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Elizabeth Maria Molteno

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Elizabeth Maria Molteno
Tsalo24 Lwetse 1852 Beaufort Bophirima, Koloni ya Cape
Leso25 Phatwe 1927 (dingwaga di le 74) Trevone, Bogosi jo bo Kopaneng
Trevone, United Kingdom
TiroMolweladitshwanelo tsa ditlhopho, molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi

Elizabeth Maria Molteno (24 Lwetse 1852 – 25 Phatwe 1927), e ne e le molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi le ditshwanelo tsa bomme mo Aforika Borwa wa Borithane wa pele.[1]

Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele

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Elizabeth o ne a tsholetswe mo lelapeng le le nang le thotoetso ya Cape le le tswang kwa Italy. E ne e le morwadia John Molteno yo mogolo le yo o rategang thata, Tonakgolo ya ntlha ya Cape, mme bontsi jwa bomonnawe le bokgaitsadie ba le lesome le borobabobedi ba ne ba nna le maemo a a nang le tthotoetso mo kgwebong le mo pusong. O feditse dingwaga tsa gagwe tsa ntlha mo tikologong e e sireleditsweng ya lelapa la gagwe ya Claremont kwa Cape Town, kwa a neng a rutelwa teng.Rraagwe o ne a tsamaya kgapetsakgapetsa, ka ntlha ya mabaka a bodipolomate kgotsa a kgwebo, mme gantsi o ne a letla bana ba gagwe ba bagolwane go tsamaya le ene mo maetong a a ntseng jalo. Ka ntlha ya moo, Elizabeth o ne a tsamaya thata fa a sa ntse a le ngwana, bogolo jang kwa Italy le Lontone, mme a gola a kgatlhegela dipolotiki le dikgang lefatshe la gaabo jaaka rraagwe.[2]

E re ka a ne a le botlhale thata, a na le botho jo bo nonofileng e bile a na le mogopolo o o sa tlwaelegang, o ne a nna le dikgopolo le mekgwa e e neng e sa tlwaelega mo mosetsaneng wa motlha wa ga Victoria. "Betty", jaaka a ne a rata go bidiwa, o ne a tlogela diaparo tse dintle le dilo tse di bonalang tse a neng a na le tsone fa a sa le monana. O ne a tshela ka tsela e e motlhofo, a apara diaparo tse di magwata e bile e le motho yo o jang merogo fela, mme o ne a kgatlhegela maranyane le dipolotiki go feta lenyalo le bana. Mo ditumelong tsa gagwe, o ne a bolela gore o rata dilo tsa semoya mme e ne e se modumedi, mme o ne a nna le tumelo e e nonofileng ya botshelo jotlhe mo melaometheong ya tekatekano ya bong le letso. Morago ga go ikwadisa, ga a ka a nyala, mme o ne a tswelela go ithuta kwa Newnham College, Cambridge.[3][4][5]

Moitseanape wa thuto

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Ka go tlhopha nngwe ya ditiro di le mmalwa tse di neng di buletswe basadi mo lekgolong la bo19 la dingwaga, o ne a nna morutabana, mme morago ga moo a nna mogokgo wa Sekolo sa basetsana sa Collegiate kwa Port Elizabeth. Fa a le koo o ne a fetola tsamaiso ya thuto ya Victoria, e e neng e remeletse thata mo go ithuteng ka tlhogo mme e ne e lekanyeditswe fela mo dithutong tse di neng di tsewa di tshwanela basadi. O ne a dirisa mekgwa ya go ruta e e neng e le ya maemo a a kwa godimo e bile e le ya kgololesego ka nako eo, go akaretsa le se e neng e le thulaganyo ya ntlha ya go ruta basetsana ka tsa tlhakanelodikobo mo nageng eo. O ne a na le tumelo ya botshelo jotlhe ya botlhokwa jwa thuto ya basetsana, mo a neng a gana go amogela tuelo ya tiro ya gagwe ya tsamaiso le ya thuto.[3]

