Equatorial Guinea

Republic of Equatorial Guinea

República de Guinea Ecuatorial (**Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.**)
République de Guinée équatoriale (**Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.**)
República da Guiné Equatorial (**Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.**)
Republic of Equatorial Guinea; República de Guinea Ecuatorial (Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.); République de Guinée équatoriale (Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.); República da Guiné Equatorial (Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.);
	Folaga Coat of arms
	Motto: Unidad, Paz, Justicia (Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.); "Unity, Peace, Justice"
	Anthem: Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad (Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.); Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness;
Mošate	Malabo (current); Ciudad de la Paz (under construction); 3°45′N 8°47′E / 3.750°N 8.783°E
city-Kgolo	Bata, Malabo
Diteme tsa semmusô	Spanish; French; Portuguese;
Recognised regional languages	List Fang ; Bube ; Annobonese Creole ; Kombe ; Kwasio;
Merafe ya Batho (2020)	85.7% Fang; 6.5% Bubi; 3.6% Ndowe; 1.6% Annobon; 1.1% Bujeba; 1.1% others;
Sedumedi (Ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020))	88.7% Christianity; 5.0% no religion; 4.0% Islam; 1.7% traditional faiths; 0.6% others;
Demonym(s)	Equatoguinean; Equatorial Guinean;
Government	Unitary dominant-party presidential republic under a totalitarian dictatorship
• Tautona	Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
• Mothusa Tautona	Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue
• Tonakgolo	Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua
• Moatlhodimogolo	Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang
Legislature	Palamente
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Ntlo ya Baemedi
Boipuso
• E begilwe ka	Kgwedi ya Phalane e le Lesome le Bobedi,Ngwaga wa Sekete,Makgolo a robabongwe, Masome a marataro le metso e robabobedi
Fatshe
• Total	28,050 km2 (10,830 sq mi) (141st)
• Water (%)	negligible
Batho
• Ngwaga wa Dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e mene(2024) estimate	1,795,834 (Lekgolo,masome a matlhano le bone(154th))
GDP (PPP)	Ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e metlhano (2025) estimate
• Total	$36.858 billion (Lekgolo,masome a mane le borobabobedi (148th))
• Per capita	$20,477 (90th)
GDP (nominal)	Ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e metlhano estimate
• Total	$14.583 billion (Lekgolo,masome a matlhano le borataro(156))
• Per capita	$8,102 (Masome a robabongwe le botlhano (95th))
HDI (2022)	0.650; medium · Lekgolo,masome a mararo le borato(133rd)
Madi	Central African CFA franc (XAF)
Time zone	UTC+1 (WAT)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side	right
Calling code	+240
Internet TLD	.gq
	Including Equatoguinean Spanish (Español ecuatoguineano).;

Equatorial Guinea^[10] e semmuso e leng Rephaboliki ya Equatorial Guinea^[11] ke lefatshe le le mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa Bogare bophirima jwa Afrika , ;le le nang le kgaolo ya 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi). Pele e ne e le kolone ya Guinea ya Spain, mme fa e sena go bona boipuso e ne ya bidiwa ka leina la yone ka gonne e le gaufi le Ekhweitha e bile e le mo kgaolong ya Afrika ya Guinea. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e mene (2024), lefatshe ne le ena le baagi ba le 1,795,834^[12] ba ba fetang 85% ba bone e leng maloko a morafe wa Fang, morafe o mogolo mo lefatsheng. Batho ba Ba-Bubi, ba ba tlholegang kwa Bioko, ke setlhopha sa bobedi se segolo ka palo ya batho ba ba ka nnang 6.5%.

Equatorial Guinea e na le dikarolo di le pedi, kgaolo ya setlhaketlhake le kgaolo ya lefatshekgolo. Kgaolo eno ya ditlhaketlhake e na le ditlhaketlhake tsa Bioko (e e kileng ya bo e bidiwa Fernando Pó) kwa teng teng ga botlhaba jwa Guinea le Annobón, e leng setlhaketlhake se sennye sa lekgwamolelo se e leng sone fela se se leng kwa borwa jwa ekhweitha. Setlhaketlhake sa Bioko ke karolo e e kwa bokone jwa Equatorial Guinea mme ke lefelo le go nang le motsemogolo wa lefatshe leno, e leng Malabo. Setlhaketlhake sa São Tomé le Príncipe se go buiwang Sepotokisi mo go sone se fa gare ga Bioko le Annobón.

Kgaolo ya Río Muni e e mo lefatsheng le le tona , e dikologilwe ke Cameroon kwa bokone le Gabon kwa borwa le kwa botlhaba. Ke lefelo le [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata,_Equatorial_Guinea Bata], e leng toropo e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe kwa Equatorial Guinea, le Ciudad de la Paz, e leng toropokgolo e e rulagantsweng ya mo isagong ya lefatshe leno. Gape Río Muni e na le ditlhaketlhake tse dinnye di le mmalwa tse di gaufi le lewatle, tse di jaaka Corisco, Elobey Grande, le Elobey Chico. lefatshe leno ke leloko la African Union, Francophonie, OPEC, le CPLP.

Equatorial Guinea e ne ya bona boipuso jwa yone go tswa kwa Spain ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e robabobedi (1968), ka nako ya puso e e setlhogo ya bobusaesi ya ga Tautona Francisco Macías Nguema. O ne a ipolela fa e le Tautona wa botshelo jotlhe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e mebedi(1972), mme o ne a menolwa mo pusong ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e robabobngwe ( 1979) ke bosetlhogo jwa gagwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, yo o neng a nna Tautona wa lefatshe go tloga ka nako eo. Puso ya ga Obiang gape e ne ya tlhalosiwa ke babogedi ba nafatshe a sele e le puso ya bobusaesi. Fa e sale mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990), Equatorial Guinea e nnile mongwe wa batlhagisi ba ba golo ba oli mo kgaolong ya borwa jwa Sahara mo Africa^[13] E setse e le lefatshe le le humileng go gaisa mo Afrika,^[14]mme Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ya yone e e lekantsweng le Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) e le mo maemong a bo masome a mane le boraro mo lefatsheng;^[15]le fa go ntse jalo, khumo e abiwa ka tsela e e sa lekalekaneng, ka batho ba le mmalwa ba ba solegelwang molemo ke khumo ya oli. lefatshe le le mo maemong a bo lekgolo,masome a mane le bone mo Human Development Index ^[16]ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabongwe ( 2019), [1] ka palo e e kwa tlase ga sepato ya baagi ba ba nang le metsi a a phepa a go nwa le 7,9% ya bana ba ba swang pele ba tshwara dingwaga tse tlhano.^[17] ^[18]GDP ya Equatorial Guinea ka motho ke $10,982 ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le motso (2021) go ya ka OPEC.^[19]

E re ka Equatorial Guinea e kile ya bo e le kolone ya Spain, puo ya konokono ya semmuso ke Se-Spain. Sefora le (go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete ste pedi le lesome 2010) Sepotokisi le tsona di dirilwe semmuso,^[20] mme ga di dirisiwe thata. Kwa ntle ga Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic, ke lone hela lefatshe le le leng mo kontinenteng ya Aforika koo Se-Spain e leng puo ya semmuso (Se-Spain gape se buiwa mo dikarolong tsa Aforika tsa Spain: Canary Islands, Ceuta le Melilla).^[21]Gape ke puo e e buiwang thata (e ntsi go feta dipuo tse dingwe tse pedi tsa semmuso); go ya ka Instituto Cervantes, 87.7% ya baagi ba itse Se-Spain sentle.^[22]

Puso ya Equatorial Guinea ke puso ya bokgokgontshi mme e na le rekoto e e maswe go gaisa ya ditshwanelo tsa botho mo lefatsheng, e ntse e le mo maemong a a "bosula go gaisa" mo patlisisong ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Freedom House ya ditshwanelo tsa sepolotiki le tsa baagi.^[23] Reporters Without Borders e baya Obiang mo gare ga "ba ba tlhaselang" kgololosego ya bobegadikgang.^[24] Go gweba ka batho ke bothata jo bogolo, ka U.S. Go gweba ka batho go supa fa Equatorial Guinea e le naga e go dirwang tiro e e patelediwang le go gweba ka batho ka tsa tlhakanelodikobo kwa go yone. Pego e ne ya bolela gape gore Equatorial Guinea "ga e fitlhelele ka botlalo ditekanyetso tse di kwa tlase tsa go fedisa go gweba ka batho mme e dira maiteko a magolo go dira jalo". ^[25]

Ditso

Go ka direga gore bogologolo Ba-Pygmy ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong e gompieno e bidiwang Equatorial Guinea, mme gompieno ba fitlhelwa fela mo mafelong a a kwa thoko kwa borwa jwa Río Muni. Batho ba Banthu ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Nigeria le bokonebophirima jwa Cameroon (Grassfields)^[26] mo e ka nnang ka dingwaga tsabo bo dikete tse pedi (2000 BC). [ Ba tshwanetse ba bo ba ne ba nna kwa Equatorial Guinea ka 500 BC kwa morago.^[27]^[28]Batho ba ntlha go nna mo setlhaketlhakeng sa Bioko ba nnile teng ka 530 AD.^[29][Batho ba kwa Annobón, ba kwa tshimologong ba neng ba tswa kwa Angola, ba ne ba tlisiwa ke Bapotokisi ka setlhaketlhake sa São Tomé

Go kopana la ntlha le Yuropa le puso ya Bapotokisi (Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane,masome a supa le metso e mebedi go fitha ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa, masome a supa le metso e robabobedi( 1472-1778)

Mmatlisisi wa Mopotokisi e bong Fernando Pó, yo o neng a batla tsela e e yang kwa India, o tsewa e le Mo-Yuropa wa ntlha go bona setlhaketlhake sa Bioko ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane,masome a supa le metso e mebedi (1472). O ne a se bitsa Formosa ("Bontle"), mme ka bonako fela se ne sa bidiwa ka leina la motho wa kwa Yuropa yo o neng a se simolotse . Fernando Pó le Annobón di ne tsa gapiwa ke Portugal ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane,masome a supa le metso e mene (1474). Difeme tsa ntlha di ne tsa tlhomiwa mo ditlhaketlhakeng ka bo ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano (1500) jaaka Bapotokisi ba ne ba lemoga ka bonako dilo tse di siameng tsa ditlhaketlhake tse di akaretsang mmu wa lekgwamolelo le dithaba tse di kgonang go emelana le malwetse. Le fa go na le melemo ya tlholego, maiteko a ntlha a Sepotokisi ka 1507 a go tlhoma tshimo ya mmidi wa sukiri le toropo gaufi le se jaanong e leng Concepción kwa Fernando Pó a ne a retela ka ntlha ya go ganediwa ke Ba-Bubi le letshoroma.^[30]Tlelaemete ya pula ya setlhaketlhake se segolo, bongola jo bo feteletseng le go fetofetoga ga dithemperetšha go ne ga ama baagi ba Yuropa thata go tloga fela kwa tshimologong, mme go ne go tla tsaya makgolo a dingwaga pele ga maiteko a simololwa gape.

