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Diphologolo tse Tlhano tse Ditona

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Diphologolo tse ditona tse tlhano

Mo Afrika, diphologolo tse tlhano tse ditona tsa naga ke tau, lengau, tshukudu tlou le nare ya Afrika. Batho ba ba neng ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo ba ne ba dirisa lefoko leno go tlhalosa diphologolo tse tlhano tse go leng thata go di tsoma ka maoto. Diphologolo tse Tlhano tse ditona dina le ditso tse ditelele tsa go tsoma e e simolotseng kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe ka nako ya bokoloniale. Gompieno, di sa ntse di tsomiwa mme gantsi di tlhaselwa ke bajanala ba ba ratang go etela mafelo a tlholego le ba ba dirang maeto a go tsaya maeto a go ya go bona diphologolo tsa naga. Go tsoma mefuta e megolo e metlhano ya diphologolo tsa naga go ka nna le dipoelo tse di molemo mo mafelong a diphologolo tsa naga di sireleditsweng mo go one, e leng se se ka dirang gore go nne le ditshono tsa go di sireletsa, le fa go ntse jalo, go na le dilo dingwe tse di sa kgonegeng. Mefuta yotlhe ya Diphologolo Tse Dikgolo Tse Tlhano ke dikai tsa megafauna e e nang le bokgoni, e e tlhagelelang thata mo dingwaong tse di tlwaelegileng, e bile ke dingwe tsa diphologolo tse ditona tse di itsegeng thata mo Afrika.

Mefuta e Metlhano e Metona

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Tlou

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Tlou e tonanyana ya Afrika e e nnang mo sekgweng sa Maasai Mara, kwa Kenya

Tlou ya sekgwa sa Afrika (Loxodonta africana) ke phologolo e kgolo e e fitlhelwang mo lefatsheng e e fitlhelwang mo dinageng di le masome a mabedi le bone tsa Afrika le mo mafelong a a farologaneng. [1] Jaaka go bidiwa tlou ya savanna ya Afrika, mofuta ono o kwadisitswe jaaka o o mo kotsing ya go nyelela ke IUCN.[1] Dinaka di teng mo go tse di tona le tse di namagadi, tse di dirisiwang go dira mefuta e e farologaneng ya dilwana tse di dirilweng ka dinaka tsa tlou mme ke sefoka se se tlhwatlhwakgolo sa batsomi. [2][3]

Tsukudu

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Tshukudu e ntsho kwa lefelong le le sireleditsweng la Ngorongoro, kwa Tanzania.

Mefuta e mebedi ya ditshukudu tsa Afrika e tsewa e le karolo ya Big Five, e tshweu (Ceratotherium simum) le e ntsho (Diceros bicornis), nngwe le nngwe e na le mefuta e e farologaneng. Bobedi jwa tsone di teng mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa borwa le botlhaba jwa Aforika mo ditikologong tsa savanna kgotsa tsa bojang. [4][5]Tshukudu e tshweu e kwadisitswe jaaka e e gaufi le go nyelela ke IUCN,[4] mme tshukudu e ntsho e tsewa e le e e mo kotsing e kgolo.[6]Mefuta e mebedi e na le dinaka tse pedi tse di nang le keratinized, tse di eletsegang jaaka dikgele le mo kalafing ya setso ya Se-China, e e dirang gore e nne tse di tumileng go tsoma dikgele. [7][3]

Nare ya Afrika

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Kgomo ya nare ya Afrika kwa Chobe National Park, kwa Botswana.

Nare ya Afrika (Syncerus caffer) ke kgomo e kgolo e e nang le dinaka. Go na le mefuta e le nne e e lemogilweng e e fitlhelwang kwa mafelong a a farologaneng a kwa bogareng le kwa borwa jwa Afrika.[8]IUCN e kwadile mofuta ono jaaka o o gaufi le go nyelediwa ka palo e e fokotsegileng ya batho. [8]Gantsi di ne di tsomelwa dijo mme dinaka tsa tsone tse di sephara di ile tsa nna seipato se se ratwang thata ke batsomi.[3]

Lengau

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Nare ya Afrika kwa Chobe National Park, kwa Botswana.
Lengau le le namagadi kwa Kruger National Park, mo Afrika Borwa.

