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Drapetomania

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Samuel A. Cartwright (1793–1863)

Drapetomania e ne e le bolwetse jwa tlhaloganyo jo bo neng jwa akanngwa jo, ka 1851, ngaka ya Moamerika e bong Samuel A. Cartwright a neng a bo akanya gore ke jone bo bakileng gore Maamerika a a dirilweng makgoba a tshabe botshwarwa.[1]: 41[2] Kgopolo eno e ne e theilwe mo tumelong ya gore bokgoba bo ne bo tokafatsa botshelo jwa tlhaloganyo jwa batho bao fela. bolwetse bo ka eletsa go tshaba.[3][4]

Cartwright o ne a umaka ka tlhamalalo tshekamelo ya makgoba ya go tshaba mo masimong a a neng a ba tshwere. E re ka makgoba a a neng a itumeletse boemo jwa one a ne a ka se batle go tsamaya, o ne a swetsa ka gore batho ba ba ntseng jalo ba ne ba tshwanetse go bo ba lwala, ba sa kgone go tsenelela mo thulaganyong ya tlholego ya dilo. O ne a phatlalatsa mokwalo ka ga malwetse a makgoba a bantsho le dipharologano tsa bone mo De Bow's Review.[5][6] Setlhogo sa ga Cartwright se ne sa gatisiwa gape ka nako eo kwa Borwa, mme se ne sa sotlwa thata le go sotlwa kwa bokone jwa United States. Kgopolo eo e sa le e tlhotlhorwa jaaka boranyane jwa maaka[7]: 2 mme ya bontshiwa e le karolo ya kago ya bosemorafe jwa boranyane.[8]

Lereo leno le tswa mo puong ya Segerika δραπέτης (drapetēs, ‘[lekgoba] le le tshabileng’) le μανία (go itumela pethelela, ‘botsenwa, go tlhanya’).[9]

Moragonyana ka 1914, kgatiso ya boraro ya Practical Medical Dictionary ya ga Thomas Lathrop Stedman e ne e akaretsa go tsenngwa ga drapetomania, e e tlhalosiwang jaaka "go tsamayatsamaya, dromomania; keletso e e sa laolegeng kgotsa ya botsenwa ya go kgarakgatshega."[10]

Setshwantsho se se gabilweng sa lekgoba le le tshabileng, se se gatisitsweng ka 1837

Cartwright o ne a tlhalosa bolwetse jo—jo, a neng a re, bo ne bo "sa itsiwe ke balaodi ba rona ba tsa kalafi, le fa gone letshwao la jone la go tlhatlhoba, go tshaba mo tirelong, le itsewe sentle ke bajadi ba rona le balebedi"[9]—mo pampiring e e neng ya neelwa pele ga Medical Association of Louisiana[7]:291 e e neng ya gatisiwa gape gantsi.

O boletse gore bolwetse jo e ne e le ditlamorago tsa beng ba ba neng ba "itlwaetsa [makgoba] thata, ba ba tshwara jaaka ba balekane".[11]

Fa ba ka tshwarwa ka bopelonomi, ba fepiwa sentle le go apesiwa sentle, ba na le lookwane lo lo lekaneng go dira gore molelo o monnye o nne o tuka bosigo jotlhe—ba kgaogantswe ka malwapa, lelwapa lengwe le lengwe le na le ntlo ya lone—ba sa letlelelwe go taboga bosigo go etela baagisane ba bone, go amogela maeto kgotsa go dirisa bojalwa jo bo tagang, mme ba sa bereke go feta selekanyo kgotsa ba sa bewe thata mo maemong a bosa a a sa siamang, ba laolega motlhofo go gaisa batho bape mo lefatsheng. Fa mongwe kgotsa ba le bantsi ba bone, ka nako nngwe le nngwe, ba sekametse go tsholetsa ditlhogo tsa bone go lekana le mong wa bone kgotsa molebedi wa bone, setho le molemo wa bone di tlhoka gore ba otlhaiwe go fitlha ba wela mo seemong seo sa go ikoba se se neng se ikaeletswe gore ba se nne mo go sone. Ba tshwanetse fela go bewa mo seemong seo, le go tshwarwa jaaka bana go ba thibela le go ba alafa gore ba se ka ba tshaba.[12]

