall of Justice". Moono wa gagwe e ne e le: "Fa batho ba sa busiwe thata, ba tla ikobela go laolwa motlhofo."[108] Davis o ne a ikaegile thata ka bokgoni jwa botsamaisi jwa ga Ben Montgomery, lekgoba le le rutegileng sentle le le neng le dira bontsi jwa kgwebo ya tshimo.

Ntwa ya Shiloh e ne ya simolola paka ya tlhakatlhakano (1862–1863), kwa Davis Bend, le fa baagi ba yone ba bantsho ba ne ba tswelela go lema. Tshimo e ne e tserwe ke dikhamphani tse pedi tsa masole a bantsho a Union ka Sedimonthole 1863. Ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga Colonel Samuel Thomas, masole ano a ne a simolola go nonotsha lefelo le. Mojenerale Ulysses S. Grant o ne a tlhagisitse keletso ya go dira masimo a Davis "paradaese ya batho bantsho." Thomas o ne a simolola go hirisetsa bahiri ba bantsho lefatshe ka paka ya dijalo ya 1864.[109][110] Batshabi ba bantsho ba ba neng ba kokoane kwa Vicksburg ba ne ba fudugela ka bontsi kwa Davis Bend ka fa tlase ga tlhokomelo ya Lephata la ga Freedman (setheo se se neng se tlhamilwe ke sesole pele ga tetla ya Congress ya "Freedmen's Bureau", e e tla tlotliwang fa tlase).[111]

Davis Bend o ne a tshwarwa mo gare ga ntwa ya turf fa gare ga sesole le Lephata la Matlotlo. Ka Tlhakole 1864, Lephata la Matlotlo le ne la tsaya gape diekere di le dikete tse pedi tsa Davis Bend, la di busetsa kwa beng ba basweu ba ba neng ba ikanne boikanyegi.[112] Gape e ne ya hira diekere di le sekete le makgolo a mabedi go babeeletsi ba Bokone.[113] Le fa Thomas a ne a gana ditaelo tsa go thibela batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng go lema, Mojenerale Eaton o ne a mo laela gore a ikobele ditaelo tse. Eaton gape o ne a laela Thomas go tsaya didirisiwa tsa temothuo tse di neng di tshwerwe ke batho bantsho, ka mabaka a gore—ka gonne molao wa Mississippi o ne o thibela makgoba go nna le dithoto—ba tshwanetse ba bo ba utswile dithoto tse di ntseng jalo.[113]Lephata la Matlotlo le ne la batla go duedisa badiri ba masimo madi a go dirisa bojalwa ja cotton.[111] Baagi ba Davis Bend ba ne ba ganetsa dikgato tseo ka natla. Mo boikuelong jo bo saenilweng ke balemibarui ba le masome matlhano le borataro (go akaretsa le Montgomery) mme jwa gatisiwa ke New Orleans Tribune:[114]

Kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga wa rona wa ga jaana, tshimo e e ne, ka go latela taelo ya Molaodi wa rona wa Poso, e amogilwe dipitse, dimmoulo, dikgomo le didirisiwa tsa temothuo tsa tlhaloso nngwe le nngwe, tse bontsi jwa tsone di neng di gapilwe le go tlisiwa mo meleng ya Union ke yo o saenileng fa tlase; ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dilo tseo, re ne ra fokodiwa go tlhoka go reka sengwe le sengwe se se tlhokegang mo temothuong, mme ka go fitlha jaanong re atlegile go dira karolo e e turang thata le e e lapisang thata ya tiro ya rona, re ipaakanyeditse go wetsa tiro ya rona e e turang thata le e e lapisang, re ipaakanyeditse go wetsa tiro ya go tlhotlha, go gatelela, go kala, go tshwaya, go romela, jalo le jalo mo go tshwanang ga kgwebo ga re letelelwa go dira jalo.

Lekalana la Babagolotsweng

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go tloga ka 1863 go ya go 1865, Congress e ne ya ganetsana ka gore ke melao efe e e ka di dirisang go rarabolola dikgang tsa loago tse di neng di tla lebana le Borwa morago ga ntwa. Mokgatlho wa Thuso wa Freedmen o ne wa kgaratlhela gore go nne le "Lekalana la Kgololesego" go thusa mo phetogong ya itsholelo go tswa mo bokgobeng. E dirisitse Port Royal jaaka bosupi jwa gore batho bantsho ba ka tshela le go bereka ka bobone.[115] Go ne go buiwa ka phetolo ya lefatshe gantsi, le fa bangwe ba ne ba ganetsa gore go tla tlhokega matlotlo a mantsi thata go netefatsa katlego ya balemibarui ba bantsho.[116] Ka Firikgong a le masome mararo le motso, 1865, Ntlo ya Baemedi e ne ya amogela Phetolo ya molaomotheo wa kwa United States ya lesome le boraro, e e thibelang bokgoba le go nna makgoba jo bo sa ithaopelweng kwantle ga fa go otlhaiwa.