Lengau (Panthera pardus) ke katse e kgolo e e jang nama e e nnang mo mafelong a mantsi mo Afrika le Asia. Mafelo a tshabelo a nkwe a farologana thata go tswa kwa dikgweng tsa boboatsatsi, kwa dipoeng, kwa dikakeng le kwa dithabeng. [9] IUCN e kwadile mofuta ono jaaka o o leng mo kotsing ya go nyelela ka ntlha ya go fokotsega ga palo ya baagi ba one.[10] Go nna di-carnivores tse dikgolo, go tsoma dinkwe go a batlega ka ntlha ya kotsi e e amanang le mofuta ono.[3]

Tau

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Tau e tonanyana le e namagadi kwa Maasai Mara National Reserve, kwa Kenya.

Tau (Panthera leo) ke phologolo e tona e e jang nama e e fitlhelwang go ralala Afrika, e na le palo e nnye ya batho kwa sekgweng sa Gir kwa bokonebophirima jwa India. [11] IUCN e kwadile mofuta ono jaaka o o mo kotsing.[12]Jaaka phologolo e kgolo le e e nang le maatla e e jang nama e e nang le botlhokwa jwa setso, ditau ke dingwe tsa mefuta e e tumileng thata e e ka bonwang mo maetong a safari, jaaka e e elediwang ke batsomi ka ntlha ya kotsi e e bonwang ya go tsoma phologolo e kgolo e e jang nama. [3]

Ditso tsa Letsomo

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Ditlou

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Theodore Roosevelt fa thoko ga tlou e e suleng ya Afrika ya sekgwa mo loetong lwa go ya go batla dijana mo Afrika.

Go ya ka ditso , ditlou tsa Afrika di ile tsa tsomiwa le go bolawa ka ntlha ya mabaka a mabedi a magolo: go ijesa monate le dinaka tsa tsone tsa tlou. Go tsoma ditlou go simolotse ka babatlisisi ba Yuropa le batsomi ba dikolone mo bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe le kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a mabedi ka go oketsega ga go tuma ga go tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo mo Afrika. [13]Kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, batsomi ba ne ba dira ditlhaselo kwa dinageng tse di jaaka Namibia tse di neng tsa baka phokotsego e kgolo ya palo ya ditlou tse di neng di bonwa ka nako eo. [14]Baagi ba lefelo leo ba ba neng ba dira mo madirelong ano ka nako eo gantsi ba ne ba ananya dinaka tsa tsone ka dilwana tse dingwe tse di jaaka dijo. Go tlhagelela ga ditlhobolo tsa segompieno le mekgwa ya go tsoma go ne go raya gore go tsoma ditlou go ne go le botoka, mme seno se ne sa dira gore go ratwe mo kontinenteng yotlhe. [14] Mmaraka wa boditšhabatšhaba wa dikuno tsa dinaka tsa tlou o ne wa gola ka bonako, ka tlhokego e kgolo ya dilwana tsa manobonobo jaaka dilo tse di betlilweng kgotsa dinotlolo tsa piano. [13]Seno se ne sa dira gore go nne le madirelo a a duelang madi a mantsi a a neng a oketsa kgatelelo ya go tsoma ditlou. Mo godimo ga moo, mo godimo ga botlhokwa jwa itsholelo jwa go tsoma ditlou, gape e ne e le selo se se botlhokwa thata mo batsomi ba neng ba se dira ka nako ya bokoloniale. Go tsoma ditlou go ne go amana thata le go atologa ga puso ya bokolone ya Yuropa mme go ne go golaganngwa le dintlha tsa batsomi tse di jaaka bonna, bokgoni le go nna le taolo mo tlholegong tse tsotlhe di neng tsa thusa mo go ratweng ga yone mo ditlhopheng tsa batsomi ba maemo a a kwa godimo. [14][1]Mo ngwagakgolong wa bo masome, palo ya ditlou e ne ya fokotsega le go feta ka ntlha ya go tswakanya go tsoma ka molao le go tsoma ka tsela e e seng ka fa molaong ka ntlha ya dinaka tsa tlou.[15]

Ditshukudu

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Batsomi ba supa dilo tse ba di kokoantseng morago ga loeto lwa go ya go tsoma kwa Uganda

