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Ditiro tse di setlhogo kwa Congo Free State

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Batswasetlhabelo ba go gobatswa ke babusi ba Free State

Go tloga ka 1885 go ya go 1908, go ne ga dirwa ditiro tse dintsi tse di setlhogo kwa Congo Free State (e gompieno e bidiwang Rephaboliki ya Puso ya Batho ka Batho ya Congo) ka fa tlase ga puso e e feletseng ya ga Kgosi Leopold wa bobedi wa Belgium. Ditiro tseo tse di setlhogo di ne di amana thata le melao ya badiri, tse di neng di gapelediwa ke batsamaisi ba bokolone, tse di neng di dirisiwa go kokoanya rabara ya tlholego go e romela kwa mafatsheng a mangwe. Fa di kopanngwa le bolwetse jwa leroborobo, tlala, go fuduga ga batho ba le bantsi le go wela tlase ga dipalo tsa matsalo tse di bakilweng ke dikgoreletsi tseo, ditiro tse di setlhogo tse di ne tsa dira gore palo ya batho ba Congo e fokotsege thata. Go ile ga akanyetswa diphopholetso tsa go fitlha kwa didikadikeng di le lesome le boraro le fa dingwe tsa diphopholetso tse di kwa godimo di ne tsa gogelwa morago moragonyana. Dipatlisiso tsa palobatho go tloga ka 2020 di swetsa ka gore go fokotsega ga palo ya batho kwa ntle ga selekanyo sa sedikadike go ya go di le tlhano ga go kgonagale.

Ka nako ya bokopano jwa kwa Berlin jwa ngwaga wa 1884 go tsena 1885, magosi a kwa Europe a ne a lemoga matlhale a lekgotla la mautlwelobotlhoko le le neng le tsamaisiwa ke Leopold wa bobedi go gapa kgaolo yotlhe ya kgampu ya Congo. Leopold o ne a sale a eletsa go oketsa bokolone. Kgaolo e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga Leopold e ne e feta dikhilomithara di le didikadike di le pedi, dikete di le makgolo a marataro, e feta Belgium ga masome a ferabobedi le botlhano; le ntswa go ne go le mo mathateng a tsa madi, lekgotla le le ne le tsamaisiwa ke batsamaisi ba se kae go tswa mo Europe ka bophara. Pele kolone e e ne e sena dipoelo ka e ne e nna fela e sena madi. Go tlhoka raba ya boammaruri, e e neng e le ntsi mo kgaolong eo, go ne ga fetola seemo ka dingwaga tsa 1890 - go kgona go muna raba mo ditlhareng le go e rekisa, lefatshe lotlhe le le neng le sa nne ope kwa Congo le ne la laolwa, ka bontsi bo isiwa kwa dikomponeng tse di ikemetseng e le go adimisa lefatshe. Le lengwe le ne la sala go nna la lefatshe. gareng ga dingwaga tsa 1891 le 1906, dikompone di ne di letlelelwa go dira jaaka di rata, maduo ya nna gore pereko ya pateletso le go gwetliwa ga dikgoka go ne go dirisiwa go kgobokanya raba ka tlhwatlhwa ee kwa tlase le go bona dituelo ste di kwa godimo. Sesole sa Free State Force Publique, se ne sa tsenya melao ya pereko mo tirisong. Babereki ba ba ikemetseng ba ba neng ba gana go tsaya karolo mo go kgobokanyeng raba ba ne ba ka bolawa mme metse ya thubiwa.

Kwelo tlase ya palo ya batho e ne e bakiwa thata ke bolwetsi, bo bo neng bo gakadiwa ke go kgaupediwa mo go neng go bakiwa ke bosetlhogo jwa kwa Free State. Palo ya digajaja, segolobogolo bolwetse jwa Aforika jwa boroko, mmokwane, sehuba sa dikolobe le dibokwana, a ne a kgautlhanya batho. Ka ngwaga ya 1901 fela e le esi, go ne ga akanyediwa fa batho ba Congo ba le dikete tlhano ba bolailwe ke bolwetsi jwa boroko. Bolwetsi, leuba le pogiso di kopanetse go fokotsa seelo sa pelegi fa palo ya dintsho e golela kwa godimo.