Mo go Diseases and Peculiarities of Negro Race, Cartwright a re Baebele e bitsa gore motlhanka a ikobele mong wa gagwe, mme ka go dira jalo, motlhanka ga a kitla a nna le keletso ya go tshaba:[9]

Fa monna yo mosweu a ka leka go ganetsa thato ya Bomodimo, ka go leka go dira montsho sengwe se sele fa e se "mooba-lengole yo o ikobang" (yo Mothatayotlhe a neng a bolela gore o tshwanetse go nna ene), ka go leka go mo tsholetsa go ya kwa maemong a a tshwanang le a gagwe, kgotsa ka go ipaya mo tekatekanong le montsho; kgotsa fa a ka dirisa maatla a Modimo a mo neileng one mo mothong ka ene ka tsela e e sa siamang, ka go mo nna setlhogo, kgotsa go mo otlhaya ka bogale, kgotsa ka go itlhokomolosa go mo sireletsa mo ditirisong tse di sa siamang tsa batlhanka ka ene le ba bangwe botlhe, kgotsa ka go mo ganela dikgomotso tse di tlwaelesegileng le dilo tse di tlhokegang tsa botshelo, montsho o tla tshaba; mme fa a mo boloka a le mo maemong a re ithutang mo go one mo Dikwalong a neng a ikaeletse go nna mo go one, ke gore, maemo a go ikoba; mme fa mong wa gagwe kgotsa molebeledi wa gagwe a le bonolo le bopelotlhomogi mo go mo tshwareng, a sa ikokobetse, mme ka nako e e tshwanang a direla ditlhoko tsa gagwe tsa mmele, le go mo sireletsa mo go sotlweng, montsho o a loiwa, mme ga a kake a tshaba.

Thibelo le paakanyo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo godimo ga go supa drapetomania, maikutlo a gagwe e ne e le gore ka "kgakololo e e siameng ya kalafi, e e latelwang ka tlhoafalo, mokgwa o o o tshwenyang o Bathobantsho ba le bantsi ba nang le one wa go tshaba o ka thibelwa gotlhelele".[9] Mo kgannyeng ya makgoba "a a tlhomolang pelo le go sa kgotsofale kwantle ga lebaka"—letshwao le le tlhagisang la go tshaba mo go gaufi—Cartwright o ne a umaka "go kgwathisa go ntsha diabolo mo go bone" jaaka "kgato ya thibelo".[7]: 35[13][14]

Tshekatsheko ya segompieno

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Fa setlhogo sa ga Cartwright se ne se gatisiwa gape kwa Borwa,[15] kwa bokone jwa United States se ne sa sotlwa thata. Tshekatsheko ya tshotlo ya mokwalo oo e ne ya tlhaga mo setlhogong sa Buffalo Medical Journal ka 1855.[16] Moagi yo o tumileng wa dipolane tsa lefatshe Frederick Law Olmsted, mo go A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States (1856), o ne a lemoga gore gantsi batlhanka ba basweu ba ba neng ba tsentswe ditumalano le bone ba ne ba itsege ka go tshaba, ka jalo o ne a fopholetsa ka tsela ya tshotlo gore bolwetse jo go neng go akanngwa gore bo ne bo le teng tota bo ne bo tsisitswe kwa Aforika ke bagwebi.[17]

Batlhalefi ba borwa ba segompieno ba ne ba tsaya Cartwright jaaka motho yo o sa tlwaelesegang.[18][e a belaetsa – tlotla] Stephen Jay Gould o ne a supa Cartwright jaaka "ngaka e e tlhageletseng ya Borwa" ka tlhagiso ya gore diphemelo tsa ga Cartwright tsa bokgoba e ne e se "kgang e e feteletseng ya 'maranyane e e nang le' e ka tswa e ne e sa tlhokomelwe thata ke "batho ba le bantsi ba ba botlhale ba Borwa."[19]

Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  • Dysaesthesia aethiopica, e leng tlhatlhobo e nngwe e ntsha ya ga Cartwright malebang le se se neng se bonwa e le bolwetse jwa tlhaloganyo jo bo neng bo baka botshwakga mo makgobeng.
  • The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease
  • Kgatelelo ya maikutlo
  • Diromomania
  • Tiriso e e sa siamang ya kalafi ya tlhaloganyo ka sepolotiki
  • Lekgoba le le tshabileng
  • Tlhaoloso ya mathata a tlhaloganyo
  • Bolwetse jwa tlhaloganyo jo bo bonya
  • Biology of depression
  • Gaslighting
  1. ↑ White, Kevin (2002). An introduction to the sociology of health and illness. SAGE Publishing. pp. 41, 42. ISBN 0-7619-6400-2. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  2. ↑ Bynum, Bill (2000). "Discarded Diagnoses : Drapetomania". The Lancet. 356 (9241). Elsevier BV: 1615. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)74468-8. eISSN 1474-547X. ISSN 0140-6736. LCCN sf82002015. OCLC 01755507. PMID 11075805. S2CID 5440631. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  3. ↑ Michael, Ruane (April 30, 2019). "A brief history of the enduring phony science that perpetuates white supremacy". The Washington Post. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  4. ↑ Pilgrim, David (November 1, 2005). "Drapetomania - November 2005". Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  5. ↑ Hervé Guillemain, "Drapetomania" in Hervé Guillemain (ed.), DicoPolHiS, Le Mans Université, 2021.
  6. ↑ De Bow's Review of the Southern and Western States. Vol. 11. New Orleans: J.D.B. De Bow. 1851. pp. 331–336.
  7. 1 2 3 Caplan, Arthur; McCartney, James; Sisti, Dominic (2004). Health, disease, and illness: concepts in medicine. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 1-58901-014-0.
  8. ↑ Pilgrim, David (November 2005). "Question of the Month: Drapetomania". Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Cartwright, Samuel A. (1851). "Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race". DeBow's Review. XI. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Stedman, Thomas Lathrop (1914). "drapetomania". Practical Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). New York: W. Wood. p. 268. hdl:2027/ien.35558005332206. Also available from Internet Archive
  11. ↑ Baynton, Douglas C. "Disability and the Justification of Inequality in American History". The New Disability History: American Perspectives, 2001.
  12. ↑ S. L. Chorover. From Genesis to Genocide (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press 1974). p. 150.
  13. ↑ Paul Finkelman (1997). Slavery & the Law. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 305. ISBN 0-7425-2119-2.
  14. ↑ Rick Halpern, Enrico Dal Lago (2002). Slavery and Emancipation. Blackwell Publishing. p. 273. ISBN 0-631-21735-5.
  15. ↑ Cartwright (1851). "Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race". De Bow's Review. XI: 331–336.
  16. ↑ S. B. Hunt (1855). "Dr. Cartwright on "Drapetomania"". Buffalo Medical Journal. 10 (7): 438–442. PMC 8676958. PMID 35375930.
  17. ↑ Frederick Law Olmsted (1856). A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, with Remarks on Their Economy. Mason Brothers. p. 226. ISBN 9780678008133.
  18. ↑ Carmody, Todd (2018-10-16). "Review of Medicalizing Blackness: Making Racial Difference in the Atlantic World, 1780-1840 by Rana A. Hogart (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017)". Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience. 4 (2). University of Toronto Libraries - UOTL: 1–6. doi:10.28968/cftt.v4i2.29596. ISSN 2380-3312.
  19. ↑ Gould, Stephen Jay (1980). The Mismeasure of Man (PDF). United States: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 70. ISBN 0-393-01489-4. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
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