Ditlhopho mo Botswana

Ditlhopho mo Botswana di tshwarelwa mo leagong la puso-ya-batho-ka-batho ya mekgatlho ya sepolotiki e mentsi ebile di dirisa tsamaiso ya palamente. Mo Palamentenhg ya Setšhaba, bontsi ke jo be tlhophilweng ka konopo, mme bone ba tlhophe Tautona le mapalamente ba bangwe ba tlaleletso. Ntlo ya Dikgosi yone e kopantse maloko a segosi-ka-tsalo le ba ba tlhophiwang.

Maduo gotswa mo ditsong

Ditlhopho tsa setšhaba tsa Botswana ngwaga e le wa 1965

Mokgatlho wa Sepolotiki		Tlhopho	%	Ditilo
	Botswana Democratic Party	113,167	80.38	28
	Botswana People's Party	19,964	14.18	3
	Botswana Independence Party	6,491	4.61	0
	Botswana People's Party (Motsete Branch)	377	0.27	0
	Ba ba ikemetseng (mekoko)	789	0.56	0
Ba ba sa tlhophiwang (ba tlaleletso)		0	0.00	4
Palo yotlhe		140,788	100.00	35

Ditlhopho tsa setšhaba tsa Botswana ngwaga e le wa 1969

Mokgatlho wa Sepolotiki		Tlhopho	%	Ditilo
	Botswana Democratic Party	52,518	68.33	24
	Botswana National Front	10,410	13.54	3
	Botswana People's Party	9,329	12.14	3
	Botswana Independence Party	4,601	5.99	1
Ba ba sa tlhophiwang (ba tlaleletso)		0	0.00	4
Palo yotlhe		76,858	100.00	35

Ditlhopho tsa bofelo

tsenya setshwantsho
Mokgatlho wa sepolotiki/wa mokopanelwa				Tlhopho	%	Ditilo
	Umbrella for Democratic Change		Botswana National Front	193,166	23.13	23
			Alliance for Progressives	46,799	5.60	6
			Ba ba ikemetseng (mekoko)	39,261	4.70	3
			Botswana People's Party	31,636	3.79	4
		Palo yotlhe		310,862	37.22	36
	Botswana Democratic Party			254,633	30.49	4
	Botswana Congress Party			175,326	20.99	15
	Botswana Patriotic Front			69,414	8.31	5
	Botswana Republican Party			3,212	0.38	0
	Botswana Movement for Democracy			1,146	0.14	0
	Real Alternative Party			222	0.03	0
	Ba ba ikemetseng (mekoko)			20,434	2.45	1
Ba ba sa tlhophiwang (ba tlaleletso)				0	0.00	8
Palo yotlhe				835,249	100.00	69

Ditso tsa Ditlhopho

Bechuanaland ka fa tlase ga Tshireletso

Gotsweng ko go tlhomiweng ga Bechuanaland yo a neng a le ka fa tlase ga Tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1889, go ile ga nna le ditlhopho mo fatsheng le kwa tshimologong wa dingwaga tsa bo-1920, fa gosena go simolodisiwa European Advisory Council (EAC) le Native Advisory Council (NAC). Maloko a EAC a ne a tlhophiwa baemedi ka bongwe ka bongwe ba dikgaolwana botlhophi ba e neng e le baagedi ba Boritane (kgotsa ba ba neng ba na le tshwanno ya boagedi jwa Boritane) ba batsadi ba Ma-Yuropa, le ba ba neng ba fitlhelela sekale sa boagedi le sa mahumo. E ne ya tlhophiwa e le lantlha ka ngwaga wa 1921, ka ditlhopho tse di tshwarwang morago ga dingwaga dingwe le dingwe tse tharo. Kwa tshimologong e ne e na le maloko a le mane, mme a nna a oketsega go nna thataro ka ngwaga wa 1929, le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa 1948.