Khonkerese e ne ya tswelela go ngangisana ka maemo a ikonomi le loago a baagi ba ba gololesegileng, ka phetolothefosano ya lefatshe e e neng ya supiwa e le botlhokwa go fitlhelela kgololesego ya bantsho.[117][118] Molaokakanyetso o o neng wa kwalwa mo komiting ya bokopano go tlamela ka lefatshe le le lekanyeditsweng ya ngwaga o le mongwe fa o ntse o letla tlhokomelo ya sesole ya batho ba ba golotsweng o ne wa ganwa kwa Senateng ke bafedisi ba ba neng ba akanya gore ga o direle batho ba ba golotsweng tshiamiso.[119] Komiti ya batho ba le barataro e ne ya kwala ka bonako "molaokakanyetso o mosha gotlhelele" o o neng wa oketsa thata tsholofetso ya one mo bathong ba ba golotsweng.[120]

Mofuta ono o o nonofileng wa molaokakanyetso ono o ne wa fetisiwa ke matlo ka bobedi ka Mopito a le malatsi a mararo, 1865. Ka molaokakanyetso ono, Congress e ne ya tlhoma Lekala la Batshabi, Batho ba ba Gololesegileng le Mafatse a a Tlogetsweng ka fa tlase ga Lephata la Ntwa. Lekala le ne le na le taolo ya go tlamela batshabi ka dilwana—le taelo e e sa tlamelweng ka madi ya go aba lefatshe gape, ka diphuthelwana tse di ka fitlhang go diekere di le masome a mane:[121]

Karolo 4. Mme go tsenngwe molao gape, Gore molaodi, ka fa tlase ga kaelo ya ga Tautona, o tla nna le taolo ya go kgaoganya, go dirisiwa ke batshabi ba ba ikanyegang le batho ba ba gololesegileng, dikarolo tse di ntseng jalo tsa lefatshe mo teng ga dikgaolo tse di tsuologetseng tse di tla bong di tlogetswe, kgotsa tse Amerika o tlaa nna le setlhogo se se bonweng ka go gapiwa kana ka go rekiwa, ka jang fela, mme go monna ope fela moagi, e ka twa ele motshabi kana a gololesegile, jaaka go boletswe fa godimo, go tla abelwa diekere tse di sa feteng masome a mane tsa lefatshe leo, mme motho yo le neng le abetswe jalo o tla sirelediwa mo tirisong le mo go itumeleleng lefatshe ka lobaka lwa dingwaga di le tharo ka rente ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e sa feteng diperesente di le thataro tsa boleng jwa lefatshe leo mo go lone. ngwaga wa makgolo a le lesomerobedi le masome a marataro, ka maikaelelo a go duedisa lekgetho, mme fa go ka se bonwe tshekatsheko e e ntseng jalo, gona rente e tla ikaega ka boleng jo bo fopholediwang jwa lefatshe mo ngwageng o o boletsweng, go netefadiwa ka mokgwa o molaodi a ka o laelang ka molawana. Kwa bokhutlong jwa paka e e boletsweng, kgotsa ka nako nngwe le nngwe mo pakeng e e boletsweng, batho ba ba nnang mo diphuthelwaneng dipe tse di abetsweng jalo ba ka reka lefatshe mme ba amogela setlhogo sa lone se Amerika e ka se fetisang, fa ba duela ka jalo boleng jwa lefatshe, jaaka bo netefaditswe le go tlhomamisiwa ka maikaelelo jwa go tlhomamisa rente ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e umakilweng fa godimo.

Ka jalo molaokakanyetso o ne wa tlhoma tsamaiso e mo go yone batho bantsho ba Borwa ba neng ba ka hira lefatshe le le tlogetsweng le le tserweng, ka rente ya ngwaga le ngwaga ka 6% (kgotsa kwa tlase) ya boleng jwa lefatshe (e e sekasekilweng go duela lekgetho ka 1860). Morago ga dingwaga di le tharo, ba ne ba tla nna le kgetho ya go reka lefatshe le ka tlhwatlhwa e e tletseng. Lekala le le neng le okametse, le le neng la itsege jaaka Lekala la Babagololesegileng, e ne ya bewa ka fa tlase ga tlhokomelo e e tswelelang ya sesole ka gonne Congress e ne e solofetse tlhokego ya go sireletsa mafelo a bonno a batho bantsho mo Basweung ba Borwa.[121]Molaokakanyetso o ne o laela gore batho bantsho ba nne le lefatshe le le tshwanang le le neng le ikaegile ka tiro ya bone e e sa duelweng pele.[122]

Fa Lincoln a sena go bolawa, Andrew Johnson o ne a nna tautona. Ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe, 1865, Johnson o ne a ntsha kgoeletso ya go itshwarela baagi ba ba tlwaelesegileng ba ba kwa Borwa ba ba neng ba ikana gore ba tla ikanyega, a sa solofetse fela gore ba tla sirelediwa mo dipolotiking mme gape o tla busediwa dithoto tse di tserweng. (Kgoeletso ya ga Johnson e ne e sa akaretse boradipolotiki ba Confederate, badiredi ba sesole, le beng ba lefatshe ba ba nang le dithoto tse di fetang $20,000.) Mojenerale O. O. Howard, mookamedi wa Lekala la Babagololesegileng, o ne a kopa tlhaloso go tswa go Mmueledi Mogolo James Speed ​​malebang le kafa kgoeletso eno e neng e tla ama ka gone taelo ya Lekala la Babagololesegileng. Speed ​​o ne a araba ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi, 1865, gore Molaodi wa Lekala:[123][124][125][126]

... o na le taolo, ka fa tlase ga kaelo ya ga Tautona, go kgaoganya tiriso ya batshabi ba ba ikanyegang le batho ba ba golotsweng mafatshe a go buiwang ka one; mme o tlhokiwa go abela monna mongwe le mongwe wa setlhopha seo sa batho, e seng go feta diekere di le masome a mane tsa mafatshe a a ntseng jalo.

Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Howard o ne a tsaya kgato ka bonako go ikaegilwe ka tetlelelo go tswa kwa go Speed, a laela lenaane la mafatshe a a leng teng go ka abiwa gape le go gana maiteko a basweu ba Borwa a go batla dithoto gape.[127][128] Ka setlhoa sa lone ka 1865, Lekala la Babagololesegileng le ne le laola dekere di le dikete tse makgolo a ferabobedi go ya go dile makgolo a ferabongwe tsa masimo a pele e neng e le a beng ba makgoba.[129] Lefelo le le ne le emetse 0.2% ya lefatshe kwa Borwa; kwa bofelong kitsiso ya ga Johnson e ne ya tlhoka gore Lekala le abele beng ba lone ba pele bontsi jwa yone gape.[123]

Ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi, 1865, Howard o ne a ntsha "Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro", taelo mo teng ga Lekala la Babagololesegileng go ntsha lefatshe go isa kwa batshabing le batho ba ba golotsweng. Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro o laetse baemedi ba Lekala ka tlhamalalo go baya taelo ya Lekgotla la Dipuso ya go aba lefatshe kwa pele go na le kgoeletso ya ga Johnson ya itshwarelo. Karolo ya yone ya bofelo e ne ya tlhalosa jaana: "Itshwarelo ya ga Tautona ga e kitla e tlhaloganngwa e le go neela dithoto tse di tlogetsweng kgotsa tse di tserweng tse ka molao di 'tlhometsweng Batshabi le Bagololesegi'".[130][131] Ka Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro, kabosesha ya lefatshe e ne e le molao wa semmuso wa Borwa jotlhe, mme e ne e tlhaloganngwa jalo ke badiredi ba sesole.[132]

Fa a sena go ntsha Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro, le fa go ntse jalo, Howard, yo go neng go lebega a sa itse gore ditaelo tsa gagwe di ka nna botlhokwa le go baka dikganetsano go le kana kang, o ne a tswa kwa Washington go ya go ikhutsa kwa Maine.[133] Tautona Johnson le ba bangwe ba ne ba simolola go ganetsa Circular mo e ka nnang ka yone nako eo. Morago ga gore Johnson a laele Biro go busetsa boswa jwa mong wa masimo wa Tennessee yo o neng a ngongorega, Mogenerale Joseph S. Fullerton o ne a akantsha bonnye motlhankedi a le mongwe yo o ka fa tlase ga gagwe gore Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro "ga e kitla e tlhokomelwa mo nakong eno".[134]

Fa Howard a boela kwa Washington, Johnson o ne a mo laela gore a kwale Mokwalo o mosha o o neng o tla tlotla molao wa gagwe ya go busetsa lefatshe. Johnson o ne a gana mokwalo wa ga Howard mme a kwala mofuta wa gagwe, o a neng a o ntsha ka Lwetse a le lesome le bobedi jaaka Mokwalo wa #lesome le botlhano—go akaretsa le leina la ga Howard.[135] Mokwalo wa #lesome le botlhano se tlhomile dikelo tse di gagametseng tsa go tlhoma thoto jaaka "e e tserweng semmuso" mme e ne ya nna le ditlamorago mo mafelong a le mantsi tsa go fedisa kabosesha ya lefatshe gotlhelele.[136]

Segolobogolo mo pakeng ya dibeke di le thataro magareng ga Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro le Mokwalo wa #lesome le botlhano, ‘diekere di le masome mane le mmoulo’ (mmogo le ditlamelo tse dingwe tse di tlhokegang mo temothuong) di ne di emela tsholofetso e e tlwaelesegileng ya baemedi ba Lekala la Babagololesegileng. Clinton B. Fisk, Mothusa Molaodi wa Lekala la Babagololesegileng ya Kentucky le Tennessee, o ne a itsisitse kwa kopanong ya sepolotiki ya batho bantsho: "Ga ba a tshwanela go nna le kgololesego fela mme ba tshwanetse go nna le matlo a bone, diekere di le masome a mararo kgotsa di le masome a mane, le dimmoulo, matlo a bonno, le matlo a sekolo jalo jalo."

Motsamaisi mongwe wa Lekala kwa Virginia o ne a akantsha gore lelapa lengwe le lengwe le hirise setsha sa diekere di le masome mane, le dimmoulo, dithotse, kolotsana, didirisiwa, dipeo le dijo. Lelapa le ne le tla duelela dilwana tse morago ga go jala dijalo le go di rekisa.[137]

Melao ya bantsho

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Baemedi ba Lekala ba ne ba kopana le mathata a semolao mo go abeleng batho ba ba golotsweng lefatshe ka ntlha ya "Melawana ya Bantsho" e e neng ya fetisiwa ke makgotla a molao a Borwa kwa bokhutlong jwa 1865 le 1866. Mengwe ya melao e mesha e ne e thibela batho bantsho go nna le lefatshe kgotsa go le hirisa. Lekala la Babagololesegileng ka kakaretso le ne le tshwara Melao ya batho bantsho jaaka e e sa berekeng, go ikaegilwe ka molao wa puso. Le fa go ntse jalo, Biro e ne e sa kgone go gapeletsa tlhaloso ya yone ka metlha morago ga gore Sesole sa Kopano se tswe mo sesoleng.[138]