Go kgaolwa ga diatla tsa babereki go ne ga itsege thata mo lefatsheng. Di ne di kgaolwa ka dikgoka ke sesole sa Free State ba ba neng ba tshwanetse go supa gore lerumo lengwe le lengwe le ba le dirisitseng le ba diriseditse eng ka go tla ka diatla tsa batswasetlhabelo. Dintlha tse di ne di kwalwa ke barongwa ba Sekeresete ba ba neng ba berekela kwa Congo, mme se sa baka tšhakgalo fa go itsewe kwa United Kingdom, Belgium, United States le mafelo a mangwe. Letsholo la mafatshefatshe kgatlhanong le Congo Free State le ne la simolola ka ngwaga wa 1890, la tsena kwa setlhoeng morago ga 1900 ka fa tlase ga ketelelo pele ya molweladitshwanelo wa kwa Britain E.D Morel. Ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 1908,[1] ka kgatelelo ya mafatshefatshe, puso ya Belgium gapa Congo Free State go dira Belgian Congo. E ne ya fedisa ditsamaiso tse dintsi tse di neng di bakile ditshotlo. Go ya tlase ga palo ya batho ka nako eo ke se go ngangisannwang ka sone mo sitsong; go na le ngangisano ya gore a bosetlhogo bo bo akaretsa kganyaolo. Ka ngwaga wa 2020, Kgosi Phillipe wa Belgium o ne a supa maswabi mo pusong ya Congo ka bosetlhogo le pogiso tse di dirilweng ka nako ya molao wa Congo Free State, mme o ne a seka a nankola seabe sa ga Leopold. Balweladitshwanelo bangwe ba ne ba mo supa ka monwana gore ga a ikopa maitshwarelo mo go feletseng.

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Kgosi Leopold II, yo puso ya gagwe ya Congo Free State e neng e haraherwe ke ditiro tsa bosetlhogo, dintwa le phokotshego ya palo ya batho e kgolo.
Mmepe wa Congo Free State ka 1892

Go tlhongwa ga Congo Free State

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Le pele ga a nna mo setilong sa bogosi sa Belgium ka 1865, kgosi ya isago Leopold II o ne a simolola go ngoka boradipolotiki ba ba eteletseng pele ba Belgium go tlhama mmusomogolo wa bokolone kwa Botlhaba jo bo Kgakala kgotsa mo Aforika, o o neng o tla atolosa le go tokafatsa seriti sa Belgium.[2] Le fa go ntse jalo, mo dipolotiking, bokolone bo ne bo sa ratwe kwa Belgium ka bo ne bo tsewa jaaka go betsha go go kotsi le mo go turang mo go senang mosola ope o o bonalang mo lefatsheng mme maiteko a gagwe a mantsi a go tlhotlheletsa boradipolotiki a ne a kopana le katlego e nnye.[2]

Ka go ikemisetsa go ipatlela kolone le go tlhotlhelediwa ke dipegelo tsa bosheng go tswa kwa Afrika bogare, Leopold o ne a simolola go tshegetsa batlhotlhomisi ba le mmalwa ba ba eteletseng pele, go akaretsa le Henry Morton Stanley.[2] Leopold o ne a tlhoma Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Aforika (Association internationale africaine), mokgatlho wa "bopelotlhomogi" go okamela go batlisisa le go sekaseka kgaolo e e ikaegileng ka Noka ya Congo, ka maikaelelo a a boletsweng a go tlisa thuso ya botho le "tlhabologo" kwa bathong ba naga eo. Mo Khonferenseng ya Berlin ya 1884–85, baeteledipele ba Yuropa ba ne ba amogela semmuso taolo ya ga Leopold mo 2,350,000 km2 (910,000 sq mi) ya Congo Free State e e neng e ikemetse ka nosi ka mabaka a gore e ne e tla nna lefelo la kgwebisano e e gololesegileng le tlhotlheletso ya naga e e thibelang magareng ga Borithane le Fora.[3]