Puso ya ntlha ya Spain le go e adima Boritane ( Ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa,masome a supa le metso e robabobedi go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a mane le metso e mene (1778-1844)

Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa,masome a supa le metso e robabobedi (1778), Kgosigadi Maria I wa kwa Portugal le Kgosi Charles III wa kwa Spain ba ne ba baya monwana Tumalano ya El Pardo e e neng e neela Spain Bioko, ditlhaketlhake tse di bapileng le yone le ditshwanelo tsa kgwebo tsa Kgogometso ya Biafra e e fa gare ga dinoka tsa Niger le Ogoue, ka go dira jalo Spain e ne e tla newa dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa Amerika Borwa tse gone jaanong e leng Brazil Bophirima. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos o ne a tsaya Bioko go tswa go Portugal ka Kgwedi ya 21 Phalane e le masome a mabedi le bongwe ,ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa,masome a supa le metso e robabobedi ( 1778). Morago ga go ya kwa Annobón go ya go tsaya lefatshe, Count o ne a bolawa ke bolwetse jo a neng a bo tshwere kwa Bioko mme setlhopha sa gagwe se se neng se tshwerwe ke letshoroma se ne sa tsuologa. Setlhopha se ne sa ya kwa São Tomé kwa ba neng ba tsenngwa mo kgolegelong ke balaodi ba Portugal morago ga go latlhegelwa ke 80% ya banna ba bone ka ntlha ya bolwetse.^[31] Ka ntlha ya matlhotlhapelo ano, Spain e ne ya okaoka go tsenya madi a mantsi mo nageng e ntšha e e neng e le ya yone. Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa Ba-Spain ba ne ba retelelwa jalo, ba ne ba simolola go dirisa setlhaketlhake seno go nna lefelo la go rekisa makgoba kwa lefatsheng le le gaufi. Magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa,masome a supa le metso e robabobedi 1778 le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le lesome (1810), kgaolo e e neng ya nna Equatorial Guinea e ne e laolwa ke Viceroyalty ya Río de la Plata, e e neng e le kwa Buenos Aires. ^[32]

Ka go sa batle go beeletsa thata mo tlhabololong ya Fernando Pó, go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a mabedi le metso e supa (1827) go ya ko ngwagang wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a mane le metso e meraro (1843), Spain e ne ya thapa bothibelelo kwa Malabo kwa Bioko kwa United Kingdom eo e neng e e batla jaaka karolo ya maiteko a yone a go thibela kgwebo ya makgoba ya transatlantic. ^[33]Kwa ntle ga tetla ya Spain, Ba Brithani ba ne ba fudusetsa ntlokgolo ya Mixed Commission for the Suppression of Slave Traffic kwa Fernando Pó ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a mabedi le metso e supa (1827), pele ba e busetsa kwa Sierra Leone ka tumalano le Spain ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a mane le metso e meraro1843. Tshwetso ya Spain ya go fedisa bokgoba ka (1817) ka ntlha ya kgatelelo ya Boritane e ne ya senya boleng jwa kolone go babusi mme ka jalo go hira mafelo a sesole sa lewatle e ne e le tsela e e siameng ya go bona lotseno go tswa mo go sengwe se se neng se se na poelo. ^[34]Tumalano ya Spain ya go rekisa kolone ya yona ya Afrika kwa Borithane e ne ya phimolwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a mane le motso (1841) ka ntlha ya maikutlo a setšhaba sa toropo le kganetso ya Spanish Congress. ^[35]

Kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga (Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi,masome a mane le metso e mene fo fitlha ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabongwe (1844 - 1900)

Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi,masome a mane le metso e mene(1844), Baesemane ba ne ba busetsa setlhaketlhake seno mo taolong ya Spain mme lefelo leno le ne la itsege e le "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Ka ntlha ya malwetse a leroborobo, Spain ga e a ka ya tsenya madi a mantsi mo koloning eno, mme ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a marataro le metso e mebedi (1862), go runya ga bolwetse jwa yellow fever go ne ga bolaya bontsi jwa batho ba basweu ba ba neng ba nna mo setlhaketlhakeng seno. Le fa go ntse jalo, dipolase di ne tsa tswelela go tlhomiwa ke baagi ba ba ikemetseng go fitlha ka halofo ya bobedi ya lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga. ^[36]

Masimo a Fernando Pó a ne a laolwa thata ke setlhopha sa batho ba bantsho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba Ba-Creole, ba moragonyana ba neng ba bidiwa Ba-Fernandino. Baesemane ba ne ba tlhoma batho ba Sierra Leone ba ka nna dikete tse pedi le makgoba a a golotsweng koo ka nako ya puso ya bone, mme go ne ga nna ga fuduga batho ba le mmalwa go tswa kwa Afrika Bophirima le kwa West Indies fa Baesemane ba sena go tsamaya. Palo ya makgoba a Angola a a golotsweng, makgowa a Sepotokisi-Aforika le bafaladi go tswa kwa Nigeria, le Liberia le bone ba ne ba simolola go nna mo kolone, kwa ba ileng ba simolola go ikgolaganya le setlhopha se sesha ka bonako.^[37]Go ne ga tsenngwa Ba-Cuba, Ba-Filipino, Ba-Juda le Ba-Spain ba mebala e e farologaneng, ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba leleketswe kwa Afrika ka ntlha ya bosenyi jwa sepolotiki kgotsa jo bongwe, gammogo le bangwe ba bajaki ba ba neng ba engwa nokeng ke puso. ^[38]

Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa (1870), seemo sa basweu ba ba neng ba nna mo setlhaketlhakeng se ne sa tokafala thata morago ga dikakantsho tsa gore ba nna kwa dithabeng, mme ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a robabobedi le metso e mene ( 1884) bontsi jwa metšhine ya tsamaiso e nnye le dijalo tse di botlhokwa di ne di fudugetse kwa Basile dimethara di le makgolokgolo kwa godimo ga lewatle. Henry Morton Stanley o ne a bitsa Fernando Pó a re "ke leje le le tlhwatlhwakgolo le Spain e neng ya se ka ya le phimola" ka go bo a ne a gana go tlhoma molao o o ntseng jalo. Le fa go ne go na le ditshono tse di botoka tsa gore Ba-Yuropa ba ba neng ba nna mo setlhaketlhakeng seo ba ka tshela, Mary Kingsley, yo o neng a nna mo setlhaketlhakeng seo, o ne a tlhalosa Fernando Pó e le "tsela e e sa itumediseng ya go bolaya" Ba-Spain ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe koo.^[39]

Gape go ne go na le batho ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba fuduga go tswa kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tse di gaufi tsa Portugal, makgoba a a neng a tshabile le batho ba ba neng ba batla go nna balemi. Le mororo bangwe ba batho ba kwa Fernandino e ne e le Bakatoliki ba ba buang Se-Spain, mo e ka nnang diperesente di le robongwe tsa bone e ne e le Baporotesetanta ba ba buang Seesemane pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe , mme sekgowa se se neng se buiwa ka puo ya Se-Pidgin e ne e le puo e e dirisiwang thata mo setlhaketlhakeng seno. Batho ba Sierra Leone ba ne ba le mo maemong a a siameng a go jala dijalo fa go ntse go thapiwa badiri kwa lotshitshing lwa Windward. Ba-Fernandino ba ne ba nna bagwebi le bagokaganyi fa gare ga batho ba ba tlholegileng koo le Bayuropa. ^[40]Lekgoba le le golotsweng go tswa kwa West Indies ka tsela ya Sierra Leone le le bidiwang William Pratt le ne la tlhoma thobo ya koko kwa Fernando Pó. ^[41]

Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo masome mabedi la dingwaga (Ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabongwe go fitlha ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a mane le metso e metlhano (1900- 1945)

Spain e ne e sa gapa karolo e kgolo ya Kgogometso ya Biafra e e neng e le ya yone go ya ka tumalano, mme Bafora ba ne ba atolositse taolo ya bone ka go senya lefatshe le Spain e neng e le batla. Madrid e ne ya tshegetsa fela ka bontlhabongwe dipatlisiso tsa banna ba ba tshwanang le Manuel Iradier yo o neng a saena ditumalano kwa tengteng ga naga go fitlha kwa Gabon le Cameroon, a tlogela karolo e kgolo ya naga eo e sa "tlhamiwa" jaaka go ne go batliwa ke ditumalano tsa Khonferense ya Berlin ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a robabobedi le metso e metlhano (1885). Thuso e nnye ya puso ya go gapa naga e ne ya tla ka ntlha ya maikutlo a setšhaba le tlhokego ya badiri kwa Fernando Pó. ^[42]

Tumalano ya Paris ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabongwe (1900) e ne ya tlogela Spain le Río Muni, e e neng e le 26,000 km2 fela mo go tse 300,000 km2 tse di neng di lebile kwa botlhaba go ya kwa nokeng ya Ubangi e Ba-Spain ba neng ba e batla kwa tshimologong.^[43] Go tlontlololwa ga dipuisano tsa Franco-Spanish, go kopantswe le matlhotlhapelo a Cuba go ne ga dira gore moeteledipele wa setlhopha sa dipuisano sa Spain, Pedro Gover y Tovar, a ipolaye mo loetong lwa go boela gae ka kgwedi ya Phalane ele masome a mabedi le bongwe,ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le motso ( 1901). ^[44] Iradier ka boene o ne a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya go tlalelwa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,lesome le metso (1911); masomesome a dingwaga morago ga moo, boemakepe jwa Cogo bo ne jwa bidiwa Puerto Iradier go mo tlotla.