Bokolone le go nna le magae

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka nako ya ntwa le morago ga yone, boradipolotiki, bajenerale le ba bangwe ba ne ba akanya ka maano a a farologaneng a bokoloniale a a ka bong a neetse malapa a batho bantsho ditsha. Le fa Mokgatlho wa Bokoloniale wa Amerika o ne o ntse o dira batho ba le bantsi kwa Liberia le go amogela meneelo e mentsi (mo e ka nnang didolara di le milione o le mongwe ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850), o ne o sena bokgoni jwa go tsibogela kgololo ya bontsi.[21]

Thutopatlisiso ya 2020 e ne ya bapisa ka katlego ya kabo ya lefatshe la mahala go makgoba a pele mo Morafeng wa Cherokee le go palelwa ke go naya makgoba a pele lefatshe la mahala kwa Confederacy. Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore le fa maemo a go tlhoka tekatekano ka 1860 a ne a tshwana mo Morafeng wa Cherokee le mo Confederacy, makgoba a pele a batho bantsho a ne a atlega mo Morafeng wa Cherokee mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Morafe wa Cherokee o ne o na le maemo a a kwa tlase a go tlhoka tekatekano ga merafe, lotseno lo lo kwa godimo lwa batho bantsho, dikelo tse di kwa godimo tsa go itse go bala le go kwala mo bathong bantsho, le dikelo tse di kwa godimo tsa go tsena sekolo mo bathong bantsho.[139]

Dithulaganyo tsa bokolone jwa mafatshe a sele

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Lincoln o ne a sa bolo go tshegetsa bokoloniale jaaka tharabololo e e utlwalang ya bothata jwa bokgoba, mme a latela maano a bokoloniale mo nakong yotlhe ya boporesidente jwa gagwe.[140][141] Ka 1862, Congress e ne ya amogela $600,000 go duelela leano la ga Lincoln la go dira batho bantsho bokolone "mo maemong a a ba siametseng", mme ya naya Lincoln dithata tse di anameng tsa bokhuduthamaga go rulaganya bokolone.[141][142] Lincoln o ne a tlhama Ofisi ya Bofaladi ka bonako mo teng ga Lephata la Merero ya Selegae mme a laela Lephata la Kgaolo go tsaya lefatshe le le tshwanetseng.[141] Leano la ntlha le legolo le le neng la akanyediwa le ne le tla bo le rometse batho bantsho ba ba neng ba thapilwe ba ba sa duelelweng go nna baepi ba magala kwa Kgaolong ya Chiriquí, kwa Panama (e ka nako eo e neng e le karolo ya Gran Colombia). Baithaopi ba ne ba solofediwa diekere di le masome mane tsa lefatshe le tiro mo meepong; Senator Samuel C. Pomeroy, yo Lincoln a neng a mo tlhomile gore a okamele thulaganyo e, le ene o ne a rekile dimmoulo, dijokwe, didirisiwa, dikolotsana, dipeo le dilo tse dingwe go tshegetsa kolone e e neng e ka nna teng. Pomeroy o ne a amogela batho ba le makgolo a matlhano mo go ba le dikete tse lesome le boraro le makgolo a supa ba ba neng ba dira kopo ya tiro eo. Le fa go ntse jalo, leano leno le ne la phimolwa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga, ka ntlha ya go ribololwa ga gore magala a Chiriquí a ne a le a boleng jo bo kwa tlase.[143][144][145]

Fela jaaka Liberia, setshaba se se ikemetseng sa bantsho, Haiti le yone e ne e tsewa e le lefelo le le siameng la go dira bokolone jwa batho ba ba golotsweng go tswa kwa U.S.[146][147] Fa leano la Chiriquí le ntse le tswelela pele ka 1862, Lincoln o ne a dira leano le lengwe la go dira setlhaketlhake se sennye sa Île à Vache gaufi le Haiti kolone.[148] Lincoln o ne a dira tumalano le rakgwebo Bernard Kock, yo o neng a bone ditshwanelo tsa go hirisa setlhaketlhake go lema le go rema dikgong.[149] Palogotlhe ya Bantsho ba le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano le boraro, bontsi jwa bone e le makau go tswa kwa kgaolong ya Tidewater go dikologa Hampton, Virginia e e neng e gapilwe, ba ne ba ithaopela go dira setlhaketlhake seo kolone.[150] Ka Moranang a le lesome le bone, 1863, ba ne ba tswa kwa Fort Monroe ka "Motlhokomedi wa Lewatle".[151][152] Kock o ne a tsaya madi otlhe a bakolone ba neng ba na le one mme a se ka a ba duela dituelo.[151] Dipego tsa ntlha di ne di akantsha gore maemo a ne a le maswe thata, le fa gone moragonyana go ne ga ganetsanwa ka one. Palo ya bakoloni ba ne ba swa mo ngwageng wa ntlha.[153] Bafalodi ba le makgolo a mabedi le masome a ferabongwe le bobedi go tswa mo setlhopheng sa ntlha ba ne ba sala mo setlhaketlhakeng mme ba le masome a supa le boraro ba ne ba fudugetse kwa Aux Cayes; bontsi bo ne jwa busediwa kwa U.S. ke thomo ya Sesole sa Lewatle ka Tlhakole 1864.[154][155] Congress e ne ya phimola taolo ya bokolone ya ga Lincoln ka Phukwi 1863.[156]