Tshukudu e kile ya bo e le ntsi mo kontinenteng ya Afrika, ka dipalo tsa diphologolo tse di ka nnang 500 000 mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a mabedi.[16]Ka nako ya maeto a go ya kwa Borwa jwa Afrika ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo, go ne ga begwa palo e kgolo ya ditshukudu tse dintsho, le fa gone maeto ao gantsi a ne a akaretsa go tsoma diphologolo tseno jaaka phologolo ya go tsoma. [16] Go ne ga simolola go nna le matshwenyego ka go fokotsega ga palo ya tsone go sa le gale, e re ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le borataro badiredibagolo ba kwa Kenya ba ne ba setse ba tshositswe ke go tsomiwa ga diphologolo tse dintsintsi ka bokukuntshwane. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bobedi, go nyelela ga tsone go ne go tsewa e le selo se se ka diregang, mme babogedi ba ne ba bega gore ditshukudu di ne di bolawa ka bonako go feta kafa di neng di ka ikatisa ka teng. Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro, go ne go setse ditshukudu tse dintsho di le mmalwa fela kwa borwa jwa dinoka tsa Zambezi le Kunene. [16]Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe , Western black rhinoceros e ne ya kaiwa e nyeletse ke IUCN, ka go thukhutha e le yone lebaka la konokono.[17]

Nare e ntsho e e neng ya bolawa ke Duke Adolf Friedrich wa Mecklenburg fa a ne a le mo letsholong kwa Afrika Bogare.

Kwantle ga go tsoma ditshukudu gore di bone dilo tse di di gaisang, ditshukudu le tsone di ile tsa tlhaselwa ke batho ba ba di tsomang ka go phamoga ka gonne dinaka tsa tsone di tsewa di le botlhokwa thata. Tlhotlhwa ya mmaraka e tlhatlogile go tswa go $550 ka kilogerama ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabongwe go ya go $60,000 ka kilogerama gompieno. [16] Go tsoma go go sa letlelelwang le gone go tlhotlhelediwa ke kgwebo e e seng kafa molaong e e tlamelang mebaraka mengwe ya kwa Asia, koo lonaka lwa tshukudu lo tseelwang kwa godimo ka ntlha ya melemo ya lone e e tsewang e le molemo. Go tsoma ditshukudu tse dintsho le tse ditshweu ka molao go dirwa ka selekanyo se sennye le ka tsela e e laolwang kwa Afrika Borwa le kwa Namibia. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi , go ne ga tsomiwa ditshukudu tse ditshweu di le dikete tse pedi,makgolo a supa le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo Afrika Borwa le di le masome a marataro le bongwe kwa Namibia. [16] Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi , go ne ga tsomiwa ditshukudu tse dintsho di le masome a mane le bosupa mo Afrika Borwa le di le lesome le bobedi kwa Namibia.[18] Go farologana le seo, dinare di le dikete tse thataro,le masome a robabobedi le bosupa di ne tsa begiwa jaaka dinare tse di tsomilweng mo Afrika Borwa le Namibia go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa , fa go bapisiwa le dinare di le makgolo a mane le masome a mabedi le boraro tse di tsomilweng semolao mo nakong e e tshwanang.[18]

Dinare tsa Afrika

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Thogo ya nare ya Afrika e tsentsweng mo magetleng.

Go ralala ditso , dinare e ne e le diphologolo tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo e e neng e tsomiwa ke merafe ya basarwa go bona dijo. [19]Mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete le makgolo a robabobedi, go tsoma diphologolo tse di botlhokwa jaaka nare mo mafatsheng ale mantsi a Afrika go ne go laolwa thata ke merafe ya basarwa mo lefelong leo, mme ditlhopha tseno di ne tsa baya melao e e gagametseng mo baeng ba ba neng ba le mo nageng ya bone. [20] Baeteledipele le malapa a a busang a ditlhopha tseno ba ne ba na le maikarabelo a go laola go tsoma le go tlhomamisa gore diphologolo tse di tsomiwang ka tlwaelo di a somarelwa go thibela go fokotsega ga palo ya tsone. Ka go tlhamiwa ga dikolone mo Afrika, dinaga tsa kwa ntle di ne tsa tsaya taolo ya tshomarelo le go tsoma, mme banni ba ne ba simolola go tsoma dinare ka bogale. [20]Baagi ba ne gape ba atolosa temothuo le dikgwebo tsa leruo mo dinageng tsa Afrika, tse di neng tsa dira gore go dirisiwe mafelo a magolo a lefatshe go lema le go anamisa malwetse a a anamisiwang ke diphologolo. Sekai sa seno ke Rinderpest, kgotsa leroborobo la dikgomo, e leng nngwe ya malwetse a a kotsi thata mo dikgomong, e e bolaileng metlhape yotlhe go ralala dinaga di le dintsi tsa Yuropa ka dingwaga tsa bo1800.[21] Go runya ga leroborobo la leroborobo la dikgomo ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi kwa Afrika go ne ga bolaya dinaka tsa dinare, mme go ne go akanngwa gore bolwetse jono bo tlisitswe mo kontinenteng ka dikgomo tse di tlisitsweng go tswa kwa Yuropa.[21]