Go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking

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Emily Hobhouse, welfare campaigner wa Borithane le tsala e kgolo ya ga Elizabeth Molteno

O ne a le kgatlhanong le Ntwa ya Anglo-Boer fa e ne e simologa, mme ka ntlha ya seno o ne a patelesega go tlogela tiro ya gagwe. Balweladiphetogo ba ba kgatlhanong le ntwa ka kakaretso ba ne ba bidiwa "ba-pro-Boer" ke baganetsi ba bone, mme ba ne ba bewa ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo e kgolo ya loago. Baagi ba basweu ba kwa Port Elizabeth le bone ba ne ba rata Boritane thata mme fa Miss Molteno a gana go emisa ditshupetso tsa gagwe o ne a patelesega go rola tiro, le fa go ne go na le letsholo la tshegetso go tswa go baithuti ba gagwe ba pele le badiri ka ene.

O ne a boela kwa Cape Town ka 1899 mme a nna leloko la motheo komiti ya poelano ya Aforika Borwa. Fano o ne a rulaganya metseletsele ya dikopano tsa batho ba le diketekete, go ipelaetsa kgatlhanong le ntwa le dikgaogano tsa semorafe tse e neng e di baka.[6]Mohumagatsana Molteno o ne a nna tsala e kgolo ya ga Emily Hobhouse le Olive Schreiner mme a dira le bone mo mererong ya botho le kgatlhanong le ntwa ka nako ya Ntwa ya Maburu le morago ga yone. Mmogo le bona, o ne a lwela basadi le bana ba Maburu ba ba neng ba tsenngwa mo dikampeng tsa pogisetso tsa Boritane le go fisiwa ga masimo a Maburu.[7][8]Kwa Port Elizabeth o ne gape a kopana le Alice Greene (malome wa mokwadi Graham Greene), yo e neng e le mothapiwa wa gagwe jaaka mothusa-motsamaisi wa sekolo sa Collegiate mme gape a ne a tseneletse mo go lwantsheng ntwa. Basadi ba babedi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a a tshwanang mme morago ga moo ba ne ba nna le botsalano jwa botshelo jotlhe.

Gandhi le mosadi wa gagwe Kasturbha in 1914.

Morago ga ntwa, Mohumagatsana Molteno o ne a nna kgatlhanong le ditiragalo tse disha tse di tseneletseng tsa sepolotiki mo Aforika Borwa mme a tsamaya a ya kwa Engelane. Fa a le koo o ne a kopana le Gandhi ka 1909. Ba ne ba nna ditsala, ba amogana megopolo mme ba kwalelana ka metlha mo masomeng a le mmalwa a dingwaga a a latelang. Kwa Lontone gape o ne a nna molatedi wa mokgatlho wa batlhophi, le baeteledipele ba one ba ba bogale jaaka Christabel Pankhurst.[9]

O ne a boela kwa Aforika Borwa ka 1912, mme a nna le seabe thata mo dilong tse di neng di baka go se tlhaole batho ka lotso. E ne e le sebui sa setšhaba se se nang le talente e e feteletseng mme seno, mmogo le go itshepa ga gagwe le maemo a gagwe mo setšhabeng, se ne se raya gore o ne a batlega thata go bua mo bokopanong jwa setšhaba ka ga mabaka ano. Mo botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe gape e ne e le mokwadi wa dikgatiso tse di farologaneng tsa Borithane le tsa Aforika Borwa. Emily Hobhouse moragonyana o ne a kwala jaana ka ene: "Mpho ya gago ya go bona mo pelong ya dilo e kgolo thata, mme o na le taolo ya puo e e molemo jaana ya go tlhagisa dikarolo tsa boitsholo le tsa semoya". Mo godimo ga moo, dikwalo tsa gagwe di ne tsa ngoka kgatlhego e ntsi ka ntlha ya puo ya tsone e e bogale (mme gantsi e le kgatlhanong le puso).