Lincoln o ne a tswelela go latelela maano a go dira bokolone, segolobogolo kwa British West Indies, mme ga go epe e e neng ya ungwa. Mokgatlho wa Bokolone wa Amerika o ne wa nna le batho ba le makgolo a le mmalwa kwa Liberia ka nako ya ntwa, le ba bangwe ba le dikete di le mmalwa mo dingwageng di le tlhano tse di latelang.[157]

Dithulaganyo tsa selegae tsa bokolone

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mojenerale wa Kopano Nathan Bedford Forrest o ne a akantse ka 1865 pele ga bokhutlo jwa ntwa go thapa masole a mantsho le batho ba ba golotsweng mo go ageng seporo sa Kompone ya Seporo sa Memphis le Little Rock, a ba duela ka $1 (~$21.00 ka 2024)/letsatsi le mola wa lefatshe go bapa le seporo.[158] Kakanyo eo moragonyana e ne ya amogelwa ke Sherman, Howard, Johnson le Mmusi wa Arkansas e bong Isaac Murphy.[159] Howard o ne a tsamaisa batho ba ba golotsweng ba le makgolo a le mmalwa go tswa kwa Alabama go ya kwa Arkansas go ya go dira mo moleng. O ne a tlhoma Edward Ord go okamela porojeke le go sireletsa batho ba ba golotsweng mo Forrest.[138]