Kwa Foreisetata, Leopold o ne a dirisa taolo ya gagwe ka botlalo kwantle ga go abela batho ba ba ka fa tlase ga gagwe maikarabelo a mantsi.[4] Dikgosi tsa Aforika di ne di na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo tsamaisong ka go diragatsa ditaelo tsa puso mo merafeng ya tsone.[4] Mo nakong yotlhe ya go nna teng ga yona, le fa go ntse jalo, go nna teng ga Foreisetata mo kgaolong e e neng e bolela gore e ne e le e e sa tlhomamang, ka badiredi ba yona ba le mmalwa ba ba neng ba le mo "diteišeneng" di le mmalwa tse dinnye le tse di phatlaladitsweng tse di neng di laola fela dikarolo tse dinnye tsa naga e e kwa morago.[5] Ka 1900, go ne go na le batho ba basweu ba le 3 000 fela kwa Congo, mme halofo fela ya bone e ne e le Ba-Belgium. Foreisetata e ne e tlhaela ka metlha badiri ba tsamaiso le badiredipuso, ba ba neng ba le magareng ga 700 le 1,500 mo pakeng eo.[4]

Mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa Foreisetata, bontsi jwa tlhokomelo ya botsamaisi bo ne bo tsepamisitswe mo go tiiseng taolo ya yona ka go lwantsha batho ba maAforika ba ba neng ba le mo tikologong ya Foreisetata ba ba neng ba ganetsa puso ya Foreisetata. Tseno di ne di akaretsa merafe e e dikologileng Kwango, kwa borwa-bophirima, le Uele kwa bokone-botlhaba.[6] Dingwe tsa tirisodikgoka ya paka eo di ka lebisiwa mo ditlhopheng tsa Maaforika tse di dirisang tshegetso ya bokoloniale go rarabolola dintlha kgotsa batsamaisi ba basweu ba ba neng ba dira ntle le tumelelo ya puso.[6]

Seemo sa itsholelo le tsamaiso

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Lefatshe la Free State maikaelelo a lone, bogolo ga a mangwe e ne e le go nna le dipoelo mo babeeletsing le Leopold.[5] Madi a lone a ne a sa nametse. Go ikaega ka dinaka tsa tlou ga pele ga go a ka ga dira madi a mantsi jaaka go ne go solofetswe, ka jalo tsamaiso ya kolone e e nne e nna mo dikolotong, ya bo ya batla go phutlhama makgetho a le mantsi.[5] Go ya godimo ga go batla raba ka dingwaga tsa 1890, le fa go ntse jalo go ne ga fedisa mathata a, ka Free State e ne ya gwetlha banna ba kwa Congo go bereka ka dikfoka go kgobokanya raba e e neng e tlaa bo e rekisediwa dikgaolo tsa Europe le bokone jwa America.[5] Go ya godimo ga raba go ne ga fetola kolone e e neng e sa solofetse pele ga 1890 mme se sa baka dipoelo tse di bonalang.[6] Thekiso e ne ya gola go tswa mo boketeng jwa makgolo a matlhano masome a ferabobedi go ya kwa boketeng jwa dikete tse tharo, makgolo a supa, masome a mane gareng ga dingwaga tsa 1895 le 1900.[7]

Go tsamaisa itsholelo kwa Free State, lefatshe le ne la kgaoganngwa ka ngwaga wa 1891.[5][4]Lefatshe lotlhe le le neng le sa nne ope, le akaretsa dikgwa le mafelo a a neng a ssantse a tlhabololwa, a ne a tsewa gore ga a na banni, ka jalo a le mo diatleng tsa lefatshe, se sa tlogela bontsi jwa didirisiwa tsa Congo (bogolo jang dinaka tsa tlou le raba) mo bokoloneng.[5][6] Mafelo a ne a abelwa dikompone tse di ikemetseng. Kwa bokone, kompone ya Societe Anversoise e ne ya neelwa lefatshe la bophara jwa dikete di le lekgolo le masome a marataro, fa Anglo-Belgian India Rubber e neetswe selekanyo seo kwa borwa.[6] Kompone ya Compaignie du Kaanga le Compagnie des Grands Lacs di netsa neelwa sephatlo se sennye kwa borwa le botlhaba katetalano. Leopold o ne a ipeela dikete di le makgolo mabedi le masome a matlhano a lefatshe le le neng le bidiwa kgaolo ya korone, le ne la tlhakanngwa le kgaolo e a neng a setse a e laola.[6][7]