O ne a nna a ikgolaganya thata le ba ga Gandhi, a etela Rre le Mme Gandhi ka metlha kwa Phoenix Settlement, mme a fudugela koo go ya go nna le seabe mo letsholong la satyagraha. O ne a reka ntlo gaufi le Ohlanga, jaaka motheo wa tiro ya gagwe go tshegetsa mekgatlho e le mmalwa e e neng e dira go tswa kwa lefelong leo, go akaretsa le ya ga Gandhi, le ya banna ba puso ba pele ba Aforika jaaka John Dube.[10] Mo dipuong tse a neng a di neela le Gandhi kwa bokopanong kwa Durban o ne a rotloetsa Maindia go ikamanya le Aforika. Bo-Gandhi ba ne ba tla kwa Cape Town ka 1914 mme Mme Molteno o ne a dira go ba thusa go kopana le batho ba ba maatla thata ba sepolotiki mo Afrika Borwa. Gape o ne a ba thusa go itsise Emily Hobhouse le Tonakgolo ka boene, General Botha, yo o neng a sa bolo go itlhokomolosa dikopo tsa ga Gandhi tsa go botsolodiwa mme morago ga moo a nna a buisana ka botsalano. Moragonyana Gandhi o ne a tla kwala ka seabe sa ga Mohumagatsana Molteno jaaka "modiri wa kagiso", se se neng sa mo kgontsha go ikgolaganya le bangwe ba batho ba ba maatla thata mo lefatsheng.[11][12][13]

Mo dingwageng tse di latelang, o ne a tsenela mefuta e e farologaneng ya matsholo a go tshegetsa ditshwanelo tsa sepolotiki le tsa lefatshe tsa MaAforika Borwa a Bantsho, a dira le baeteledipele ba ba tlhageletseng ba Bantsho ba ba jaaka John Dube (tautona wa ntlha wa Kakaretso wa ANC) le Sol Plaatje. [14][15][16]

Selo se se botlhokwa thata mo go ene e ne e le go sotlwa ga magolegwa ke sepodisi sa Aforika Borwa. Fa Gandhi ka boene a ne a le kwa kgolegelong, o ne a dira le magolegwa a a neng a itewa kgotsa a sotlwa mme a neela bosupi kwa dipotsolotsong. O ne a buelelakgatlhanong le go tlhokomologa ga Mme Gandhi le ene a neng a go utlwa fa a ne a le kwa kgolegelong mme, mo kgetseng e e masisi thata, o ne a etela "satyagrahi" Soorzai yo o neng a le kwa kgolegelong le yo o neng a iteilwe botlhoko, yo o neng a tlhasetswe ka tsela e e bolayang ka go bo go ne go twe o eteletse pele seteraeke. Monna yono o ne a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya dikgobalo tsa gagwe, mme Mohumagatsana Molteno o ne a tsenelela thata mo dikgetsing tsa semolao (tse kgabagare di neng tsa se ka tsa atlega) tse di neng di amana le kalafi ya gagwe.[17]

Elizabeth Molteno e ne e le mmueledi yo o ikemiseditseng wa ditshwanelo tsa basadi, mme gape o ne a sokologela mo mekgatlhong ya tshwanelo ya basadi ya go tlhopha mo Aforika Borwa. Mo Aforika Borwa o ne a dira le baganetsi ba basadi ba ba sa direng sepe ba merafe yotlhe le maemo otlhe. Gape e ne e le sebui sa ka metlha kwa bpkopanong ba moekgatlho, mme a tlhagisa tsholofelo ya gore mo Aforika Borwa ya isago e e nang le merafe e mentsi, basadi ba tla letlwa go nna le seabe se se bonalang.[18][19]