Melawana ya lefatshe e e neng ya ntshiwa ka ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le metso e mene go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le metso e metlhano(1904 - 1905) e ne e rata Ba-Spain, mme bontsi jwa balemi ba bagolo ba ba neng ba tla morago ba ne ba goroga go tswa kwa Spain morago ga moo. Go ne ga dirwa tumalano le Liberia ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, lesome le metso e mene (1914) go reka badiri ba ba tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase. Le fa go ntse jalo, puso ya Liberia e ne ya feleletsa e fedisitse tumalano eno morago ga go senolwa ka maemo a badiri ba kwa Liberia kwa Fernando Pó mo Pegong ya Christy e e neng ya diga Tautona wa lefatshe leo e bong Charles D. B. Kgosi ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo(1930).

Kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga, Ba-Bubi ba ne ba sirelediwa mo ditlhokong tsa balemi ke barongwa ba Ba-Spain ba Ba-Claretian, ba ba neng ba na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo koloning mme kgabagare ba rulaganya Ba-Bubi go nna mekgatlho e mennye ya bodumedi e e neng e tshwana le ya Ba-Jesuit ba ba neng ba fokotsa palo ya batho ba ba neng ba nna kwa Paraguay. Go tsenelela ga Bokatoliki go ne ga okediwa ke ditsuoloso tse pedi tse dinnye ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi,masome a robabongwe le metso e robabobedi (1898) le ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le lesome (1910 )tse di neng di ipelaetsa kgatlhanong le go patelediwa go dira tiro e e patelediwang mo masimong. Ba Bubi ba ne ba kgaolwa dibetsa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, lesome le metso e supa(1917), mme ba sala ba ikaegile ka barongwa. ^[45]Tlhaelo e e masisi ya badiri e ne ya rarabololwa ka nakwana ke khudugo e kgolo ya batshabi go tswa kwa German Kamerun, mmogo le diketekete tsa masole a basweu ba Majeremane ba ba neng ba nna mo setlhaketlhakeng ka dingwaga di le mmalwa. ^[46]

Fa gare ga ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a mabedi le metso e merataro le ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a matlhano le metso e robabongwe (1926 1959) Bioko le Río Muni di ne tsa kopanngwa go nna kolone ya Spain Guinea. Itsholelo e ne e ikaegile ka masimo a magolo a cacao le kofi le ditshiamelo tsa go rema ditlhare mme badiri e ne e le bontsi jwa badiri ba ba neng ba tswa kwa Liberia, Nigeria le Cameroon. ^[47] Magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,lesome le metso e mene le ngwaga wa sekete makagolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo (1914 le 1930), go fopholediwa gore batho ba le makgolo a lesome ba kwa Liberia ba ne ba ya kwa Fernando Po ka fa tlase ga tumelano ya badiri e e neng ya emisiwa gotlhelele ka ngwaga wa sekete makagolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo (1930). ^[48]E re ka go ne go sa tlhole go na le badiri ba kwa Liberia, balemi ba Fernando Po ba ne ba ya kwa Río Muni. Go ne ga simololwa matsholo a go laola Ba-Fang ka bo ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le smome a mabedi (1920), ka nako ya fa Liberia e ne e simolola go fokotsa go thapiwa ga masole. Go ne go na le masole a tshireletso ya bokoloniale go ralala lefelo le ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a mabedi le metso e meratato (1926), mme kolonia yotlhe e ne e tsewa e le 'e e nang le kagiso' ka 1929.^[49]

Ntwa ya Selegae ya kwa Spain e ne ya ama kolone eo thata. Setlhopha sa basweu ba Ba-Spain ba le lekgolo le masone a matlhano, go akaretsa le Molaodi-Kakaretso le Motlatsa-Molaodi-Kakaretso wa Río Muni, ba ne ba tlhama lekoko la bososhiale le le neng le bidiwa Popular Front mo kgaolong e e neng e le kgatlhanong le dikgatlhego tsa beng ba masimo a Fernando Pó. Fa Ntwa ya Lefatshe I e ne e simologa, Francisco Franco o ne a laela masole a Banasi a a neng a le kwa Canary Islands gore a laole Equatorial Guinea. Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, msome a mararo le metso e merataro (1936), masole a Nationalist a a neng a tshegediwa ke Ba-Falangist go tswa Fernando Pó a ne a tsaya taolo ya Río Muni, e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga Molaodi-Kakaretso Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez le motlatsa-molaodi wa gagwe Porcel ba neng ba tshegeditse puso ya Rephaboliki. Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele , Popular Front le batshegetsi ba yone ba ne ba fenngwa mme Equatorial Guinea e ne ya nna ya ga Franco. Molaodi yo o neng a okametse go thopa, Juan Fontán Lobé, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mmusi-Kakaretso ke Franco mme o ne a simolola go dirisa taolo e e oketsegileng ya Spain mo teng ga lefelo leno. ^[50]

Río Muni e ne e na le batho ba ba fetang 100 000 ka bo ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo (1930); go ne go le motlhofo go tshabela kwa Cameroon kgotsa kwa Gabon. Ka jalo Fernando Pó o ne a tswelela a na le bothata jwa go tlhoka badiri. Bafora ba ne ba letlelela go thapiwa ka nakwana fela kwa Cameroon, mme motswedi o mogolo wa badiri e ne ya nna Ba-Igbo ba ba neng ba tlisiwa ka bokukuntshwane ka mekoro go tswa kwa Calabar kwa Nigeria. Tshwetso eno e ne ya dira gore Fernando Pó e nne nngwe ya mafelo a temothuo a a tlhagisang thata mo Afrika morago ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe.^[45]

Dingwaga tsa bofelo tsa puso ya Spain ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robaongwe, masome a mane le metso e metlhano go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robaongwe,masome a marataro le metso e robabobedi(1945 -1968)

Ka tsela ya sepolotiki, ditso tsa bokoloniale ya morago ga ntwa e na le dikgato di le tharo tse di farologaneng: go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le metso e robabongwe (1959), fa maemo a yone a ne a tlhatlosiwa go tswa go "bokoloniale" go ya go "ya porofense", go latela mokgwa wa Mmusomogolo wa Portugal; magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e robabobedi (1960 le 1968), fa Madrid e ne e leka go fedisa bokoloniale ka go leka go boloka kgaolo e le karolo ya tsamaiso ya Spain; le go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e robabobedi (1968), morago ga gore kgaolo e nne repaboliki e e ikemetseng. Kgato ya ntlha e ne e le go tswelela pele ga dipholisi tsa pele; tse di neng di tshwana thata le dipholisi tsa Portugal le Fora, segolo thata ka go kgaoganya baagi ka bontsi jo bo laolwang jaaka 'baagi' kgotsa ba e seng baagi, le palo e potlana thata (mmogo le basweu) ba ba amogetsweng maemo a baagi jaaka ba ba golotsweng, go tshwana le setso sa toropo e le yone fela tsela e e letleletsweng ya go tswelela pele. ^[51]

Karolo eno ya "puso-selegae" e ne ya bona go simologa ga bosetšhaba, mme segolobogolo mo gare ga ditlhopha tse dinnye tse di neng di tshabetse mo diatleng tsa ga Caudillo kwa Cameroon le Gabon. Ba ne ba bopa mekgatlho e mebedi: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), le Idea Popular de Guinea Equatorial (IPGE). Kwa bofelong jwa bo ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960), bontsi jwa kontinente ya Afrika bo ne jwa newa boipuso. E re ka Ba-Spain ba ne ba lemoga seno, ba ne ba simolola go dira maiteko a a oketsegileng a go baakanyetsa naga eno go bona boipuso. Lotseno lwa lefatshe lotlhe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marararo le metso e metlhano (1965) e ne e le $466, e leng lone lo lo kwa godimo go gaisa mo Afrika e ntsho; Ba-Spain ba ne ba aga boemafofane jwa boditšhabatšhaba kwa Santa Isabel, seteishene sa thelebishene mme ba oketsa selekanyo sa go itse go bala le go kwala go nna 89%. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e supa (1967), palo ya malao a bookelo mo mothong a le mongwe kwa Equatorial Guinea e ne e feta ya kwa Spain ka boyone, ka malao a le sekete makgolo a marataro ,masome a mararo le metso e supa mo dikokelong di le lesome le borataro. Kwa bokhutlong jwa puso ya bokoloniale, palo ya Maaforika mo dithutong tse di kwa godimo e ne e le mo dipalong tse pedi fela. ^[52]