Go ya ka ngwao, go ne go sa akanngwe gore dinare di ne di tlhoka go sirelediwa kana go bolokiwa ka gonne di ne di tlwaelegile thata. Le fa go ntse jalo, kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete le makgolo a robabobedi, batsomi ba ne ba simolola go lemoga ditlamorago tsa go tsoma go go sa laolesegeng, mme seno se ne sa dira gore go tlhamiwe mafelo a ntlha a go tsoma mo Afrika.[20] Sekai, Selous Game Reserve e ne ya tlhamiwa lantlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borataro go boloka diphologolo tsa lefelo leo tse di tsomang, mme kwa bofelong ya atolosiwa mme ya fetolwa go nna lefelo le le sireletsegileng la tshomarelo ya diphologolo koo dikwatlhao tsa go tsoma di dirisiwang ka thata. [22]Ga jaana e na le palo e kgolo go gaisa ya dinare tsa Aforika mo lefatsheng. Gompieno, dinare tsa Afrika ga di tlhole di tsomelwa dijo mme di tswela pele go tsomelwa dinaka tsa tsone, tse e leng dikgele tse di tumileng tsa batsomi. [22]Dikgele tsa dinare di le dikete tse nne le makgolo a mabedi di ne tsa romelwa kwa USA go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikte tse pedi le botlhano go ya kwa go wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano go tswa kwa dinageng di le mmalwa tsa Afrika jaaka Swaziland le Afrika Borwa.[4]

Lengau

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mangau a ile a tshwarwa gantsi ka ntlha ya boboa jwa one le go di dirisetsa go dira melemo ya setso le dilo tse dingwe. Marapo a one, meno, menwana le mafura di dirisitswe mo melemong ya setso ya Seaforika le mo meletlong ya sedumedi. [23]

Dinkwe di bolailwe gape ka ntlha ya go tlhasela batho le leruo ka sewelo. [24]Ka nako ya bokoloni di ne di tsongwa ke batsomi jaaka Jim Corbett le Kenneth Anderson kwa India.[25] [26]Ditso tsa kgotlhang e e amileng go tsomiwa ga mofuta ono mme dinkwe di le dintsi di bolailwe ka ntlha ya matshosetsi a di a tlisetsang metse le leruo. Magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi go ko go masome a mabedi, dinkwe di le lekgolo le masome a mararole boraro di ne tsa bolawa mo Afrika Borwa, mme bosheng jaana, dinkwe di le lekgolo le masoem a mabedi di ne tsa romelwa kwa ntle go tswa mo Afrika Borwa ka ngwaga magareng ga dikete tse pedi le bone le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro.[27]Ditlamorago tsa go tsoma dinkgwana mo dipopolong tsa dinkwe di santse di sa tlhomama, dinkwe ga jaana di dira 8-20% ya lotseno lwa go tsoma dinkgwana mo botlhaba le borwa jwa Afrika. [28]Go tsoma ditau tse di tshelang mmogo go feletse ka go gololwa ga dibatana tsa magareng, mo ditau e leng dibatana tse di kwa godimo mme dinkwe e le dibatana tsa magareng, tse go bonalang di khurumeditse ditlamorago tse di bosula tsa go tsoma dijana.[27]

Kermit Roosevelt morago ga go tsoma le go bolaya lengau

Dithutlwa jaanong di nna fela mo e ka nnang 37% ya lefelo la tsone la tlholego la Afrika, ka diphopholetso dingwe tse di kwa tlase ga 25%.[29] Phokotsego e e kwa godimo ga palogare ya dibatana tse di jang nama tse dikgolo lefatshe ka bophara (63-75% ya tatlhegelo fa e bapisiwa le palogare ya 53% ya dibatana tse dingwe) mme ke ka ntlha ya go tsoma, gammogo le ditlamorago tsa tikologo jaaka tatlhegelo ya lefelo la bonno.[30] Mafatshe a le lesome le bobedi a Aforika a santse a letleletswe go romela matlalo a nkwe kwa ntle ka dikaelo tse di tlhomilweng ke Convention for the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES).[31] Tanzania ga jaana ke naga e e tumileng thata mo go tsomeng nkwe ya metshameko mme e na le nngwe ya dielo tse di kwa godimo go gaisa tsa go rekisa dikgele tsa nkwe, ba rekisa palogare ya makgolo a mararo le boraro ka ngwaga.[32]