Fa ntwa ya ntlha ya Lefatshe e ne e simologa ka 1914, o ne a kopanela le ditsala tsa gagwe tse dikgolo e bong Emily Hobhouse le Olive Schreiner kwa Engelane ka nako ya ntwa, go ya go bereka le batho ba ba neng ba gana go tsenela bosole ka ntlha ya bogakolodi jwa bone. Le fa go ntse jalo, karolo e kgolo ya tiro ya gagwe kwa United Kingdom le fa go ntse jalo e ne e le ya tiro e e neng e se ya maemo a a kwa godimo ya ditshwanelo tsa basadi le boemedi jwa bone. Fa Phetogo ya Russia e ne e runya dingwaga di le mmalwa moragonyana mme Ntwa ya Lefatshe I e ne e atamela bokhutlo, batho ba le bantsi kwa tshimologong ba ne ba akanya gore ke tshimologo ya "kgololesego ya batho" e kgolo. Mohumagatsana Molteno o ne a sa tshwane, mme ka 1919 o ne a kwala ka ga ditsholofelo tsa gagwe tsa isagwe fa: “...Dipharologano tsotlhe tsa letso, bong, bodumedi;[20]

O tlhokafetse ka 1927 kwa borwa jwa Engelane, mme fa e sale ka nako eo o ntse a kaiwa jaaka gongwe “...mongwe wa basadi ba ba nang le tlhotoetso thata mo Aforika Borwa mo lekgolong la dingwaga la bolesomerobongwe le tshimologo ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi.”[3] le jaaka “Mongwe wa basadi ba ba gakgamatsang thata ba Aforika Borwa ba kokomana ya gagwe.”[20]Le fa go ntse jalo, ditekanyetso tsa gagwe le mabaka a gagwe di ne di gatela pele ka tsela e e sa tlwaelegang mo pakeng e a neng a tshela mo go yona, mo e leng gore go ne go tshwanetse ga nna masomesome a dingwaga pele ga di amogelwa ke botlhe (bogolo jang mo Aforika Borwa), mme seabe sa gagwe mo go di anamiseng se ne sa lebalwa thata.[3]

Bona gape

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  1. ↑ Trewhela, Paul. "A century of voter struggles told beautifully through people's promise and despair". The M&G Online. Retrieved 21-11-25
  2. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21-11-25
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Elizabeth Maria Molteno: Profile at Feminists South Africa.". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 21-11-25
  4. ↑ "New light on Gandhi's decisive South African Confrontation | Martin Plaut - Academia.edu". Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 21-11-25
  5. ↑ University of Cape Town Manuscripts and Archives Department. BC330: Molteno Murray Papers: Journals of Betty Molteno.
  6. ↑ Marthinus van Bart: Songs of the Veld. Cape Town: Cederberg Publishers, 2008. ISBN 978-0-620-39432-1[page needed]
  7. ↑ "South African History – Biographies"
  8. ↑ "Women and Education in Nineteenth-Century South Africa" {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ↑ M.Plaut: Promise and Despair: The First Struggle for a Non-racial South Africa. Jacana, Cape Town. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4314-2375-0. p.120.
  10. ↑ "South African History -Biographies"
  11. ↑ Corder, C., Plaut, M. (2014) Gandhi's Decisive South African 1913 Campaign: A Personal Perspective from the Letters of Betty Molteno. South African Historical Journal. 66(1): 22-54.
  12. ↑ "South African History Online: Some Remarkable Women who helped Gandhi in South Africa". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21-11-25
  13. ↑ "Articles : On and By Gandhi". Mkgandhi.org. Retrieved 21-11-25
  14. ↑ "Who's Who in the Family – thumbnail sketches | Molteno Family History". Moltenofamily.net. 12 August 2012. Retrieved21-11-25
  15. ↑ H. Hughes: The First President: A Life of John L. Dube, Founding President of the ANC. Jacana Media, 2011. p.153.
  16. ↑ "Olive Schreiner Letters Online". Oliveschreiner.org. Retrieved 21-11-25
  17. ↑ Reddy, E. S. "The first martyrs of Satyagraha" (PDF). Visions of a Free South Africa. pp. 20–6.
  18. ↑ "Europeans who helped Gandhi". Archived from the original on 21 February 1999. Retrieved 21-11-25
  19. ↑ "Women and Empire, 1750–1939: Primary Sources on Gender and Anglo-Imperialism". Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 21-11-25
  20. 1 2 Phillida Brooke-Simons: Apples of the sun. Vlaeberg: Fernwood Press, 1999. ISBN 1-874950-45-8.
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