Tshwetso ya kgwedi ya Phatwe e robabongwe,ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e meraro (1963), e e neng ya amogelwa ka referandamo ya kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e meraro (1963), e ne ya neela kgaolo eno selekanyo sa boipuso le go rotloetsa tsamaiso ya setlhopha sa "ba ba tekatekano", Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial [es] (MUNGE). Seno se ne sa se ka sa atlega, mme, ka ntlha ya kgatelelo e e neng e oketsega ya gore go nne le diphetogo go tswa kwa lekgotleng la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng, ka iketlo Madrid e ne ya patelesega go ineela mo mekgweng ya bosetšhaba. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e metlhano (1965) go ne ga amogelwa ditshwetso tse pedi tsa Kokoano Kakaretso tse di neng di laela Spain gore e neye kolone eno boipuso, mme ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e merataro (1966), go ne ga etela Khomišene ya lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng kwa lefatsheng leo pele ga o akantsha selo se se tshwanang. Go araba seo, Ba-Spain ba ne ba bolela gore ba tla tshwara kopano ya molaotheo ka kgwwdi ya Phalane ele masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e Supa (1967) go buisana ka molaotheo o mosha wa Equatorial Guinea e e ikemetseng. Baemedi ba le masome amane le bongwe ba mo lefelong leo le ba le masome amabedi le botlhano ba kwa Spain ba ne ba le teng mo khonferenseng eo. Baafrika ba ne ba kgaogane thata ka Fernandinos le Bubi ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, ba ba neng ba boifa go latlhegelwa ke ditshiamelo le go 'senngwa' ke bontsi jwa Ba-Fang, le Ba-Río Muni ba Ba-Fang ba ba neng ba rata bosetšhaba ka fa go le lengwe. Kwa khonferenseng eo, motho yo o neng a eteletse pele mo go Fang, yo moragonyana a neng a nna Tautona wa ntlha Francisco Macías Nguema, o ne a neela puo e e neng e tsosa kganetsano e mo go yone a neng a bolela gore Adolf Hitler o ne a "bolokile Afrika". ^[53]Morago ga dikopano di le robongwe, khonferense e ne ya emisiwa ka ntlha ya kgotlhang e e neng e le fa gare ga "ba-unionist" le "ba-separatist" ba ba neng ba batla Fernando Pó yo o farologaneng. Macías o ne a swetsa ka gore a ye kwa lekgotleng la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng go ya go dira gore batho ba lefatshe lotlhe ba itse ka kgang eno, mme dipuo tsa gagwe tse di neng di tlhotlheletsa batho kwa New York di ne tsa thusa gore Spain e tlhome letlha la go bona boipuso le go dira ditlhopho. Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ,ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e robabobedi (1968) baeteledipele botlhe ba Ba-Bubi ba ne ba ya kwa UN kwa New York go ya go leka go dira gore batho ba itse ka kgang ya bone, mme setšhaba sa lefatshe se ne se sa kgatlhegele go ngangisana ka dintlha tse di rileng tsa boipuso jwa bokoloniale. Dingwaga tsa bo sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960) e ne e le nako ya tsholofelo e kgolo ka bokamoso jwa dikolone tsa maloba tsa Aforika, mme ditlhopha tse di neng di le gaufi le babusi ba Yuropa, jaaka Ba-Bubi, di ne di sa tsewe sentle. ^[54]

Boipuso ka fa tlase ga ga Macías, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e robabobedi go fitlha ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e robabongwe (1968-1979)

Ba ne ba bona boipuso jwa bone go tswa kwa Spain ka Kgwedi ya Phalane e le lesome le bobedi, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e robabobedi (1968), ka sethoboloko kwa motsemogolong wa Malabo. Lefatshe le le ntšha le ne ya nna Repaboliki ya Equatorial Guinea (letsatsi le le ketekwa jaaka Letsatsi la Kgololosego la lefatshe^[55]). Macías o ne a nna Tautona mo ditlhophong tse di neng di gololesegile e bile di siame go fitlha jaanong.^[56] Ba-Spain (ba ba neng ba busiwa ke Franco) ba ne ba tshegetsa Macías mo ditlhophong; bontsi jwa letsholo la gagwe le ne le akaretsa go etela mafelo a magae a Río Muni le go ba solofetsa gore ba tla nna le matlo le basadi ba Ba-Spain fa ba ka mo tlhopha. O ne a fentse mo lekgetlong la bobedi la ditlhopho.

Ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae ya kwa Nigeria, Fernando Pó e ne e nniwa ke badiri ba le bantsi ba Ba-Ibo ba ba neng ba tshegetsa Biafra mme batshabi ba le bantsi go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le neng le kgaogane ba ne ba tshabela kwa setlhaketlhakeng. Komiti ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Sefapaano se Sehibidu e ne ya simolola go fofisa difofane tsa namolo go tswa kwa Equatorial Guinea, mme Macías o ne a emisa difofane tseo ka bonako, a gana go di letla go fofisa lookwane lwa ditanka tsa ditanka tsa disele le ditanka tsa okosejene tse di neng di tla dirisiwa mo ditirong tsa kalafi. Ba kgaogano ba kwa Biafra ba ne ba bolawa ke tlala gore ba ineele kwa ntle ga tshegetso ya boditšhabatšhaba. ^[57]

Morago ga gore Mosekisi wa Setšhaba a ngongorege ka "go feteletsa dilo le go sa tshware sentle" ga badiredi ba puso, Macías o ne a dira gore batho ba le lekgolo le masome a matlhao ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka go leka go menola puso ba bolawe ka go phepafatsa ka Letsatsi la Keresemose ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e robabongwe ( 1969), mme botlhe e ne e le baganetsi ba sepolotiki. ^[58] Macias Nguema o ne a tiisa maatla a gagwe ka go thibela makoko a sepolotiki a kganetso ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) mme a itira Tautona wa botshelo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe ,masome a supa le metso e mebedi( 1972). ^[59]^[60] O ne a kgaola dikamano tsa gagwe le Spain le Bophirima. Le fa a ne a kgala Marxism, e a neng a e tsaya e le "neo-colonialist", Equatorial Guinea e ne e na le dikamano tse di kgethegileng le mafatshe a bokomonisi, segolobogolo China, Cuba, Jeremane Botlhaba le USSR. Macias Nguema o ne a saena tumalano ya kgwebo e e kgethegileng le Soviet Union le go dira tumalano ya go tsamaisa dikepe. Ba-Soviet gape ba ne ba adima Equatorial Guinea madi.^[61] Tumelano ya go tsamaisa dikepe e ne ya neela Soviet tetla ya porojeke ya go tlhabolola ditlhapi le go tlhoma bothibelelo jwa dikepe kwa Luba. Mo boemong jwa seo, USSR e ne e tshwanetse go abela Equatorial Guinea ditlhapi. China le Cuba le tsone di ne tsa thusa Equatorial Guinea ka ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa madi, tsa sesole le tsa boitsaanape, tse di neng tsa dira gore di nne le tlhotlheletso e e rileng koo. Go USSR, go ne go na le molemo o o neng o ka bonwa mo ntweng ya Angola go tswa mo go tseneng kwa bothibelelong jwa Luba mme moragonyana kwa Malabo International Airport.^[61]

Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e mene (1974), Lekgotla la Lefatshe la Dikereke le ne la tlhomamisa gore go bolailwe batho ba le bantsi fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e robabobedi ( 1968) mo pusong e e ntseng e tswelela pele ya borukhutlhi. Ba ne ba bolela gore nngwetharong ya baagi botlhe ba ne ba tshabetse kwa dinageng di sele, fa 'dikgolegelo tsone di tletse e bile go ka twe ke kampa e kgolo ya pogisetso.' Go ne ga bolawa batho ba le 80 000 mo baaging ba le 300 000. ^[62] Ntle le go latofadiwa ka gore o dirile polao ya morafe kgatlhanong le morafe wa batho ba se kae ba Ba-Bubi, Macias Nguema o ne a laela gore go bolawe diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba belaelwa gore ke baganetsi, a tswala dikereke mme a etelela pele go phutlhama ga iitsholelo jaaka baagi ba ba lefatshe le bokgoni le batswakwa ba ne ba tshaba mo lefatsheng.^[63]

Obiang (Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e robabongwe go fitlha gompieno)

Setlogolo sa ga Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang o ne a ntsha malomaagwe mo setilong ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e tlhola ga raro,ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e robabongwe (1979), ka coup d'état e e neng ya tsholola madi; go ne ga latela ntwa ya selegae e e tsereng dibeke di le pedi go fitlha Macías Nguema a tshwarwa. O ne a sekisiwa le go bolawa ka bonako morago ga moo, mme Obiang a mo tlhatlhama jaaka Tautona yo o neng a se na tshololo ya madi, mme a sa ntse a le mogateledi. ^[64]

Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e metlhano (1995), kompone ya oli ya kwa Amerika ya Mobil e ne ya bona oli kwa Equatorial Guinea. Morago ga moo lefatshe le ne la itemogela tlhabololo yaitsholelo e e bofefo, mme lotseno lo lo tswang mo khumong ya oli ya lefatshe ga lo ise lo fitlhe kwa baaging mme lefatshe le mo maemong a a kwa tlase mo tshupetsong ya UN ya tlhabololo ya batho. 7.9% ya bana ba swa pele ga ba le dingwaga di le tlhano, mme go feta 50% ya baagi ga ba na metsi a a phepa a go nwa. ^[65] Obiang o belaelwa thata ka go dirisa khumo ya oli ya lefatshe go ikhumisa^[66]le ditsala tsa gagwe. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e merataro ( 2006), Forbes e ne ya akanyetsa khumo ya gagwe e le $600 million.^[67]

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le motso (2011), puso e ne ya itsise fa e rulaganyetsa go aga motse-mogolo o moša wa lefatshe, o o bidiwang Oyala.^[68]^[69] ^[70]^[71]Toropo e ne ya bidiwa Ciudad de la Paz ("Toropo ya Kagiso") ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e supa ( 2017).

Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e merataro ( 2016), Obiang e ne e le ene mmusaesi wa bobedi yo o busitseng nako e telele mo Afrika morago ga Paul Biya wa kwa Cameroon. ^[72] Equatorial Guinea e tlhophilwe jaaka leloko le e seng la leruri la United Nations Security Council ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabobedi go fitlha ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi, lesome le metso e robabongwe (2018- 2019).^[73]Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e tlhola ga supa,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le motso ( 2021), go ne ga nna le ditlhaselo tsa ditlhobolo kwa bothibelelong jwa sesole gaufi le toropo ya Bata, tse di neng tsa baka dintsho di le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi le batho ba le makgolo a marataro ba ba neng ba gobala mme ba alafiwa kwa kokelong.^[74] Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e mebedi (2022), Obiang o ne a tlhophiwa gape mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e mebedi (2022) tsa Equatorial Guinea ka 99.7% ya diboutu fa gare ga ditatofatso tsa tsietso ke kganetso. ^[75]^[76]

Puso le dipolotiki

Tautona ya gompieno ya Equatorial Guinea ke Teodoro Obiang. Molaotheo wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabobedi le metso e mebedi ( 1982) wa Equatorial Guinea o mo fa dithata tse di tseneletseng, go akaretsa go thapa le go rola maloko a kabinete, go dira melao ka molao, go tlhatlhamolola Ntlo ya Baemedi, go buisana le go tlhomamisa ditumalano le go direla jaaka molaodi wa masole. Go ya ka Human Rights Watch, puso ya bomopresidente ya ga Obiang e dirisitse go gola ga oli go ikgotsofatsa le go ikhumisa go ya pele ka ditshenyegelo tsa batho ba lefatshe leo. ^[77] Fa e sale ka kgwedi ya Phatwe wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le metso e robabaongwe ( 1979), go nnile le maiteko a le lesome le bobedi a go leka go menola puso mme a se ka a atlega.^[78]Go ya ka pego ya kgwedi ya Mopitlo,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mene ( 2004) ya BBC,^[79] dipolotiki tsa mo lefatsheng di ne di laolwa ke dikgotlhang le morwa wa ga Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue.

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mene (2004), sefofane se se neng se rwele masole a a neng a belaelwa gore ke masole a a tapilwe se ne sa tshwarwa kwa Zimbabwe fa go ne go bolelwa gore se ne se le mo tseleng go ya go menola puso ya ga Obiang. Pego ya kgwedi Ngwanatsele, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mene( 2004)^[80]e ne ya bolela fa Mark Thatcher e le ene a neng a tshegetsa ka madi maiteko a coup d'état ya kwa Equatorial Guinea ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mene ( 2004) a a neng a rulagantswe ke Simon Mann. Diakhaonto tse di farologaneng gape di ne tsa bolela fa MI6 ya United Kingdom, CIA ya United States, le Spain e ne e le batshegetsi ba ba neng ba sa bue sepe ka maiteko a go menola puso.^[81] Le fa go ntse jalo, pego ya Amnesty International e e golotsweng ka Seetebosigo 2005 ka tsheko e e neng ya latela ya ba go neng go twe ba na le seabe e ne ya gatelela go retelelwa ga mosekisi go tlhagisa bosupi jo bo tlhatswang pelo jwa gore tota go ne go lekile go menola puso.^[82] Simon Mann o ne a gololwa mo kgolegelong ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e tlhola ga raro,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe (2009) ka ntlha ya mabaka a botho.^[83]

Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e metlhano ( 2005), Military Professional Resources Inc., e leng kompone ya sesole ya boditšhabatšhaba e e ikemetseng e e kwa United States, e ntse e dira kwa Equatorial Guinea go thapisa mapodise gore a dirise ditshwanelo tsa batho ka tsela e e tshwanetseng. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e merataro ( 2006), Mokwaledi wa lefatshe la US Condoleezza Rice o ne a galaletsa Obiang jaaka "tsala e e molemo" le fa a ne a tshwaiwa diphoso gangwe le gape ka ga ditshwanelo tsa gagwe tsa botho le rekoto ya ditshwanelo tsa botho. US Agency for International Development e tsene mo memorandamong wa go tlhaloganya (MOU) le Obiang ka kgwedi ya Moranang, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e merataro ( 2006) go tlhoma letlole la tlhabololo ya loago mo lefatsheng go diragatsa diporojeke mo dikarolong tsa boitekanelo, thuto, merero ya basadi le tikologo.^[84]

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e merataro ( 2006), Obiang o ne a baya monwana molao o o kgatlhanong le go tlhokofatsa o o neng o thibela mefuta yotlhe ya go sotla le go tshwara batho ka tsela e e sa siamang kwa Equatorial Guinea, mme o ne a laela gore go agiwe sesha le go tlhabolola kgolegelo ya Black Beach ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e merataro (2007) go netefatsa gore magolegwa a tshwarwa sentle. ^[85] Le fa go ntse jalo, go gatakwa ga ditshwanelo tsa botho go tsweletse. Human Rights Watch le Amnesty International gareng ga mekgatlho e mengwe e e seng ya puso di kwadisitse ditlolomolao tse di masisi tsa ditshwanelo tsa botho mo dikgolegelong, go akaretsa go tlhokofatsa, go betsa, dintsho tse di sa tlhalosiweng le go golegwa go go seng ka fa molaong. ^[86]^[87] ^[88]Obiang o ne a tlhophiwa gape go direla paka e nngwe gape ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe ( 2009) mo ditlhophong tse di neng tsa tsewa ke African Union e le "tse di tsamaelanang le molao wa ditlhopho". Obiang o ne a tlhomiwa gape jaaka Tonakgolo Ignacio Milam Tang ka 2010. ^[89]

Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele , ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le motso (2011), go ne ga amogelwa molaotheo o mosha. Molaotheo o ne wa boutelwa, le fa gone mokwalo wa one le se o se bolelang di ne di sa senololwa phatlalatsa pele ga go boutelwa. Go ya ka molaotheo o mosha,Tautona o ne a lekanyeditswe go nna mo maemong a le mabedi a dingwaga di le supa mme e ne e tla nna tlhogo ya lefatshe le tlhogo ya puso, ka jalo a tlosa tonakgolo. Molaotheo o mosha gape o ne wa tlhoma motlatsa-Tautona mme wa laela gore go tlhamiwe Senate ya maloko a le masome a supa e e nang le maloko a le masome a matlhano le botlhano a a tlhophilweng ke batho mme a le lesome le botlhano a a setseng a tlhophiwa ke Tautona. Mo thulaganyong e e latelang ya kabinete, go ne ga itsisiwe gore go tla nna le batlatsa-Tautona ba le babedi ka go tlola molaotheo o o neng o simolola go dira. ^[91]

Ka kgwedi ya Phalane,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mebedi ( 2012), ka nako ya puisano le Christiane Amanpour mo CNN, Obiang o ne a bodiwa gore a o tlaa tlogela tiro kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga jaana ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe go fitlha ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome metso e merataro (2009 - 2016) ka gore molaotheo o montšhwa o ne wa lekanyetsa palo ya paka go nna pedi mme o tlhophilwe gape bonnye makgetlo a le mane. Obiang o ne a araba ka gore ga a batle go tlogela tiro ka gonne molaotheo o montšhwa o ne o sa dire morago ga nako e e fetileng mme tekanyetso ya dipaka tse pedi e ne e tla simolola go dira fela go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e merataro ( 2016).^[92]

Ditlhopho tsa kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le borataro,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi , lesome le metso e meraro (2013) di kopantse dikgaisano tsa Senate, Ntlo e e kwa tlase le tsa go nna ramotse mo sephuthelwaneng se le sengwe. Fela jaaka ditlhopho tsotlhe tse di fetileng, seno se ne sa kgalwa ke baganetsi, mme le sone se ne sa fenngwa ke PDGE ya ga Obiang. Ka nako ya kgaisano ya ditlhopho, lekoko le le busang le ne la tshwara ditlhopho tsa ka fa gare, tse moragonyana di neng tsa phimolwa. Clara Nsegue Eyi le Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, ba ba neng ba rulaganya Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Mokgatlho wa Batho wa Kganetso), ba ne ba tshwarwa. Ba ne ba tshwarwa ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le lesome le boraro. Ba ne ba kopa gore go nne le boipelaetso jwa kagiso kwa Plaza de la Mujer ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le lesome le botlhano. Mookamedi Enrique Nsolo Nzo le ene o ne a tshwarwa a bo a isiwa kwa Seteisheneng sa Mapodise sa Malabo. Nsolo Nzo o ne a gololwa moragonyana mo letsatsing leo kwa ntle ga go latofadiwa.^[93]

Ka bokhutshwane morago ga ditlhopho, lekoko la kganetso la Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) le ne la itsise gore ba tlile go dira boipelaetso ka kagiso kgatlhanong le ditlhopho tsa kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le borataro ka Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le botlhano.^[94]Tona ya Merero ya Selegae Clemente Engonga o ne a gana go letlelela boipelaetso ka mabaka a gore bo ka "kgoreletsa" naga mme CPDS e ne ya swetsa go tswelela pele, e bolela gore ke tshwanelo ya molaotheo. Mo bosigong jwa Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le bone, ntlokgolo ya CPDS kwa Malabo e ne ya dikaganyediwa ke mapodisi a a neng a tlhometse ka dibetsa go thibela ba ba neng ba le mo teng gore ba se ka ba tswa mme ka jalo ba kgoreletsa boipelaetso. Maloko a le mmalwa a a eteletseng pele a CPDS a ne a tshwarwa kwa Malabo mme ba bangwe kwa Bata ba ne ba thibelwa go palama difofane di le mmalwa tsa selegae go ya Malabo. ^[95]

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e merataro (2016), Obiang o ne a tlhophiwa gape mo pakeng e nngwe gape ya dingwaga tse supa mo ditlhophong tseo, go ya ka Freedom House, di neng di tletse ka tirisodikgoka ya sepodisi, go tshwarwa le go tlhokofadiwa ga makoko a kganetso. ^[96]

Morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e mebedi (2022), Tautona Obiang's Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea e tshwere manno otlhe a le lekgolo kwa Chamber of Deputies le otlhe a a mo Senate. Kganetso ga e yo gotlhelele mo lefatsheng leo mme e rulagantswe go tswa kwa Spain segolobogolo mo teng ga Social-democratic Convergence for Social Democracy. Bontsi jwa metswedi ya dikgang bo laolwa ke puso; dsethswantsho sa motshikinyego se se ikemetseng, tsa setlhopha sa Asonga, ke tsa lelapa la ga tautona.^[97]