Molao wa Borwa wa go nna le lefatshe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (7 January 2013). "The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule'". The Root. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  3. ↑ O.R. Series 1, Volume 47, Part 2, 60–62
  4. ↑ Foner, Eric (2014). Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution, 1863–1877. Harper. ISBN 978-0062035868. OCLC 877900566.[page needed]
  5. ↑ fultonk (6 January 2013). "The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule' | African American History Blog". The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
  6. ↑ Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. pp. 70–73.
  7. ↑ "The Reconstruction Era: The Promise of 40 Acres and a Mule".
  8. ↑ "National Archives: Special Field Orders, No. 15"
  9. ↑ Woodson 1925, p. xv
  10. ↑ Woodson 1925, pp. xvi–xviii
  11. ↑ Woodson 1925, pp. xxiiv–xxiv
  12. 1 2 Woodson 1925, pp. xli–xlii
  13. ↑ Woodson 1925, pp. xxxvi, xlii–xlii
  14. ↑ Woodson 1925, pp. xx, xxxviii–xl
  15. 1 2 Mitchell 2001, pp. 523–524
  16. ↑ Foner 1988, p. 277: "Unlike freedmen in other countries, however, American blacks emerged from slavery convinced both that they had a right to a portion of their former owner's land, and that the national government had committed itself to land distribution."
  17. ↑ Dyer 1943, p. 54
  18. ↑ Lacy K. Ford (2009). Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South. Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-975108-2.
  19. ↑ Woodson 1925, pp. xl–xli
  20. ↑ "July 26, 1847 Liberian independence proclaimed", This Day In History, History website.
  21. 1 2 Bonekemper 1970, pp. 171–172
  22. 1 2 3 Bonekemper 1970, pp. 171–172
  23. ↑ Dyer 1943, p. 53
  24. ↑ "Draft Constitution of Virginia". 1776.
  25. ↑ Engs 1979, p. 26. "The North, unprepared for war, was even more unprepared for the burden of caring for thousands of fleeing bondsmen. The only organization which could perform this monumental task was the Union army. But to most army men, freedmen were at best a nuisance. At worst, they were representatives of the despised race for whom Northern white men were being asked to kill or be killed."
  26. ↑ Bonekemper 1970, p. 169
  27. ↑ Jackson 1925, p. 133. "Nevertheless, shady though some of his tactics may have been in the opinion of some, Butler is to be rated as famous for the stand he took on that morning of the twenty-fourth of May when he declared that the escaped slave who stood before him should not be returned to his master but that he and all others who so came were to be regarded as contraband of war. From this time forward all escaped and abandoned slaves in the South were frequently known as 'contrabands.'"
  28. 1 2 Bonekemper 1970, p. 170
  29. 1 2 Bonekemper 1970, p. 171. "Nevertheless, the housing situation was so desperate that complaints emanated from the Reverend Lockwood, the A.M.A. and the just-organized National Freedmen's Relief Association and led to investigation by the American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission, appointment of Captain C. B. Wilder of Boston to protect the blacks' interests and the construction of large buildings in which the Negroes could live."
  30. ↑ Jackson 1925, p. 135
  31. ↑ Boyd 1959, p. 49 "The distress of the six thousand Negroes at Fort Monroe, Virginia, may have influenced Lincoln to proceed despite the Senator's misgivings. A report by Quakers in December, 1862, described the refugees quartered in small rooms, sometimes containing ten to twelve persons each, with insufficient fuel and clothing to keep warm throughout the winter month."
  32. ↑ Voegeli 2003, p. 767
  33. ↑ Voegeli 2003, p. 769
  34. ↑ Voegeli 2003, pp. 776–777
  35. ↑ Engs 1979, pp. 38–39
  36. ↑ Engs 1979, pp. 3–4, 25. "During the Civil War, the groups which would shape the post-bellum life of black Hampton came together for the first time. Over that same period, the issues that would inform black and white approaches to freedom, in Hampton and in the South as a whole, crystallized. [...] In these unstable circumstances, Northern whites and Southern blacks had their first large-scale encounter of the war."
  37. ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 18–19
  38. ↑ Adam Gurowski (1862). Diary: from March 4, 1861, to November 12, 1862. Boston: Lee and Shepard. p. 121. OL 7135658M. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ka 2025.
  39. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 20. "The rapid change in their status was not working to the advantage of many Sea Island Negroes, and their obvious hardship since the Federal invasion was embarrassing to the government. The army had made free use of plantation food stores, leaving many slave communities with little to eat. [...] Having no place to turn, they flocked to the neighborhood of the army camps. There, they were as often treated badly as offered employment and help. The New York Tribune's correspondent reported that one enterprising and unscrupulous officer was caught in the act of assembling a cargo of Negroes for transportation and sale in Cuba [...]".
  40. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 240. "Violent examples of race hatred could be found wherever Northern troops came into contact with numbers of freedmen. Even at Port Royal, where Saxton's benevolent protectorate should have deterred overt demonstrations, there were appalling clashes. As late as February 1863 unruly parties from several regiments, including the 9th New Jersey, the 100th New York, known as 'Les Enfants Perdus', and the 24th Massachusetts, went berserk and terrorized St. Helena Island. They killed and stole livestock, took money from the Negroes, and culminated their outrages in burning all the Negro cabins on the Daniel Jenkins plantations. They beat Negro men and attempted to rape the women, and when the superintendents intervened the soldiers threatened to shoot them."
  41. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 19
  42. ↑ Cox 1958, p. 421
  43. ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 24–25
  44. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 29
  45. 1 2 Edward L. Pierce (1862). The Negroes at Port Royal: Report of E. L. Pierce, Government Agent, to the Hon. Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury. Letter dated 3 February 1862. Boston: R. F. Walcutt. The laborers themselves, no longer slaves of their former masters, or of the Government, but as yet in large numbers unprepared for the full privileges of citizens, are to be treated with sole reference to such preparation.
  46. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 32. "The government would undoubtedly take steps to put the cotton lands under cultivation, but Pierce was well aware that there was a plan alternative to his own that had very serious backing. While he was asking the government to gamble on the success of a novel agricultural experiment, Colonel Reynolds proposed leasing the plantations and the laborers to a private organization. Reynolds' plan had the merit of simplicity and much better prospects of immediate revenue to the government."
  47. ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 32–33
  48. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 34. "The young lawyer undoubtedly had hoped to hear some reassuring word from Lincoln about the future status of the Negroes at Port Royal. This was a point that had disturbed many prospective supporters of the educational work, for they feared that after being treated as freemen and trained to support themselves the Negroes might become the victims of 'some unhappy compromise.'"