Ka jalo tshenyetso setšhaba e ntsi ya kwa Congo e dirilwe ke Leopold le bagwebi.[6] Tsamaiso e e ne e na le dipoelo tse di kwa godimo, mme ABIR ya dira dipoelo di feta 100% mo ngwageng o le mongwe.[7] Kgosi o ne a dira dipoelo tsa didikadike di le masome a supa mo tsamaisong e ka dingwaga tsa 1896 go tsena 1905. Tsamaiso ya kwa Free State e ne ya dirisiwa ke dikolone tse dingwe, bogolo jang tse di gaufi le Congo wa France.[8]

Bosetlhogo

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Tsamaiso ya raba e khibidu le tiro e e pateleditsweng

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Ka bontsi jwa dipoelo tsa free State di tswa mo thekisong ya rana, molao wa pereko - o o neng o bidiwa tsamaiso ya raba e khubidu ke ba ba neng ba kgala, o ne wa direlwa go kgona go bona dipoelo tse di kwa godimo le go gaisa. Pereko e ne e gwetlhiwa ke batsamaisi e le lekgetho. Se se ne sa baka bokgoba, ka dikompone di ne tsa ikaega ka go berekisa batho ba Congo go kgobokanya raba.[9] Lefatshe le ne la thapa palo ya matona a batho bantsho ba ba neng ba itaege jaaka capitas, go rulaganya babereki.[9] Le fa go ntse jalo, keletso ya go kgobokanya raba e ntsi le go nna le dipoelo tse dintsi e ne e raya gore palo e e batliwang ya raba e ne e bewa kwa godimo go sa lebelelwe gore palo ya babereki e kae kgotsa go lebelela botsogo jwa bone. Mo mafelong a dikompone tse di ikemetseng, dikompone tse di neng di rekile lefelo mo batsamaising ba Free State ba ne ba dirisa ditsela tsotlhe go oketsa kgobokanyo le dipoelo ka go sa kgoreletse lefatshe.

Letlhoko la baeteledipele ba ba tlhokometseng mekgwa ya kgwebo go ne ga dira gore dilo di se ka tsa dirwa ka tsamaiso mo lefatsheng leo ka bophara, mo go neng ga baka tshotlo ya batho[10]. Ka fa babereki ba neng ba tsrwarwa ka teng go ne go sa laolwe ke molao, mme go tlogelelwa ba ba eteletseng pele mo tirong. Dikompone tsa raba ya Anglo-Belgian Rubber Company le Societe Anversoise du commerce au Congo di ne tsa supiwa gore di ne di tshwara batho ba Congo ba ba neng ba ba berekela makgwakgwa. Moitseanape wa ditso Jean Stengers o tlhalositse dikgaolo tse di neng di laolwa ke dikompone tse e le dihele mo lefatsheng. Bakgobokanyi ba raba ba ne ba duelelwa tiro ya bone ka dilo tse di tlhwatlhwa tlase jaaka matsela, dibaga, bontlha jwa letswai, kgotsa thipa. Ka nako nngwe, kgosi o a neng a romile batlhanka ba gagwe go mo tlela raba o ne a duelwa ka makgoba.[11]