Mo kgatisong ya bone ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi ( 2020), Transparency International e ne ya naya Equatorial Guinea palo ya lesome le borataro mo Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). CPI e baya mafatshe mo maemong go ya ka selekanyo se go akanngwang gore di na le bonweenwee mo pusong, mo go nang le bonweenwee jo bo kwa godimo thata mme go na le jo bo phepa thata. Equatorial Guinea e ne e le lefatshe la bo lekgolo, masome a supa le bone le le nang le maduo a a kwa tlase go gaisa mo mafatshengdi a le lekgolo le masome a robabobedi .^[98] Freedom House, e leng lekalana le le ikemetseng le le tshegetsang puso ya batho ka batho le ditokelo tsa botho, e tlhslositse Obiang e le e mong wa "di kleptocratic autocrats tse phelang" lefatsheng, mme a tletleba ka gore mmuso wa US o amogela tsamaiso ya gagwe mme o reka oli ko go lone. ^[99] Go ya ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e meraro (2023) V-Dem Democracy indices, Equatorial Guinea ke lefatshe la bo supa bo le le senang puso ya batho ka batho mo Afrika.^[100]

Ipapano ya Sesole

Sesole sa Equatorial Guinea se na le maloko a ka nna dikete tse pedi le makgolo a matlhano . 93] Sesole se na le masole a ka nna sekete le makgolo a mane, mapodisi a na le masole a le makgolo a mane , masole a lewatle a na le maloko a le makgolo a mabedi, mme masole a difofane one a na le maloko a ka nna lekgolo le masome a mabedi . Gape go na le sesole, mme palo ya maloko a sone ga e itsiwe. ^[101]

Go ya ka Global Peace Index ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi ,masome a mabedi le metso e mene ( 2024), Equatorial Guinea ke lefatshe la bo masome a robabongwe le bone a a nang le kagiso go gaisa mo lefatsheng.^[102]

Dipopego tsa Lefatshe

Equatorial Guinea e mo lotshitshing lo lo kafa bophirima jwa Afrika Bogare. Lefatshe le le na le naga e tona, Río Muni, e e fa gaufi le Cameroon kwa bokone le Gabon kwa botlhaba le kwa borwa, le ditlhaketlhake tse dinnye tse tlhano, Bioko, Corisco, Annobón, Elobey Chico (Elobey e Nnye), le Elobey Grande (Elobey e Kgolo). Bioko, e leng lefelo le go nang le motsemogolo wa Malabo mo go lone, le dikilometara di ka nna masome a mane go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa Cameroon. Setlhaketlhake sa Annobón se bokgakala jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano go tswa kwa bophirima-botlhaba jwa Cape Lopez kwa Gabon. Corisco le ditlhaketlhake tse pedi tsa Elobey di kwa Corisco Bay, mo molelwaneng wa Río Muni le Gabon.^[103]

Equatorial Guinea e fa gare ga 4°N le 2°S le 5° le 12°E. Go sa kgathalesege leina la yone, ga go na karolo ya naga e e leng kwa ekhweithareng - e kwa hemisefereng ya bokone, kwa ntle ga porofense ya Annobón, e e ka nnang dikilometara di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano le botlhano (96 mi) kwa borwa jwa ekhweithara.

Loapi

Equatorial Guinea e na le tlelaemete ya boboatsatsi e e nang le dipaka tse di farologaneng tsa pula le komelelo. Go tloga kakgwedi ya Seetebosigo go ya go ya Phatwe, Río Muni ga e na metsi mme Bioko yone e na le metsi; go tloga ka kgwedi ya Seimontlhole go ya go Hirikgong, go direga se se farologaneng. Fa gare ga tsone, go na le phetogo e e diregang ka iketlo. Pula kgotsa mouwane di na letsatsi le letsatsi kwa Annobón, koo go iseng go ko go nne le letsatsi le le senang maru. Themperetšha kwa Malabo, Bioko, e farologana go tswa go 16 °C (61 °F) go ya go 33 °C (91 °F), le fa e le gore kwa borwa jwa Moka Plateau, dithemperetšha tse di kwa godimo tse di tlwaelegileng ke 21 °C (70 °F) fela. Kwa Río Muni, themperetšha e e tlwaelegileng e ka nna 27 °C (81 °F). Pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e farologana go tswa go 1,930 mm (76 in) kwa Malabo go ya go 10,920 mm (430 in) kwa Ureka, Bioko, mme Río Muni e omeletse go sekae.

Tikologo

Equatorial Guinea e na le dikgaolo di le mmalwa tsa tikologo. Kgaolo ya Río Muni e mo tikologong ya Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion kwa ntle ga mafelo a mangrove a Central African mo lotshitshing, segolobogolo mo molomong wa Noka ya Muni. Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion e akaretsa bontsi jwa Bioko le dikarolo tse di mabapi tsa Cameroon le Nigeria mo kontinenteng ya Afrika, mme Mount Cameroon le Bioko montane forests ecoregion e akaretsa dithaba tsa Bioko le Mount Cameroon e e gaufi. The São Tomé, Príncipe, and Annobón moist lowland forests ecoregion e akaretsa Annobón yotlhe, mmogo le São Tomé le Príncipe. ^[104]

Lefatshe le le nang le tekanyetso ya dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabobedi ya Forest Landscape Integrity Index ya 7.99/10, e e beileng mo maemong a bo masome a mararo lefatshe ka bophara mo mafatsheng a le lekgolo le masome a supa le bobedi . ^[105]

Tikologo ya Equatorial Guinea

Diphologolo tsa naga

Equatorial Guinea ke legae la Dikorila, Dikgabo, Ditshwene tse di farologaneng, Mangau, Dinare, Diphala, Ditlou, Ditshukudu, Dikwena le Dinoga tse di farologaneng, go akaretsa le di Thware.^[106]

Dikgaogano tsa Tsamaiso

Equatorial Guinea e kgaogantswe ka diporofense di le borobabobedi. Porofense e ntšhwa ke Djibloho, e e tlhamilweng ka ngwaga wa diketet ste pedi,lesome le metso e supa( 2017) ka ntlokgolo ya yone kwa Ciudad de la Paz, motse mogolo wa lefatshe ya isago.^[107] ^[108] Diporofense tse di robangbobedi ke tse di latelang (dinomoro di tsamaelana le tse di mo moalong; ditoropokgolo tsa diporofense di tlhagelela ka fa gare ga masakana):^[107]

Diporofense di kgaogantswe gape ka dikgaolo di le lesome le borobabongwe le bommasepala ba le masome a mararo le bosupa.^[109]

Itsholelo

Pele galefatshe leno le nna le boipuso go tswa kwa Spain, Equatorial Guinea e ne e romela cocoa, kofi le dikgong kwa mafatsheng a mangwe, segolobogolo kwa mmusing wa yone wa bokoloniale e bong Spain, mme gape e ne e di romela kwa Jeremane le kwa United Kingdom. Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e rogwa,ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabobedi le metso e metlhano(1985), lefatshe le ne la nna leloko la ntlha la Afrika le le sa bueng Sefora mo kgaolong ya franc, le amogela CFA franc jaaka madi a lone. Madi a bosetšhaba, ekwele, pele a ne a golagantswe le peseta ya Spain. ^[110]

Go ribololwa ga mabolokelo a magolo a oli ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le metso e merataro ( 1996) le go dirisiwa ga one go ne ga dira gore lotseno lwa puso lo oketsege thata. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mene( 2004),^[111]Equatorial Guinea ke lefatshe la boraro le le tlhagisang oli kwa Sub-Saharan Africa. Kgwebo ya yone ya oli e oketsegile go nna dibarele di le 360 000 ka letsatsi (57 000 m3/d), fa e bapisiwa le dibarele di le 220 000 tse e neng e di ntsha dingwaga di le pedi fela tse di fetileng. Dikompone tsa oli tse di dirang kwa Equatorial Guinea di akaretsa ExxonMobil, Marathon Oil, Kosmos Energy le Chevron. ^[112]^[113]

Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mene (2004), United States Senate e ne ya phasalatsa patlisiso ya Riggs Bank, banka e e kwa Washington e bontsi jwa lotseno lwa oli ya Equatorial Guinea lo neng lo duelwa mo go yone go fitlha bosheng, mme e ne e le banka ya ga Augusto Pinochet wa kwa Chile. Pego ya Senate e bontshitse gore bobotlana $35 milione e ne ya tsewa ke Obiang, ba lelapa la gagwe le badiredibagolo ba puso. Tautona o ganne gore o dirile sengwe se se phoso. Riggs Bank ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e metlhano ( 2005) e ne ya duela $9 million ka pusetso ya banka ya ga Pinochet, ga go pusetso e e neng ya dirwa mabapi le Equatorial Guinea. ^[114]

Dikgwa, temothuo le go tshwara ditlhapi le tsone ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa palogotlhe ya dikhumo tsa lefatshe (GDP). Temothuo ya go itshedisa ke yone e e leng teng thata. Temothuo ke motswedi o mogolo wa ditiro mo lefatsheng, e tlamela ka lotseno la 57% ya malapa a kwa magaeng le ditiro tsa 52% ya badiri. ^[115] Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000 )go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome ( 2010), Equatorial Guinea e nnile le koketsego e e kwa godimo ya palogare ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya GDP, 17%.^[116]

Equatorial Guinea ke leloko la Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).^[117] Equatorial Guinea gape ke leloko la Central African Monetary and Economic Union (CEMAC), e leng kgaolo e e nang le batho ba feta dimilione di le masome a matlhano.^[118] Equatorial Guinea e lekile go amogelwa jaaka lefatshe le le tsamaelanang le Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). Lefatshe le ne la bona maemo a mokopi ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ele masome a mabedi le bobedi,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabobedi ( 2008); fa Equatorial Guinea e ne e dira kopo ya go atolosa letlha la bofelo la go wetsa netefatso ya EITI, Boto ya EITI ga e a ka ya dumela kokeletso.^[119]