  49. ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 37–38
  50. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 40
  51. ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 43–44
  52. ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 64–66, 159–160
  53. ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 144–146
  54. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 189
  55. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 226
  56. ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 226–228. "It is this exclusive preoccupation with cotton that has given most support to the idea that the planter-missionaries were pure economic imperialists [...]. Their vision of the freed people as agricultural peasants devoted to a single-crop economy and educated to a taste for consumer goods supplied by Northern factories fulfils the classic pattern of tributary economics the world over. It is important to remember that at this early time there seemed nothing conspiratorial about this."
  57. ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 66–67
  58. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 141
  59. ↑ Cox 1958, p. 428
  60. ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 191–194
  61. ↑ Oubre 1978, p. 8
  62. ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 200–204
  63. 1 2 3 4 Williamson 1965, p. 56
  64. ↑ Williamson 1965, p. 55
  65. 1 2 Oubre 1978, p. 9
  66. ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 212–213, 298.
  67. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 272
  68. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 281
  69. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 281
  70. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 284
  71. ↑ Williamson 1965, p. 57
  72. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 287
  73. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 290
  74. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 294
  75. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 295 "There were ample signs of impending trouble. A group of superintendents returning to St. Helena from the sale of February 26 were met near Land's End by a crowd of freed people, who surrounded them clamoring for information and 'complaining that their land—that they had pre-empted—had been sold away from them, and declaring that they wouldn't work for the purchaser.'"
  76. ↑ Byrne 1995, p. 109
  77. ↑ Drago 1973, p. 363
  78. ↑ Drago 1973, pp. 369–371
  79. ↑ Drago 1973, p. 372; quoting the Augusta Daily Constitutionalist, 29 January 1865.
  80. ↑ Byrne 1995, p. 110
  81. ↑ James 1954, p. 127
  82. ↑ Byrne 1995, pp. 99–102
  83. ↑ Byrne 1995, p. 106
  84. ↑ Cox 1958, p. 429
  85. ↑ "Negroes of Savannah" (PDF). New York Daily Tribune. (Copy of the Daily Tribune article held by the US National Archives and transcribed by the National Park Service. According to Adjutant General Edward D. Townsend, the formal exchange represents a verbatim account of the meeting.). 13 February 1865. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2012. I do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and faithful report of the questions and answers made by the colored ministers and church members of Savannah in my presence and hearing, at the chambers of Major-Gen. Sherman, on the evening of Thursday, Jan 12, 1865. The questions of Gen. Sherman and the Secretary of War were reduced to writing and read to the persons present. The answers were made by the Rev. Garrison Frazier, who was selected by the other ministers and church members to answer for them. The answers were written down in his exact words, and read over to the others, who one by one expressed his concurrence or dissent as above set forth.
  86. ↑ "Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi". Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borataro ka 2025.
  87. ↑ "Reconstruction ... Forty Acres and a Mule". American Experience.
  88. ↑ Buescher, John. "Forty Acres and a Mule". Teachinghistory.org. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borataro ka 2025.
  89. ↑ James (1954). Sherman at Savannah. p. 135.
  90. ↑ Byrne 1995, pp. 111–112
  91. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 330
  92. ↑ Byrne 1995, pp. 112–113
  93. ↑ "'Harmony of Action" ' – Sherman as an army group commander" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2012.
  94. ↑ Cox 1958, p. 429. "But the freedmen quite naturally anticipated permanent possession; and Saxton later testified that he had begged not to be charged with carrying out Sherman's order if the freedmen's expectations were once again to be broken, and that he had received assurances from Secretary Stanton that the Negroes would retain possession of the land."
  95. ↑ Saville 1994, pp. 19–20
  96. ↑ Byrne 1995, p. 113
  97. ↑ Williamson 1965, pp. 54–55
    'Forty acres and a mule', that delightful bit of myopic mythology so often ascribed to the newly freed in the Reconstruction period, at least in South Carolina during the spring and summer of 1865, represented far more than the chimerical rantings of the ignorant darkies, irresponsible soldiers", and radical politicians. On the contrary, it symbolized precisely the policy which the government had already given and was giving mass application in the Sea Islands. Hardly had the troops landed, in November, 1861, before liberal Northerners arrived to begin a series of ambitious experiment in the reconstruction of Southern society. One of these experiments included the redistribution of large landed estates to the Negroes. By the Spring of 1865, this program was well underway, and after August any well-informed intelligent observer in South Carolina would have concluded, as did the Negroes, that some considerable degree of permanent land division was highly probable.
  98. 1 2 Oubre 1978, pp. 47–48 "By summer of 1865, word of Sherman's Special Field Order, No. 15 had spread throughout the states covered by the order as well as to neighboring states. So great was the desire for land that blacks poured into the reservation in search of their forty-acre plots."
  99. ↑ Webster 1916, pp. 94–95
  100. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 332
  101. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 331
  102. 1 2 Belz 2000, pp. 45–46
  103. ↑ Cox 1958, p. 425 "Disposition of lands and indirectly of Negro labor through Treasury agents to northern lessees brought forth even greater condemnation than direct military supervision. [...] The investigations of James E. Yeatman for the Western Sanitary Commission late in 1863 revealed shocking exploitation and abuse of freedmen working the leased plantations. Attempts during 1864 to remedy those abuses resulted in confusion and conflict of authority between army officers and Treasury agents."
  104. ↑ Cox 1958, pp. 425–426 "There can be no doubt that these varied wartime experiences, together with the criticism and publicity they evoked, affected the Freedmen's Bureau legislation. They make clear what the framers of its final version were attempting to avoid, namely, government plantation operation, exploitation of Negro labor by northern speculators, abuse and rigorous control of freedmen by southern planters whether in violation of military directives or in collusion with military personnel, even the minute paternalistic regulations drawn to safeguard the freedmen that might lead to a permanent 'pupilage'."