Lesole la Force Publique ka ngwaga wa 1898

Babereki ba ba neng ba gana o bereka ba ne ba gwetlhiwa ka go tshosediwa le go gatelelwa. Batho ba ba ganang ba ne ba itewa ka chicotte, ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwarwa go netefatsa gore ba kgobokanya ka pele, mme go ne go senngwa metse e e neng e gana. Molao o o ne wa baka go phutlhama ga itsholelo ya Congo le botshelo jwa ngwao, ga mmogo le temothuo ma mafelong a mangwe. Bontsi jwa ba ba neng ba pateletsa batho go kgobokanya raba e ne e le sesole sa kwa Free State sa Force Publique. Sesole se se ne se simolotswe ka ngwaga wa 1885, se na le ba ba berekang mo ofising ba basweu le ba maemo a a kwa tlase ba bantsho ba tswa bokgala jwa Zanzibar, Nigeria le Liberia. Kwa Congo, se ne se thapa go tswa mo merafeng e e kgethegileng. Merafe e e ne e akaretsa Bangala, se sa nna le seabe mo go anameng ga puo ta Lingala mo lefatsheng leo, ebile ga gololwa makgoba go tswa kwa botlhaba jwa Congo.

Morafe wa Zappo Zaps ke bone ba ba neng ba sthabiwa thata. Go ne go supagala ba a ja nama ya batho, ba ne ba dirisa maemo a bone a semmuso go tlhasela lefatshe ba batla makgoba. Ka ngwaga wa 1900, sesole sa Force Publique se ne se na le banna ba le dikete di le lesome le borobabongwe. Fa godimo ga mophato wa sesole, dikompone tsa raba di ne di thata masole a tsone a a neng a bereka le sesole sa Force Publique go gagamatsa molao.

Tsamaiso ya raba e khibuidu e simolotse ka go tlhamiwa ga kadimiso lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1891[12] mme ya tswelela go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1906 fa e emisiwa. Mo setlhoeng sa yone, e ene e remeletse thata kwa Equateur, Bandundu le Kasai.

Go kgaolwa dirwe le bosetlhogo

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Go retelelwa ke go fitlhelela seelo sa kgobokanyo ya raba katlholo ga gone e ne e le loso. Ba sesole sa Force Publique bone ba ne ba tshwanela go ntsha seatla sa motswasetlhabelo ele bosupi fa ba sena go bola motho ka go mo thuntsha, ka go ne go dumelwa gore e seng jalo ba la dirisa marumo (a a neng a rekilwe kwa Europe boturu) go tsoma le go a ipeela. Moruti wa kereke ya katoliki o inola monna, Tswambe a bua ka Leon Fievez, mmusi wa kgaolo e e neng e ilwa bobe, o a neng a tsamaisa kgaolo mo lotshitshing lwa noka, dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano kwa bokone jwa Stanley Pool.

Batho bantsho botlhe ba ne ba bona monna o e le diabolo wa borwa jwa lefatshe...mo mebeleng yotlhe e e neng e bolailwe kwa sekgweng,o ne o tshwanela go kgaola diatla. O ne a batla go bona palo ya diatla tsw di kgaotsweng ke lesole lengwe le lengwe, le le neng le tsisa diatla tseo di le mo mmanking...motse o o neng o gana go ntsha raba o ne o ganyaolwa. Fa ke sa ntse ke le lekawana, ke bone lesole Molili, o a neng a katile motse wa Boyeka a tsaya lesang a tsenya beng gae ba ba neng ba dirilwe magolegwa mo teng ga lone, a gokelela matlapa a matona mo go lone a bo a le latlhela mo nokeng...raba e baka dipogiso tse; ke sone se re sa tlholeng re batla go utlwa leina la yone le buiwa. Masole a ne a dira gore makawana a bolae kgotsa a dirise bommaabo le bo kgaiysadiabone dikgoka mo tlhakanelong dikobo.[13]

Lesole le le botlana le ne le tlhalosa ka tlhaselo ya go otlhaya motse o o neng o tsuologile. Lesole le le neng le eteletse pele le ne la re laela go kgaola ditlhogo tsa banna le go bofelela basadi le bana jaaka ekete ke sefaapano.[14] Morago ga go bona motho wa Congo a bolawa e le lantlha, morongwa wa lotso lwa Danish o ne a kwala jaana, "lesole le ne la re,'o seka wa tsenya se mo pelong thata. Ba a re bolaya fa re da the ka raba. Molaodi o re tshepisitse gore fa re na le diatla tse dintsi o tla khutswafatsa tiro ya rona." Ka jalo Peter Forbath o sups fa seelo sa raba se ne se duelwa bontlha bongwe ka diatla tse di kgaotsweng.[15] Ka mafoko a ga Forbath:

Di mmanki tsa diatla tse di kgaotsweng, di beilwe mo dinaong tsa balaodi ba kwa Europe e ne ya nna sekao sa Congo Free State...kgobokanyo ya diatla e ne ya nna bokhutlo ka bo yone. Masole a Force Publique a ne a di tsisa kwa diofising mo boemong kwa raba, ebile ba ne ba ya go roba one mo boemong jwa raba...di ne di nna madi a mofuta mongwe. Di ne di dirisiwa go emelela go tlhaela ga seelo sa raba...batho ba ba neng ba patelediwa go bereka le masole a Force Publique ba ne ba okeletswa dituelo go ya ka palo ya diatla tse ba di kgobokantseng.

Morongwa o tshotse letsogo la monna wa Congo kwa sekgonong, o supa seatla sa gagwe se se kgaotsweng

Mo mokwalong, seatla sa moja sengwe le sengwe se ne se supa polao. Mo tiragalong, go boloka marumo, masole gantsi a ne a tsietsa ka go kgaola seatla a go a tlogela motswasetlhabelo go swa kana go tshela. Bafalodi ba le bantsi morago ba ne ba re ba tshedile mo kganyaolong ka go dira jaaka ekete ba sule, ba sa sute le fa diatla tsa bone di ne di kgaolwa, ba bo ba emela gore masole a tsamae pele ga ba la kopa thuso. Mo dinakong tse dingwe lesole le ne le ka khutswafatsa tiro ya lone ka go tla ka diatla tse dintsi go feta masole a mangwe, se se ne sa oketsa go kgaolwa ga diatla tsa batho.[16] Moitseanape wa ditso David Van Reybrouck o ne a supa fa dinepe tsa batho ba ba kgaotsweng diatla di bakile go tlhoka go tlhaloganya gore go kgaolwa diatla ga batho ba tshela go ne go aname.O kwadile gore le fa go kgaolwa diatla batho ba tshela go ne go diragala nako tse dingwe, go ne go sa tsamaisiwe jaaka bontsi bo supa.[6] Jean Stengers le Daniel Vangroenweghe le bone ba supile gore go ne go sena tsamaiso ya go kgaola batho diatla ba tshela e le kotlhao ya go tlhoka go kgobokanya raba e e lekaneng. Bontsi jwa kgaolo diatla e ne e dirwa ke masole a a neng a thuntshitse batho a bo a ba kgaola diatla ba akanya gore ba sule mme ba santse ba tshela.[17][18]

Leopold wa bobedi go bolelwa a ne a sa dumalane le go kgaola diatla ka go ne go gobatsa kgatlhego ya gagwe ya itsholelo. O ne a inolwa a re "go kgaola diatla - ke bomatla. Ke di kgaola tsotlhe e seng diatla. Ke sone selo se ke se tlhokang mo Congo."[19]

Dikgolegelo le go tshwara batho

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Tsela e nngwe ya go pateletsa babereki go kgobokanya raba e ne e le go tshwara basadi le ba lolwapa.[7] Leopold o ne a ise ke a tlhomamise se e le molao, ebile baeteledipele ba Free State kwa Brussels ba ne ba sa dumele gore a se se kile sa dirwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, batsamaisi ba ne ba neetse batho bukana ya melao kwa Congo e e neng e akaretsa tsela ya go tshwara batho go gwetlha dikgosi tsa metse.[11] Ba ba tshwarwang e ka nna banna, basadi, bana, bagolo, kgotsa dikgosi ka bo tsone. Kgaolo nngwe le nngwe kgotsa kompone e ne e na le fa e tshwarelang batho teng.[11] Babereki ba ABIR ba ne ba tshwara kgosi ya motse ope o o neng o retelelwa ke go fitlhelela selekanyo; ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa 1902, lefelo lengwe le supile fa le ne le tshwere dikgosi di le masome a mane le bone kwa kgolegelong. Dikgolegelo tse di ne di le mo seemong se se sa itumediseng, Kwa Bongandanga le kwa Mompono go gatisitswe dintsho di le tharo go tsena di le lesome letsatsi le letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 1899.[20]  Batho ba ba neng ba kile ba gana go berekela ABIR ba ne ba isiwa kwa dikampeng tsa pereko ya dikgoka. Go no go na le dikampa tse di ntseng jalo di le tharo: e nngwe e le kwa Lireko, e nngwe kwa nokeng e e kwa Maringa fa e nngwe e le kwa nokeng ya Lopori.[20]