Ditau

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Ernest Hemingway fa a sena go bolaya tau ka 1934

Go ya ka ditso, ditau e ne e le selo se se neng se lebiwa ka nako ya bokoloni fa go ne go tsomiwa diphologolo tse ditona mo Aforika; go tloga kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe go ya kwa masimologong a ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a mabedi.[1] Ditau di ne di tsomiwa ke batsomi ba le bantsi ba kwa Boritane le ba kwa Yuropa ba ba neng ba batla go tsoma diphologolo tse di "boitshegang", mme ba ne ba di leba e le letshwao la bopelokgale le seriti. Dipego tsa maeto a ntlha a go tsoma ditau di tlhalosa go tsoma ditau e le nngwe ya diphitlhelelo tse dikgolo tsa batsomi.[1]

Fela jaaka go ne go ntse ka mangau, ditau le tsone di ne di bolawa ka gonne di ne di ka nna kotsi mo bathong le mo diruiweng. Nngwe ya dikai tse di itsegeng thata tsa seno ke ditau tse pedi tse di jang batho tsa Tsavo, tse di neng tsa tsomiwa le go bolawa ke John Henry Patterson morago ga go bolaya le go ja batho ba ba ka nnang masome a mararo le botlhano ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le boraro. [33] Le fa go ntse jalo, boitshwaro jono bo tsewa bo sa tlwaelega.

Diorama/Situational Exhibit of Lion hunting by local populations at Milwaukee Public Museum (Moletshe wa Setšhaba wa Milwaukee)

Go tsoma ditau go sa ntse go dirwa le gompieno mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa Afrika go dirisiwa mekgwa e e laolwang ya go tsoma diphenyo. Mo dinageng di le dintsi, seno se akaretsa go laola palo ya ditau tse di bolawang. Le fa go ntse jalo, go nnile le ngangisano e ntsi ka ga gore a go tsoma ditau go ka kgonagala mo mafelong a le mantsi a Afrika, segolo thata kwa go nang le tshedimosetso e nnye kgotsa go se na epe e e leng teng malebana le palo ya ditau le tsamaiso ya tsone. [34] Dipatlisiso di supa gore taolo e e bokoa ya go tsoma ditau e ka feletsa ka go fokotsega ga palo ya tsona kwa maemong a selegae, segolo thata fa ditau tsa ditona tsa dingwaga tsa tsalo di tsomiwa ka bontsi. [34]Tanzania gape ke naga e e nang le palo e e kwa godimo ya go tsoma dinkgwana tsa ditau, ba ne ba romela dinkgwana tsa ditau di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mane le boraro ka palogare ka ngwaga go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le masome a marataro go ya ko diketeng tse pedi le borataro . [32] Go ralala hisitori, go bolawa ga tau ke Bamasai go ntse go lejwa e le ngwao ya go fetisa motho. Go ya ka hisitori, go tsoma ditau go ne go dirwa ke batho ba le bangwe, le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya go fokotsega ga palo ya ditau, go tsoma ditau o le nosi ga go kgothalediwe ke bagolwane. Bontsi jwa ditiro tsa go tsoma jaanong di dirwa ke ditlhopha tsa batlhabani ba le lesome. Go tsoma ka ditlhopha, mo go bidiwang olamayio kwa Maasai, go dira gore palo ya ditau e oketsege. Le fa go ntse jalo, kwa Kenya, koo mokgwa ono o sa letlelelwang semolao gone, olamayio e ka nna ya dirisiwa jaaka lebaka la go ipusolosetsa ka go bolaya ditau tse go belaelwang gore di bolaile leruo.

Go tsoma ga segompieno

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Selo sa konokono se se dirang gore go tsomiwe mefuta e metlhano e megolo ya diphologolo tsa Afrika ke go bo batsomi ba kwa Yuropa le Amerika Bokone ba batla diphologolo tseno mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Go ya ka Ditso, patlego e simolotse ka ntlha ya bokoloni le tlhokego ya batsomi go tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo jaaka karolo ya maemo a bone le maemo a bone. [1] Gompieno, le fa batsomi ba boditšhabatšhaba ba tlamela ka motswedi o o botlhokwa wa lotseno mo dinageng di le dintsi tsa Aforika tse di letlelelang go tsoma dikgele; go tswelela go tsosa ngangisano ka ga maitsholo le gore a go nna le seabe ga batswakwa go tshwanetse go letlelelwa mo ntshodikunong ya kgwebo ya go dirisa diphologolo tsa naga.[35][36]