Go ya ka Banka ya mafatshefatshe, Equatorial Guinea e na le lotseno lo lo kwa godimo lwa bosetšhaba (GNI) ka motho mo lefatsheng lengwe le lengwe la Aforika, e e fetang GNI ka motho ka makgetlo a le masome a robabobedi le boraro go feta Burundi, lefatshe le le humanegileng go gaisa.^[120] Le fa go ntse jalo, Equatorial Guinea e na le lehuma le le feteletseng le le tlisitsweng ke go sa lekalekane ga khumo.^[121]^[122] Go ya ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi, lesome le metso e merataro (2016) United Nations Human Development Report, Equatorial Guinea e ne e na le GDP ya motho a le mongwe ya $21,517, nngwe ya maemo a a kwa godimo a khumo mo Afrika. Le fa go ntse jalo, ke nngwe ya mafatshe a a nang le maemo a a sa lekalekaneng mo lefatsheng go ya ka Gini index, ka 70% ya baagi ba tshela ka dolara e le nngwe ka letsatsi. ^[123]Lefatshe le le mo maemong a bo lekgolo,masome a mane le botlhano mo go a le lekgolo,masome a robabobedi le metso e robabongwe mo United Nations Human Development Index ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabongwe ( 2019).^[97]

Di-hydrocarbons di dira 97% ya tse romelwang kwa ntle ga lefatshe, mme ke leloko la African Petroleum Producers Organization. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi ( 2020), e lebane le ngwaga wa borobedi wa go wela tlase ga itsholelo, ka ntlha ya bonweenwee jo bo tseneletseng. ^[97]Itsholelo ya Equatorial Guinea e ne e solofetswe go gola ka 2.6% ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le motso ( 2021), ponelopele e e neng e ikaegile ka go wediwa ka katlego ga porojeke e kgolo ya gase le go fola ga itsholelo ya lefatshe ka sephato sa bobedi sa ngwaga. Fela lefatshe le solofetswe go boela kwa go ikweleng kwa tlase ga itsholelo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e mebedi (2022), ka phokotsego ya GDP ya mmatota e e ka nnang 4.4%.^[124] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e mebedi (2022), Gini coefficient ya lefatshe e ne e le 58.8.^[125]

Dipalamo

Ka ntlha ya madirelo a magolo a oli mo lefatsheng leo, difofane tse di itsegeng tsa boditšhabatšhaba di ne tsa fofela kwa lebaleng la difofane la Malabo International Airport, e ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mene ( 2014), e neng e na le dikgokagano tse di tlhamaletseng go ya kwa Yuropa le Afrika Bophirima. Go na le maemelo a difofane a le mararo mo Equatorial Guinea - Maemelo a difofane a Machaba a Malabo, Maemelo a difofane a Bata le Maemelo a difofane a Annobón mo setlhaketlhakeng sa Annobón. Maemelo a difofane a boditšhabatšhaba jwa Malabo ke one fela maemelo a difofane a boditšhabatšhaba.

Sefofane sengwe le sengwe se se kwadisitsweng kwa Equatorial Guinea se tlhagelela mo lenaaneng la tsa difofane tse di thibetsweng kwa European Union (EU), se se rayang gore di thibetswe go dira ditirelo tsa mofuta mongwe le mongwe mo teng ga EU.^[126] Le fa go ntse jalo, barekisi ba dithoto ba neelana ka ditirelo go tswa kwa ditoropong tsa Yuropa go ya kwa motsemogolo.

Dipalopalo tsa Batho

Bontsi jwa batho ba kwa Equatorial Guinea ke ba morafe wa Bantu.^[127] Setlhopha se segolo sa morafe, e leng Ba-Fang, ke ba morafe wa selegae ba ba tswang kwa nageng e kgolo, mme go fudugela kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Bioko go tloga ka lekgolo la bo masome mabedi la dingwaga go raya gore palo ya Ba-Fang e feta ya baagi ba pele ba Ba-Bubi. Ba-Fang ba dira 80% ya baagi^[128] mme ba na le merafe e ka nna masome a marataro le bosupa. Batho ba ba kwa karolong e e kwa bokone ya Río Muni ba bua Se-Fang-Ntumu, fa ba ba kwa borwa bone ba bua Se-Fang-Okah; dipuo tseno tse pedi di farologane mme di a tlhaloganyesega. Gape go na le dipuo tse dingwe tsa Se-Fang tse di buiwang kwa dikarolong tsa lefatshe le le gaufi la Cameroon (Bulu) le Gabon. Le fa gone dipuo tseno di sa ntse di tlhaloganngwa, di farologane thata. Ba-Bubi, ba e leng diperesente di le lesome le botlhano tsa baagi, ke baagi ba kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Bioko. Molelwane wa setso magareng ga ditlhopha tsa setso tsa Fang le 'Beach' (mo teng ga lefatshe) e ne e le motse wa Niefang (molelwane wa Fang), kwa botlhaba jwa Bata.

**Baagi ba Equatorial Guinea** ^[129]^[130]^[131]
Ngwaga	di miloni
1950	0.2
2000	0.6
2020	1.4

Ditlhopha tsa merafe ya kwa mabopong, tse ka dinako tse dingwe di bidiwang Ndowe kgotsa "Playeros" (Batho ba ba mo Lebopong la Lewatle ka Se-Spain): Combes, Bujebas, Balengues, le Bengas kwa nagengkgolo le kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tse dinnye, le Fernandinos, setšhaba sa Ba-Krio kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Bioko mmogo ba dira 5% ya baagi. Ba-Yuropa (bontsi jwa bone ba tswa kwa Spain kgotsa Portugal, bangwe ba tswa kwa Afrika) le bone ba nna mo lefatsheng leno, mme bontsi jwa Ba-Spain ba ba tlholegang koo ba ne ba tsamaya fa lefatshe le sena go bona boipuso.

Palo e e ntseng e oketsega ya batswakwa ba ba tswang kwa Cameroon, Nigeria, le Gabon tse di bapileng le lefatshe leno ba fudugetse mo lefatsheng leno. Go ya ka Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% ya baagi ba setlhaketlhake sa Bioko e ne e le Ba-Igbo.^[132] Equatorial Guinea e ne ya amogela Ba-Asia le Baafrika ba ba tswang kwa mafatsheng a mangwe jaaka badiri mo masimong a cocoa le kofi. Baafrika ba bangwe ba bantsho ba ne ba tswa kwa Liberia, Angola le Mozambique. Bontsi jwa baagi ba kwa Asia ke letso la China mme go na le palo e nnye ya letso la india.

Diteme

Fa e sa le ka Boipuso jwa lefatshe le ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a maratao re metso e robabobedi (1968), puo ya semmuso ya kwa Equatorial Guinea e ntse e le Se-Spain (e leng puo ya Se-Spain ya kwa Equatoguinean), e e dirisiwang ke merafe e e farologaneng. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970), ka nako ya fa Macías a ne a busa, Se-Spain se ne sa emisediwa ka Fang, e leng puo ya morafe o o neng o le kwa go one, o Macías e neng e le wa one. Tshwetso eo e ne ya busediwa morago ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e robabongwe (1979) fa Macías a sena go wa. Se-Spain e ne ya sala e le puo ya semmuso go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e robabobedi( 1998), fa Sefora se ne sa tsenngwa jaaka puo ya bobedi, jaaka e ne e kile ya nna leloko la Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC), e ditokololo tsa yona tsa motheo e leng mafatshe a buwang Sefora, a mabedi a one e leng Cameroon le Gabon) di dikaganyeditse kgaolo ya kontinente ya yona. ^[133]^[134] Sepotokisi se ne sa amogelwa jaaka puo ya boraro ya semmuso ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010).^[135]^[136] Se-Spain e ntse e le puo ya semmuso fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a mane le metso e mene (1844).E sa ntse e le puo ya thuto le ya tsamaiso. 67.6% ya batho ba kwa Equatorial Guinea ba kgona go e bua, segolo thata ba ba nnang kwa motsemoshate, Malabo.^[137] Sefora se ne sa dirwa semmuso fela gore se tsene mo Francophonie, mme ga se buiwe mo lefelong leo, ntle le mo ditoropong dingwe tsa molelwane; mme Sepotokisi se ne sa dirwa semmuso fela gore se tsene mo Community of Portuguese Language Countries, ka jalo le sone ga se buiwe mo lefelong leo, le fa gone Ba-Annobonese le Bakatoliki ba lefelo leo ba na le dikamano le puo eno.

Dipuo tsa Seaborijene di lemogwa jaaka karolo e e botlhokwa ya "setso sa bosetšhaba" (Molao wa Molaotheo No. 1/1998, 21 January). Dipuo tsa selegae (tse dingwe tsa tsone e leng tsa se-creole) di akaretsa Fang, Bube, Benga, Ndowe, Balengue, Bujeba, Bissio, Gumu, Igbo, Pichinglis, Fa d'Ambô le Baseke e e batlang e nyeletse. Bontsi jwa merafe ya Aforika e bua dipuo tsa Bantu. ^[138]

Fa d'Ambô, e leng puo ya Sepotokisi ya Se-Creole, e dirisiwa kwa Porofenseng ya Annobón, kwa Malabo, le kwa nageng ya Equatorial Guinea. Banni ba le bantsi ba kwa Bioko ba kgona go bua Se-Spain, segolobogolo kwa motsemoshate, le puo ya lefelo leo ya kgwebo, e leng Se-Pichinglis, e leng puo ya se-Creole e e theilweng mo Seesemaneng. Se-Spain ga se buiwe thata kwa Annobón. Mo pusong le mo thutong, go dirisiwa Se-Spain. Sepotokisi se se sa dirisiwang jaaka puo ya kobamelo ke Bakatoliki ba lefelo leo. ^[139] Setlhopha sa morafe sa Annobonese se ne sa leka go nna leloko la Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP). Puso e ne ya duelela thuto ya puo ya Sepotokisi ya Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) kwa Annobón. E ne e na le dikamano tse di nonofileng le batho ba ba buang Sepotokisi kwa São Tomé le Príncipe, Cape Verde le Guinea-Bissau. ^[136]

Ka ntlha ya dikamano tsa hisitori le tsa setso, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome ( 2010), lekgotla la molao le ne la fetola kgaolo ya bone ya Molaotheo wa Equatorial Guinea go tlhoma Sepotokisi jaaka puo ya semmuso ya Rephaboliki. Se e ne e le maiteko a puso go tokafatsa tlhaeletsano, kgwebisano le dikamano tsa yona le mafatshe a buwang Sepotokisi.^[140] ^[141]^[142] Gape e lemogile dikamano tse di telele tsa ditso le Portugal le batho ba ba buang Sepotokisi ba Brazil, São Tomé le Príncipe, le Cape Verde.