Kwa tshimologong, Native Advisory Council e ne e na le maloko a le masome a mararo, ba le batlhano gotswa mo merafeng ya kwa Borwa jwa lefatshe le (Barolong, Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bakgatla, Bamalete le Batlokwa). Mongwe wa maloko a, a matlhano e ne e le kgosi ya morafe fa ba bane bone ba ne ba tlhophiwa ke morafe goyeng ka "ditsamaiso tsa setso tsa yone". Le fa go le jalo, tsamaiso e, e ne e kgalwa ke maloko mangwe mo go bone go naleng SM Molema, yo a neng a re dikgosi di ne di tlhopha ba di ba ratang. Mokomišinara wa Moagedi o ile a supa fa se ene a se tlhaloganyang e ne e le gore maloko a tlhophiwa kwa dikgotleng (diphutlhego tsa Setswana). Ka ngwaga wa 1937 tsamaiso e ya go tlhopha e ile ya fetolwa go letelela Mokomišinara wa Moagedi go tlhopha leloko le le lengwe mo morafeng mongwe le mongwe. Ka ngwaga wa 1940 leina la lekgotla le le ile la fetolwa go nna African Advisory Council (AAC) fa ka 1944 boloko jwa yone bo ne jwa fetolwa go nna le tekanyetso ka palo tsa merafe. ACC e ne ya godisiwa go nna le maloko a le masome a mararo le botlhano, mo go bone go na le ba le borobabobedi gotswa mo morafeng wa Bangwato, ba le bane gotswa mo Bangwaketsing le Bakwena, ba le bararo gotswa mo Barolong, Bamalete, Batlokwa, Bakgatla le Batawana, ba le babedi gotswa mo Bakgalagading le ba le babedi ba ba neng ba emela kgaolo ya Francistown.

Ka ngwaga wa 1950 go ne ga tlhamiwa Joint Advisory Council, e nale maloko a le borobabobedi a a tswang mo makgotleng a EAC le AAC, le maloko a mangwe a mararo a a tlhophilweng. Fa dingwaga tsa bo-1950 di ya fifing, go ne ga nna le tshusumetso e e maatla ya go tlhama Legislative Council se se ileng sa gogela kwa kitsisong ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 1960 gore makgotla a EAC le AAC a tla nyeletswa ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1961, mme go tlaabo go tlhomiwa makgotla a mangwe a mabedi, la Legislative Council le la African Council. Mokgatlho o moša wa Legislative Council o ne o nale maloko a le lesome le bongwe a a tlhophilweng ka tlhopho, fa ba le lesome mo go bone ba tlhophilwe ke MaYuropa mme a le mongwe ene a tlhophilwe baagi ba Ešia. Go ne go na le maloko a Aforika a le lesome a a sa tlhophiwang ka tlhopho a a tlhophilweng ke African Council, gape go nale badiri ba mmuso wa tshireletso ba le lesome le maloko a mangwe a tlaleletso. Bontlha bongwe jwa African Council jo bo tlhophilweng, fa bone ba ba tlhophilweng ba, ba dira gammogo le magosi a merafe e borobabobedi.