Dintwa le botsuolodi

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Kwa ntle ga kgobokanyo ya raba, ditlhaselo kwa Free State di ne di diragala gangwe le gape mabapi le dintwa le go tsuologa. Dikgaolo tsa mo gae bogolo jang kwa bogosing jwa Msiri jwa Yeke, kwa Zande le kwa kgaolo e go neng go buiwa puo ya Swahili teng kwa botlhaba jwa Congo ka fa tlase ga mohwebi wa makgoba Tippu Tip, ba ne ba gana go amogela babusi ba kolone ba fenngwa ke sesole sa Force Publique ka dikgoka ka nako ya ntwa ya Congo le ma Arabea.[21] Ka ngwaga wa 1895, go ne ga nna le diphuduego tsa sesole mo bathong ba morafe wa Batetela kwa Kasai,tse di neng tsa baka tlhaselo ya dingwaga tse nne. Ntwa e e ne e le stlhogo ebile ya baka dintsho di le dintsi.

Go nna teng ga dikompone tsa raba jaaka ABIR go ne ga oketsa ditlamorago tsa dibetsa tsa tlholego jaaka leuba le malwetsi. Mokgwa wa go tsaya lekgetho wa ABIR o ne o pateletsa banna go tswa kwa metseng go ya go kgobokanya raba se se ne se raya gore go ne go sena batho ba ba ka kgaolang ditlhare kwa masimong gore go lemiwe. Se se ne sa raya gape gore basadi ba ne ba tshwanela go tswelela ba lema mo masimong a a onetseng, se se baka kwelo tlase ya temo le thobo, bothata bo bo neng jwa gakadiwa ke dikompone di utswa dijalo le diruiwa.[20] Kwa Bonginda go ne ga itemogelwa leuba ka ngwaga wa 1899, ka 1990 barongwa ba ne ba gatisa leuba le legolo mo kgaolong ya ABIR.[20]

Dikolone tsa bananyana

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Leopold o ne a tlhama dikolone tse dinnyennyane kwa masiela a kwa Congo a neng a tsewa ka dikgoka a romelwa kwa dikolong tse di laolwang ke barongwa ba kereke ya Catholic kwa ba tlaa ithutang go nna masole kgotsa go bereka; tse ke tsone fela dikolo tse di neng di neelwa madi ke lefatshe. Sephatlo sa bana ba ba neng ba romelwa kwa dikolong ba ne ba tlhokafala ka ntlha ya bolwetsi, ba le dikete ba bangwe ba ne ba tlhokafala mo megwantong ya go ya dikoloneng. Mo mogwantong o mongwe, basimane ba le lekgolo le borobabobedi ba ne ba romelwa kwa sekolong sa borongwa mme ba le masome a marataro le bobedi ke bone fela ba falotseng, ba robabobedi ba tlhokafala beke e e latelang.[13]

Pereko ya ba e seng ba Congo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Batho ba Congo ga se bone fela ba ba neng ba berekisiwa kwa Free State. Babereki ba le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mane ba lotso lwa Chinese ba ne ba tsisiwa go bereka mo seporong kwa Congo; le fa go ntse jalo ba le makgolo a mararo ba ne ba tlhokafala kgotsa ba tlogela ditiro. batho ba Carribean le ba ba tswang kwa mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika le bone ba ne ba tsisitswe go bereka mo seporong, kwa ba le dikete tharo le makgolo a marataro ba tla tlhokafalang mo dingwageng tse pedi tsa ntlha mo dikotsing tsa seporo, go tlhoka kwa ba nnang teng, go betswa, tlala le malwetsi.[13]