  105. ↑ Belz 2000, p. 47
  106. ↑ Belz 2000, pp. 52–53
  107. ↑ Hermann 1981, pp. 3–9 "The reformer was criticized not so much for his practical failures as for his open rejection of orthodox religion and the institution of marriage. Although Davis did not agree with these radical ideas, he continued to admire the Scottish utopian for his innovative theories. However, the new planter proposed to adopt only the elements of Owen's philosophy that would promote his goal of an efficient, prosperous plantation community."
  108. ↑ Hermann 1981, pp. 11–16
  109. ↑ Hermann 1981, pp. 38–47
  110. ↑ Foner (2011). Reconstruction. p. 59.
  111. 1 2 Oubre 1978, p. 17
  112. ↑ Hermann 1981, p. 39
  113. 1 2 Hermann 1981, p. 50
  114. ↑ 29 July 1865; quoted in Oubre 1978, p. 27
  115. ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 336–338
  116. ↑ Du Bois 1935, pp. 222–223
  117. ↑ Cox 1958, p. 413 "Only a few weeks earlier the members of Congress by their approval of the Thirteenth Amendment had agreed that henceforth the Negro was to be a free man, never again a slave; now they took action to put him on the road to economic independence of the type traditional to free men in the 19th-century agrarian Republic, namely, ownership of the land that he tilled."
  118. ↑ Rose 1964, p. 339 "With the approval of the Thirteenth Amendment, Congress had put its blessing on the free status of Negro Americans; the land provision of the Bureau Act was the natural response of a nation of small farmers to set the black man on the road to economic freedom. The purpose of the Bureau itself was to assure a reasonable and temporary protection for the Negro as he passed into his new condition."
  119. ↑ Cox 1958, p. 417 "The chief spokesmen for the Republican opposition were James W. Grimes of Iowa, Henry S. Lane of Indiana, and John P. Hale of New Hampshire, all antislavery men who feared that the supervision provided for the freedmen might lead to their abuse. As the New York Herald reported with some satisfaction, the Freedmen's Bureau bill 'was killed by its friends,' a display of independence towards Sumner which the paper found 'quite refreshing.'"
  120. ↑ Cox 1958, p. 418 Cox quotes "an entirely new bill" from the Congressional Globe. 3 March 1865. p. 1042.
  121. 1 2 Oubre 1978, pp. 20–21
  122. ↑ Cox 1958, p. 413 "Implicit in the decision was the acceptance of the fact that the freedmen would not be colonized abroad, as Lincoln and many others less concerned with the Negro's welfare had wished, nor even colonized in designated areas within the home boundaries, but that he should remain a basic economic and social element in his southern homeland."
  123. 1 2 Oubre 1978, p. 31
  124. ↑ McFeely 1994, p. 99
  125. ↑ Andrew Johnson (29 May 1865). "Amnesty Proclamation". The New York Times.
  126. ↑ James Speed (22 June 1865). "Opinion on Duty of the Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau". Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borataro ka 2025.
  127. ↑ McFeely 1994, pp. 100–101
  128. ↑ Oubre 1978, p. 32
  129. ↑ Dalton Conley (Fall 2002). "Forty Acres and a Mule: What if America Pays Reparations?" (PDF). Contexts. 1 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2011. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2025.
  130. ↑ McFeely 1994, pp. 104–105
  131. ↑ O. O. Howard (28 July 1865). "Circular no. 13". National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 105, Entry 24, No. 139 Asst Adjutant General Circulars 1865–1869, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Pp. 14–15; Transcribed from Original by John Soos in August, 2003.
  132. ↑ McFeely 1994, p. 105 "From July 28, 1865, until the circular order was rescinded in September, region-wide redistribution of abandoned and confiscated lands in the South was the stated policy of an agency of the United States government. It was so understood (if not put into practice) by army officers in the South. Had it been implemented, every freedman would not have gotten forty acres of land, but 20,000 Negro families in all sections of the South would have gotten a start on their own farms."
  133. ↑ McFeely 1994, pp. 108–109 "It does not seem altogether improbable that Howard was not fully aware of the implications of his Circular. As happened more than once during Reconstruction, the compelling needs of the Negroes drew more radical moves from conservative hands. That the Commissioner was asking the President of the United States to acquiesce to a revolutionary principle of dividing large holdings."
  134. ↑ Hahn et al. 2008, p. 401 "Complaints from aggrieved landowners about the refusal of Freedmen's Bureau officials to relinquish abandoned property soon reached President Johnson, who effectively nullified not only Howard's circular but also the intentions of Congress as expressed in the land provisions of the law creating the bureau. On August 16, intervening on behalf of a pardoned Confederate from his home state of Tennessee, Johnson ordered the bureau to restore the man's estate without delay. 'The same action will be had in all similar cases', he added."
  135. ↑ Hahn et al. 2008, pp. 402–403, document transcribed, pp. 431–432
  136. ↑ Oubre 1978, p. 38 "The new circular made the possession of land so uncertain that many bureau agents discontinued their policy of assigning land to the freedmen."
  137. ↑ Oubre 1978, p. 79
  138. 1 2 Oubre 1978, pp. 191–192
  139. ↑ Miller, Melinda C. (26 June 2019). ""The Righteous and Reasonable Ambition to Become a Landholder": Land and Racial Inequality in the Postbellum South". The Review of Economics and Statistics. 102 (2): 381–394. doi:10.1162/rest_a_00842. ISSN 0034-6535.
  140. ↑ Lockett 1991, p. 430 "Lincoln held the strong belief that colonization would accomplish a twofold objection: rid the nation of racial strife by ridding the nation of its freedmen, which in effect would render America a white man's country (Richardson, 1907, p. 153)."
  141. 1 2 3 Magness & Page 2011, pp. 3–4
  142. ↑ Lockett 1991, pp. 431–432 "This act made Lincoln the sole authority on all plans involving government-financed colonization, as well as on how the money would be spent. It pushed Lincoln far ahead in the field of those who had dedicated themselves to the colonization of the Negro, reaching back to Thomas Jefferson."
  143. ↑ Oubre 1978, p. 4
  144. ↑ Lockett 1991, p. 433
  145. ↑ Page 2011
  146. ↑ Lockett 1991, p. 432 "Because Haiti and Liberia were black independent republics with climatic and topographical features favorable for Black people, Lincoln considered the two countries prime sites for establishing colonies (Nicolay & Hay, 1890, Vol. 6, p. 168)."
  147. ↑ Page 2011, p. 314
  148. ↑ Page 2011, p. 313 "In fact, the president had those two projects under consideration concurrently during late 1862 and early 1863—and even the 'second wave' of imperial schemes should be understood more in reference to their longer life than to the date of their initiation. Personally, Lincoln was keen to experiment with several options and to see what worked best."
  149. ↑ Lockett 1991, p. 436
  150. ↑ Boyd 1959, p. 51
  151. 1 2 Lockett 1991, pp. 438–439
  152. ↑ Dyer 1943, pp. 60–61
  153. ↑ Boyd 1959, p. 54
  154. ↑ Lockett 1991, p. 441
  155. ↑ Oubre 1978, p. 5
  156. ↑ Boyd 1959, p. 56
  157. ↑ Oubre 1978, p. 6
  158. ↑ Oubre 1978, pp. 73–75
  159. ↑ Hahn et al. 2008, pp. 402, document transcribed, pp. 410–411
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