Rephaboliki ya Botswana

Ditlhopho tsa ntlha tse e neng e le tsa kakaretso di tshwerwe ka ngwaga wa 1965, pele ga boipuso jo bo diragetseng dikgwedi tse lesome le borobabobedi gotsweng foo. Bechuanaland Democratic Party (e ileng ya fiwa leina le leša Botswana Democratic Party golatela boipuso) e ne ya bona phenyo e e tsiitsibanyang mmele, e bona ditilo di le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi mo go tse masome a mararo le bongwe. Morago ga boipuso BDP e ile ya tswelela ka diphenyo tse di tona ka dingwaga tsa 1969, 1974, 1979 le 1984, e fenya selekanyo sa boraro mo boneng jwa ditilo mo ditlhophong dingwe le dingwe. Patlo-maikutlo ka tlhabololo-ditlhopho e ne ya tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme e ne e tsentse phetogo fela ya go tlhama maemo a Motsamaisa-Ditlhopho, le ya tsamaiso ya phenyo-ka-bontsi e e neng e letelela BDP go laola Ntlo ya Palamente le go nna mo pusong. Morago ga ditlhopha tse ba di fentseng ka pharologanyo e tota tsa 1989, ditlhopho tsa 1994 tsone di ne tsa supa tiro e ntle ya lekgotla la kganetso la Botswana National Front (BNF) e ileng ya fenya ditilo di le lesome le boraro mo go tse masome a mane a tse ditlhophilweng ka talama, le ntswa BDP e ne e tshwere ditilo tse pedi mo borarong jwa tsone tsotlhe. Patlo-mikutlo ka tlhabololo-ditlhopho ya bobedi e ne ya tshegetswa ka ngwaga wa 1997 morago ga ditshupegetso tse dokotsi tsa 1995. Ditlhabololo tse di akaretsa tlhamo ya Independent Electoral Commission, go leta Batswana ba ba kwa ntle ga lefatshe go tlhopha, le go fokotsa dingwaga tsa go tlhopha gotswa kwa go masome a mabedi le bongwe go boela kwa go tse lesome le borobabobedi, tse tsotlhe di ileng tsa amogelesega mo batlhophing.

Ditlhopho tsa 1999 di feletse ka phenyo ya BDP ka ditilo tse masome a mararo le boraro mo go tse masome a mane a ditilo tse di tlhophilweng ka ditamala, morago ga go thubega ga mokgatlho wa BNF ka 1998. E ile ya tswelela ka go fenya ditilo tse masome a mane le bone mo go tse masome a matlhano le bosupa a tse di tlhophilweng ka talama ka 2004, masome a mane le botlhano ka 2009 le tse masome a mararo le bosupa a ditilo ka 2014.

Tsamaiso ya ditlhopho

Palamente ya Setšhaba

Maloko a masome a marataro le botlhano a Palamente ya Setšhaba a akaretsa a le masome a matlhano le bosupa a tlhophetsweng go emela setšhaba mo ngwageng tse tlhano, gape go nale leloko le le lengwe la kgaolo nngwe le nngwe ya botlhophi ka tiriso ya tsamaiso ya phenyo-ka-bontsi mo ditlhophong, ba le bane ba tlhophilwe ke Palamente ya Setšhaba gotswa mo maineng a a neng a beilwe-pele ke Tautona, le a le mabedi a tlaleletso; Tautona le Rra-Molao-Mogolo. Fa e sale go tsewa boipuso, selekanyo sa Palamente ya Setšhaba e ntse e gola ka bonya ka bonya, ka maloko a a tlhophilweng a gola gotswa kwa go masome a mararo le bongwe gpya kwa go masome a mararo le bobedi ka 1974, masome a mararo le bone ka 1984, masome a mane ka 1994 le masome a matlhano le bosupa ka 2004 Go nna teng ga maloko a a sa tlhophiwang ka talama (ba ba itlhophetsweng) go simologile ka 1974.

Batlhophi e tshwanetse ya bo e le Batswana ba ba dingwaga tse lesome le borobabobedi le go feta, yo o tsweletseng ka go nna mo lefatsheng le mo lebakeng le le seng ka fa tlase ga dikgwedi di le lesome le bobedi pele ga ikwadisetso ditlhopho. Mabaka a a ka kganelang a akaretsa gore motho a ba a sa itekanela mo tlhaloganyong, motho a laoletswe leso ke lekgotla, motho yo o tsentsweng mo kgolegelong ya lebaka la dikgwedi tse thataro le go feta, fa motho a dirile molato o o tsamaisanang le tsa ditlhopho, kgotsa motho yo o nang le boagedi jo bobedi. Bo-ntlhopheng bone ba tshwanetse ba bo ba nale dingwaga di se ka fa tlase ga masome a mabedi le bongwe, a itse Sekgowa mo go lekaneng gore a kgone go tsaya karolo mo dipuisanong tsa palamente le gore a bo a sena seemo sa tatlhegelo e e sa duelelweng. Ba tshwanetse gape gore ba bo ba nopotswe ke batlhophi ba le babedi ba kgaolo ya botlhophi ya bone ebile go nale ba le supa ba ba emeng nokeng tlhopho eo. Go nale madi a peeletso a a duelwang, mme a ka busetswa ntlhophang fa a ka bona tlhopho e e kana ka botlhano mo lekgolong ya batlhophi botlhe mo kgaolong ya botlhophi. Maloko a Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga ba kake ba emela ditlhopho tsa Palamente ya Setšhaba.