Go ja nama ya motho

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go ja nama ya batho go ne go tlwaelesegile mo dikgaolong dingwe tsa Free State fa lefatshe le le simololwa, [22]baeteledipele ba kolone ba dirile go le go botlana fela go emisa se, nako tse dingwe ebile ba go amogela mo mephatong ya bone. Ka nako ya ntwa ya Congo le ma Arabea ka 1892 go tsena 1894, go ne go na le dipego tsa go anama ga go ja nama ya batho ba ba neng ba fentswe ke ba morafe wa Batetela ba ba ba berekisanang le molaodi wa Belgium Francis Dhanis.[2] Morago ga tsuologo e e neg ya sala morago go fela ga ntwa, mmereki wa lekawana wa kwa Belgium o ne a tlhalosa go jewa ga mebele ya batswasetlhabelo go ne go le setlhogo mme gape go thusa ebile go le phepa.[4]

Go ja nama ya batho go ne go ntsitswe mo molaong ke sesole sa Free State sa Force Publique ebile go otlhaelwa ka go bolawa.



  1. ↑ Pakenham 1992, pp. 12–15. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Pakenham, Thomas (1992). The Scramble for Africa: the White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912. London: Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-10449-2.
  3. ↑ Pakenham 1992, pp. 253–255.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Slade, Ruth M. (1962). King Leopold's Congo: Aspects of the Development of Race Relations in the Congo Independent State. Institute of Race Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 655811695.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stengers, Jean (1969). "The Congo Free State and the Belgian Congo before 1914". In Gann, L. H.; Duignan, Peter (eds.). Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1914. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–292.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Van Reybrouck, David (2014). Congo: The Epic History of a People. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-0-00-756290-9.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo (2007). The Congo: Plunder and Resistance. London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-485-4.
  8. ↑ Vangroenweghe, Daniël [in Dutch] (2006). "The 'Leopold II' concession system exported to French Congo with as example the Mpoko Company" (PDF). Revue belge d'Histoire contemporaine-Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis. 36 (3–4): 323–372. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
  9. 1 2 Renton, Seddon & Zeilig 2007, p. 28.
  10. ↑ Gibbs, David N. (1991). The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis. American Politics and Political Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226290713. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 Hochschild, Adam (1999). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (1st ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-00190-3.
  12. ↑ Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2007). The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History (3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave. ISBN 978-1-84277-053-5.
  13. 1 2 3 Hochschild, Adam (1999). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (1st ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-00190-3.
  14. ↑ Bourne, Henry Richard Fox (1903). Civilisation in Congoland: A Story of International Wrong-doing. London: P. S. King & Son. pp. 253. Retrieved 10 July 2025. Civilisation in Congoland.
  15. ↑ Forbath, Peter (1977). The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic Rivers. New York: Harper & Row. p. 375. ISBN 0-06-122490-1.
  16. ↑ Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo (2007). The Congo: Plunder and Resistance. London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-485-4.
  17. ↑ Vangroenweghe, Daniël [in Dutch] (2020) [1985]. Rood Rubber [Red Rubber] (in Dutch). De Geus. p. 70.
  18. ↑ Stengers, Jean (1989) Congo: Mythes et réalités [Congo: Myths and Realities] (in French). Paris-Louvain-la-Neuve: Duculot[page needed]
  19. ↑ Bates, Stephen (13 May 1999). "The hidden holocaust". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Harms, Robert (1983). "The World Abir Made: The Maringa-Lopori Basin, 1885–1903". African Economic History. 12 (12): 122–139. doi:10.2307/3601320. JSTOR 3601320.
  21. ↑ Renton, Seddon & Zeilig 2007, p. 33.
  22. ↑ Firchow, Peter Edgerly (1999). Envisioning Africa: Racism and Imperialism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 116.
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