Go tsoma dikgele go diragala mo dinageng di le masome mabedi le boraro tsa Sub-Saharan Afrika mme go bopa karolo e e botlhokwa ya ditiro tsa itsholelo, ka lotseno lo lo tlhamaletseng lwa bokana ka diranta di le dimilione di le makgolo a mabedi ka ngwaga. [36]Mo Aforika Borwa, tshusumetso ya itsholelo ya go tsoma dikgele e thusa go feta US $341 million ka ngwaga mo ikonoming ya bosetšhaba mme e tshegetsa ditšhono tsa ditiro tse di fetang 17,000.[37]

Mo masomeng a le mmalwa a dingwaga a a fetileng, go tsoma mefuta e Metlhano e Megolo go ile ga laolwa ka go dirisa dithulaganyo tsa go ntsha dilaesense, go laola palo ya ditshedi tse di tshwanetseng go tsomiwa le go sireletsa mafelo a a sireleditsweng mo dinageng di le dintsi tsa Afrika. Ditetlelelo le dikabelo di tlhomilwe go laola le go lekanyetsa gore ke diphologolo di le kae tse di tshwanetseng go tsomiwa ngwaga le ngwaga fa di ntse di dira lotseno la tsamaiso ya diphologolo tsa naga le/kgotsa mananeo a tshomarelo. [20] Bontsi jwa ditiro tsa go tsoma di diragala fela kwa mafelong a a beilweng a go tsoma koo batsomi ba beilweng ke puso ya naga go netefatsa gore ga ba tsome go feta palo ya diphologolo tsa naga. [20]

Go tlhatlhoba dilo tsa phenyo tsa tlou

Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go na le melao ya go tsoma, go sa ntse go na le bothata jwa go tsoma ka tsela e e seng ka fa molaong, e e tshosetsang go tshela ga mefuta e mentsi ya Big Five. [2][3][4][5]Go tsoma go go bakilweng ke tlhokego e e kwa godimo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya dikumo tsa diphologolo tsa naga, segolo thata dinaka tsa tlou le dinaka tsa tshukudu. Go tsoma go go seng ka fa molaong go fokoditse bogolo jwa mefuta e le metlhano ya ditshedi.[38] [17]Dipatlisiso di bontshitse gore maitsholo a diphologolo le one a amilwe thata ke go tsoma ka bokukuntshwane. Sekao, fa ditlou di lemoga kgatelelo ya go tsoma di ka fetola mekgwa ya tsona ya go fuduga. Di ile tsa bonwa di tila mafelo a di ka bolawang thata kwa go one.[39]

Go tsoma mo go laolwang ke molao e s ntse e le kgang e go ganetsanwang ka yone segolobogolo fa go dirwa ka mefuta e e jaaka ditau. Bontsi jwa mafatshe a a letlelelang mananeo a go tsoma a a laolwang a bolela fa a lekalekanya tlhokego ya go sireletsa mefuta ya ditshedi ka poelo ya ikonomi go tswa go tsoma. [40] Dithibelo di ka akaretsa dingwaga tsa diphologolo tse di tshwanetseng go tsholwa le dikelo tsa thobo.[40]Le fa go ntse jalo, dipatlisiso di bontsha gore mananeo a go tsoma a a sa tsamaisiwang sentle, segolobogolo a a lebisitsweng mo banneng ba ba godileng, a ka gobatsa baagi ba lefelo leo fa palo ya go tsoma e sa tlhokomelwe sentle le go diragadiwa. [40]

Ka ntlha ya mabaka ano otlhe, maiteko a tshomarelo ya mefuta e megolo e metlhano gantsi e akaretsa kopanyo ya go tsoma go go laolwang, tiragatso kgatlhanong le go tsoma ka dikgoka, tshireletso ya mafelo a bonno, le dithibelo mo kgwebisanong ya boditšhabatšhaba ya dikumo tsa diphologolo tsa naga. [38][17]

Ditlamorago mo ngwaong

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Diphologolo tse thano tse ditonona mo go tsa botaki.