Tautona

Bo-ntlhophang ba bopalamente ba tlhalosa mo pampiring ya tlhopho gore ba emenokeng ntlhopheng wa botautona ofe, mme Tautona a bo a tla a tlhophiwa ke maloko a Palamemte ya Setšhaba morago ga ditlhopho tsa setšhaba. Bo-ntlhopheng ba botautona ba tshwanetse ba bo ba tlhophilwe ke batlhophi ba se ka fa tlase ga sekete, gape ba se ka fa tlase ga dingwaga tse di masome a mararo. Gofitlha ka ngwaga wa 1974, Tautona o ne a tshwanetse ke gore a bo a le mopalamente yo o tlhophilweng.

Ntlo ya Dikgosi

Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tlhophiwa eseng ka tlhamalalo. Gofitlha ka ngwaga wa 2005 e ne e nale maloko a le borobabobedi a e leng dikgosi tsa merafe e megolo ya lefatshe, a le mane e le a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi mo merafeng ya bone, le a le mararo a a tlhophilweng ke maloko a le lesome le bobedi a a setseng a le teng. Ka ngwaga wa 2005 e ile ya atolosiwa go nna le maloko a le masome a mararo le botlhano, a e leng dikgosi tse borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke Tautona, le a le masome a mabedi le bobedia a tlhophilweng dingwaga tse tlhano dingwe le dingwe, a tlhophiwa ke maloko a bogosi jwa khiro.

Dipatlo maikutlo

Go nale dipatlo maikutlo di le tharo fela tse di kileng tsa dirwa mo Botswana. Yantlha e dirilwe ka ngwaga wa 1987 e le ka tokafatso ya tsamaiso ya ditlhopho, patlo maikutko ya bobedi e le yone e neng e le ka kgang e tshwanang ka 1997. Patlo maikutlo ya boraro e ne ya dirwa ka ngwaga wa 2001 ka megopolo e e beilweng pele ya tokafatso ditsamaiso tsa boatlhodi. Batlhophi ba ne ba botswa dipotse tse borobabobedi, mme tshologelo ya tlhopho e ne ya nna gautshwane thata le botlhano mo lekgolong fela.

Tshupo

1. Botswana CIA World Handbook
2. Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1932 Colonial Reports
3. Fred Morton, Jeff Ramsay, Part Themba Mgadla (2008) Historical Dictionary of Botswana, Scarecrow Press, p83
4. a b c d Kenneth R. D. Manungo (1999) The role of the Native Advisory Council in the Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1919-1960 Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies, vol. 13, nos. 1 & 2
5. Botswana: Late British colonialism (1945-1966) EISA
6. Botswana: Constitutional and electoral reform EISA
7. a b c National Assembly IPU
8. The Parliament of Botswana CPA
9. Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich & Bernard Thibaut (1999) Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook, Oxford University Press, p105
10. Elections held in 2004 IPU
11. Elections in Botswana African Elections Database
12. Botswana: Constitution EISA
13. a
14. Nohlen et al, p106
15. Ntlo Ya Dikgosi Introduction Parliament of Botswana
16. Botswana: 2001 Referendum EISA

Ditomagano gotswa ntle

• Botswana Independent Electoral Commission
• Botswana Psephos
• Botswana Africa Elections Database

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Category: Elections in Botswana