Diphologolo tse tlhano tse ditona di ile tsa nna le seabe sa botlhokwa mo dingwaong le mo ditsong tse di farologaneng go ralala lefatshe. Ke dingwe tsa diphologolo tse gantsi di bonwang mo ditshwantshong tsa kwa magageng, go bontsha gore di nnile le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo merafeng ya Baaborijene ba Aforika ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga. [41] Batho ba Maasai ba kwa Kenya le Tanzania ba tsaya ditlou di tshwana le batho ka ditsela dingwe, ba di tsaya e le Arkanjowe, dibopiwa tse di kgolo kgotsa tse di maatla.[42]

Tshukudu e ne e le botlhokwa mo setsong sa batho ba ba buang Se-Bantu ba Aforika Borwa, koo e neng e le letshwao la boeteledipele.[43] Setshwantsho sa Golden Rhinoceros sa Mapungubwe (1220-1300) se ne sa tlhalosiwa ka bophara jaaka letshwao la maatla a segosi a a boitshepo mo nageng ya pele e e itsegeng ya borwa jwa Afrika. Sereto sa tlotlo sa "Lonaka lwa tshukudu" se ne se dirisiwa go bua le dikgosana tsa BaVenda mo puong ya kgotla ya segosi.[43]

Nare ya Aforika e lemogwa mo merafeng e le mmalwa go akaretsa Ba-Shona, Batsonga, Basotho le Ba-Venda e le sesupo se se boitshepo, ka dithibelo kgatlhanong le go e bolaya kgotsa go e ja. [19]Batho ba Bisa ba kwa Zambia ba dumela gore nare e nonofile e bile e kotsi, mme ba e tsaya e na le maatla a a nonofileng a semoya.[19] Go kgabaganya Afrika Bophirima, di-mask tse di emelang dinare di tlhagelela mo meletlong le mo ditantseng tsa meetlo, di tshwantshetsa phetogo magareng ga lefatshe la kwa nageng le la batho. [19]

Sefatlhego sa nare ya kwa Bophirima jwa Sudan, go tloga mo masimologong go fitlha mo bogareng jwa bo1900.

Mo magosing otlhe a Afrika, lengau le tau di ne di amanngwa le dikgosi le maatla a bopolotiki. Go ya ka ngwao, dikgosi fela di ne di letlelelwa go nna le matlalo kgotsa meno, ka gonne di ne di tseelwa kwa godimo. Gantsi di ne di dirisiwa jaaka karolo ya mekgabisa ya meletlo mo dinageng di le mmalwa, kwa tshimologong di ne di aparwa fela ke batho ba segosi mme diaparo tsa letlalo la nkwe le tau di setse di tlwaelegile mo masomeng a dingwaga a bosheng jaana gore batho, bogolo banna, ba maemo otlhe ba di apare ka nako ya dikokoano tsa bodumedi.[23] Mosimolodi wa Mmusomogolo wa Mali, Sundiata Keita o ne a itsiwe jaaka Mari-Jata, go raya Tau ya Mali. [44]Kwa Dahomey, mothei wa losika lwa segosi go ne go twe ke setlogolwana sa lengau.[44]Mo go Ba-Yoruba, "morwa lengau" e ne e le leina le le neng le dirisiwa go bitsa dikgosi. Lengau le lone le ne le tlhagelela thata mo botaking jwa boronse mo Bogosing jwa Benin. [44]Go nnile le maiteko a bosheng a go dira diaparo tsa letlalo la nkwe ya boboa jo e seng jwa mmatota mo metseng e le mmalwa go fokotsa go tsoma nkwe ya mmatota mme gape go ba letla go tswelela ka ditlwaelo tsa bone tsa setso.[23]

Gone jaanong diphologolo tsotlhe tsa Big Five di itsege mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Go tuma ga tsone go dirile gore mekgatlho e e jaaka IUCN e dire lenaane la "Big Five" la dinaga tse dingwe le dikontinente.[45] Fa bojanala jo bo ikaegileng ka tlhago bo ntse bo oketsega mo masomeng a dingwaga a bosheng jaana, diphologolo tse tlhano tse dikgolo di dira lefelo le legolo la bojanala kwa dinageng tsa Afrika. Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Kruger, serapa sa bosetšhaba sa ntlha le se se tumileng thata mo Afrika Borwa, se bona baeng ba ba fetang milione o le mongwe ngwaga le ngwaga mme se tshegetsa batho ba ba ka nnang 600 000 ba ba nnang gaufi le sona. [46]Patlisiso e bontsha gore go bona mefuta e metlhano eno ke lebaka le legolo le le dirang gore bajanala ba tlhophe go etela serapa seno.[46]

Tiriso ya di Trophy go laola/somarela letsomo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Le fa gone go tsoma go ile ga ama palo ya ditshedi ka tsela e e sa siamang mo nakong e e fetileng, gone jaanong go dirisiwa go tokafatsa maiteko a go sireletsa ditshedi tseno tse di botlhokwa mo dinageng di le dintsi tsa Afrika. Madi a a bonwang mo go tsomeng dikgele le bajanala ba a ba ngokang a ka dirisiwa gape go tshegetsa diporojeke tsa tshomarelo le go rotloetsa batsomi go amega thata ka go tshela ga mefuta eno ka lobaka lo loleele. [28]Le fa go ntse jalo, go dirisa go tsoma go tshegetsa go somarela ditshedi ke kgang e e nang le dikganetsano e bile go ile ga buisanwa ka yone mo dibukeng tsa saense. Batshwayadiphoso ba re tlwaelo e e simolotse mo ponong ya bokoloniale jwa bophirima jo bo ikaegileng ka batho, jo bo ka se keng jwa itshwarelwa mme ga bo a tshwanela go nna karolo ya tshomarelo ka tsela epe.[35] Batshwayadiphoso ba bangwe ba dumetse gore mokgwa o o ka dira madi a tshomarelo, mme ba gatelela ditlamorago tsa one tse di sa siamang mo mefuteng ya ditshedi le mo ditikologong ka tsela ya trophic cascades, le diphetogo mo tlhophong ya tlholego ka ntlha ya go lebisa tlhokomelo mo bathong ba ba nang le "di-trophies" tse di kgatlhisang. [47]

Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, baitseanape ba ne ba re go tsoma ka go batla dikgele go na le mosola mo tshireletsong ka gonne go boloka tikologo e e botlhokwa, e bile go ntsha khabonete e nnye go na le bojanala jwa tlhago.[48] Mo godimo ga moo, go ile ga akantshiwa gore makoa a go tsoma dikgele a tswa mo bobodu mo ditheong tse di go dikologileng.[48]Ntlha e nngwe e e tshegetsang ke dikakanyo tsa batho ba lefelo leo. Maikutlo a kakaretso a go tsoma dijanaga a siame, batho ba ba nnang mo mafelong a setšhaba koo go tsoma dijanaga go diragadiwang ka go somarela setšhaba go ba neela dipoelo ka madi le nama. [49]Go letlelela go tsoma go okeditse kgotlelelo ya diphologolo tse di jang diphologolo tse ditona jaaka dinkwe le ditau gaufi le metse le dipolase, ka jalo ga go bolawe diphologolo tse di jang diphologolo tse di rileng ka ntlha ya matshosetsi a tsona. Sekai sa seno ke kwa Kenya, koo maloko a setšhaba a neng a itshokelana le dibatana tse ditona fa ba ne ba ka bona lotseno go tswa go tsoma dikgele. [50]

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
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  2. 1 2 Laursen, Larry; Bekoff, Marc (6 January 1978). "Loxodonta africana". Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. Bibcode:1978MamSp..92....1L. doi:10.2307/3503889. JSTOR 3503889.
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  46. 1 2 Van Tonder, Clarissa; Saayman, Melville; Krugell, Waldo (31 October 2013). "Tourists' characteristics and willingness to pay to see the big five". Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences. 6 (3). doi:10.4102/jef.v6i3.251. ISSN 2312-2803
  47. ↑ Ripple, William J.; Newsome, Thomas M.; Kerley, Graham I. H. (1 July 2016). "Does Trophy Hunting Support Biodiversity? A Response to Di Minin et al". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 31 (7): 495–496. Bibcode:2016TEcoE..31..495R. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2016.03.011. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 27045460
  48. 1 2 Minin, Enrico Di; Leader-Williams, Nigel; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (1 February 2016). "Banning Trophy Hunting Will Exacerbate Biodiversity Loss". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 31 (2): 99–102. Bibcode:2016TEcoE..31...99D. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2015.12.006. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 26746807.
  49. ↑ Angula, Hilma N.; Stuart-Hill, Greg; Ward, David; Matongo, Greenwell; Diggle, Richard W.; Naidoo, Robin (1 February 2018). "Local perceptions of trophy hunting on communal lands in Namibia". Biological Conservation. 218: 26–31. Bibcode:2018BCons.218...26A. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.11.033. ISSN 0006-3207
  50. ↑ Romañach, Stephanie S.; Lindsey, Peter A.; Woodroffe, Rosie (April 2007). "Determinants of attitudes towards predators in central Kenya and suggestions for increasing tolerance in livestock dominated landscapes". Oryx. 41 (2): 185–195. doi:10.1017/S0030605307001779. ISSN 1365-3008.
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