Mabaka a mangwe a a dirileng gore Equatorial Guinea e batle go nna leloko la Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) a ne a akaretsa go nna le mananeo a a farologaneng a go abelana ka ditirelo tsa seporofešenale le tsa akatemi le go dira gore baagi ba kgone go fudugela kwa dinageng tse dingwe. ^[143] Go amogelwa ga Sepotokisi jaaka puo ya semmuso e ne e le tlhokego ya motheo ya go dira kopo ya go amogelwa ga CPLP. Mo godimo ga moo, lefatshe le ne la bolelelwa gore e tshwanetse go amogela diphetogo tsa sepolotiki tse di letlang puso ya batho ka batho e e nonofileng le go tlotla ditshwanelo tsa botho^[144]. Palamente ya bosetšhaba e ne ya sekaseka molao ono ka kgwedi ya Phalane,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso ( 2011).^[145]

Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mebedi ( 2012), Tona ya tsa kwa ntle ya Equatorial Guinea e ne ya saena tumalano le IILP ka go rotloetsa Sepotokisi mo lefatsheng.^[146]^[147] Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mebed(i2012), CPLP e ne ya gana Equatorial Guinea go nna leloko ka botlalo, segolo ka ntlha ya go tswelela go tlola ditshwanelo tsa botho. Puso e ne ya tsibogela ka go dira gore makoko a sepolotiki a nne semolao, go bolela gore kotlhao ya loso e emisiwe, le go simolola dipuisano le makoko otlhe a sepolotiki.^[136]^[148]Mo godimo ga moo, IILP e ne ya bona lefatshe go tswa mo pusong go aga mafelo a setso sa puo ya Sepotokisi kwa Bata le Malabo. ^[136] Kwa kopanong ya yone ya bolesome kwa Dili ka kgwedi ya Phukwi, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mene ( 2014), Equatorial Guinea e ne ya amogelwa jaaka leloko la CPLP. Go fedisiwa ga kotlhao ya loso le go rotloetsa Sepotokisi jaaka puo ya semmuso e ne e le dilo tse di neng di tshwanetse go dirwa pele go ka letlelelwa.^[149]

Tumelo

Tumelo e tona kwa Equatorial Guinea ke ya Bokeresete, jo bo amogelwang ke diperesente di le 93 tsa baagi. Bontsi jwa bone ke Baroma Katoliki (88%), fa Baporotesetanta bone e le ba sekae fela (5%). Mo baaging, 2% e latela Boiselamo (bontsi jwa bone ke Basunni). 5% e e setseng e dirisa tumelo ya Animism, Bahá'í, le ditumelo tse dingwe,]^[150] mme ditumelo tsa setso tsa animism gantsi di tswakantswe le Bokatoliki.^[151]

Botsogo

Mananeo a malaria a Equatorial Guinea kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a mabedi le bongwe a a atlegile mo go fokotseng tshwaetso ya malaria le dintsho. ^[152] Lenaneo la bone le na le go kgatsha mo teng ga ntlo gabedi ka ngwaga (IRS), go tsenngwa ga kalafi ya artemisinin e e kopantsweng (ACTs), go dirisiwa ga kalafi ya thibelo e e sa kgaotseng mo basading ba ba imileng (IPTp), le go tsenngwa ga matloa a a sireletsang menang a a dirisitsweng dibolayaditshenekegi a a tsayang lobaka lo loleele (LLINs). Maiteko a bone a feletse ka go fokotsa dintsho tsa bana ba ba kwa tlase ga dingwaga di le tlhano go tswa go lekgolo le masome a matlhano le bobedi go ya go masome a matlhano le botlhano ka bana ba ba tshotsweng ba tshela ba le sekete (go ya tlase ka 64%), go wela kwa tlase go go tsamaelanang le go simololwa ga lenaneo.^[153]

Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le bone ( 2014), go ne ga begwa dikgetse di le nne tsa pholio, e leng se se dirang gore e nne leroborobo la ntlha la bolwetse joo mo lefatsheng. ^[154]

Thuto

Gareng ga mafatshe a Sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea e na le nngwe ya dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa batho ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala. ^[10] Go ya ka Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook, go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le botlhano ( 2015), 95.3% ya baagi ba dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano le go feta ba ne ba kgona go bala le go kwala mo lefatsheng.^[11] Mo pusong ya ga Francisco Macias, ke bana ba sekae fela ba ba neng ba amogela mofuta ope fela wa thuto. Ka fa tlase ga Tautona Obiang, palo ya batho ba ba sa itseng go bala le go kwala e ne ya fokotsega go tswa go 73% go ya go 13%,^[12] mme palo ya baithuti ba sekolo sa poraemari e ne ya tlhatloga go tswa go makgolo a lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabobedi le metso e merataro ( 1986) go ya go go feta 100 000 ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e mene (1994). Thuto ke mahala ebile e patelesega mo baneng ba dingwaga tse di magareng ga borataro le lesome le bone.^[13]

Puso ya Equatorial Guinea e dirisane le Hess Corporation le The Academy for Educational Development (AED) go tlhoma lenaneo la thuto la diranta di le dimilione di le masome a mabedi go ruta barutabana ba sekolo sa poraemari go ruta mekgwa ya segompieno ya go godisa bana. ^[14]Ga jaana go na le dikolo tsa dikao di le masome a matlhano le bongwe tse katiso ya tsone e tla nnang phetogo ya bosetšhaba.[needs update]

Lefayshe leno le na le yunibesithi e le nngwe, e leng Universidad Nacional de Guinea Equatorial (UNGE), e e nang le khampase kwa Malabo le Sekolo sa Boitekanelo se se kwa Bata mo nageng e kgolo. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe (2009) yunibesiti e ne ya ntsha dingaka tsa ntlha tse lekgolo le lesome tsa bosetšhaba. Sekolo sa Bongaka sa Bata se tshegediwa segolo ke puso ya Cuba mme se thapilwe ke barutisi ba bongaka ba Cuba le dingaka. ^[15]

Ngwao

Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le metso e mene (1984), First Hispanic-African Cultural Congress e ne ya kopiwa go batlisisa setso sa Equatorial Guinea. ^[16]

Bojanala

Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi( 2020), Equatorial Guinea ga e na lefelo la UNESCO World Heritage Site kgotsa mafelo a a lekang go tsenngwa mo lenaaneng la World Heritage List. 151] Naga gape ga e na ngwaoboswa e e kwadilweng e e kwadilweng mo Lenaneong la Lefatshe la UNESCO la Memory of the World Programme le fa e le ngwaoboswa ya setso e e sa bonaleng e e kwadilweng mo Lenaaneng la UNESCO la Ngwaoboswa ya Setso e e sa Bonaleng.^[17]^[18]

Dilo tse di ngokang bajanala ke kgaolo ya bokoloniale kwa Malabo, karolo e e kwa borwa ya setlhaketlhake sa Bioko koo o ka kgonang go tsamaya ka dinao go ya kwa diphororong tsa Iladyi le kwa mabopong a a kwa thoko go ya go bona dikhudu tse di beelang mae, Bata le lotshitshi lwa yone lwa Paseo Maritimo le tora ya kgololesego, Mongomo le kereke ya yone (kereke ya bobedi e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe ya Katoliki mo Afrika) le motsemoshate o mosha o o rulagantsweng le o o agilweng wa Ciudad de la Paz.

Metswedi ya tshedimosetso le tlhaeletsano

Ditsela tse dikgolo tsa tlhaeletsano mo Equatorial Guinea ke diteishene tse tharo tsa radio tsa FM tse di laolwang ke puso: BBC World Service, Radio France Internationale le Afrika No. 1 e e kwa Gabon e e gasiwang ka FM kwa Malabo. Gape go na le radio e e ikemetseng e e bidiwang Radio Macuto; ke radio e e mo web mme e na le metswedi ya dikgang e e itsegeng ka go gatisa dikgang tse di buang ka puso ya ga Obiang. Gape go na le diteishene di le tlhano tsa radio tsa makhubu a makhutshwane. Televisión de Guinea Equatorial, e leng kgaso ya thelebišene, e tsamaisiwa ke puso.[ Lenaneo la boditšhabatšhaba la thelebišene RTVGE le teng ka disathalaete mo Afrika, Yuropa le Amerika le lefatshe ka bophara ka Internet.^[19] ^[20]Go na le makwalodikgang a le mabedi le dimakasine di le pedi.^[21]

Equatorial Guinea e mo maemong a bo lekgolo le masome a marataro le bongwe mo mafatsheng a le le lekgolo le masome a supa le borobabongwe mo tlhatlhobong ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mebedi ( 2012) ya Reporters Without Borders ya kgololesego ya bobegadikgang. Tona ya tsa tlhaeletsano e bolela gore kgaso ya setšhaba e ikobela ditaelo tsa lephata la tshedimosetso. Bontsi jwa dikomponi tsa metswedi ya dikgang di itshwaya diphoso, e bile molao o ba thibela go tshwaya batho ba ba itsegeng ba setšhaba diphoso. Metswedi ya dikgang ya puso le letshwao le letona la radio se se ikemetseng di eteletswe pele ke morwa wa Tautona, e bong Teodor Obiang.

Mogala wa mogala wa mogala o kwa tlase, ka mela e le mebedi fela e e leng teng mo bathong ba le lekgolo.^[22] Go na le motsamaisi a le mongwe wa mogala wa mogala wa letheka wa GSM, yo o akaretsang Malabo, Bata, le ditoropo di le mmalwa tsa naga-kgolo.^[24]^[25] Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe (2009), mo e ka nnang 40% ya batho ba ne ba ikwadiseditse ditirelo tsa mogala wa selula.^[23] Motlamedi wa thelefouno fela kwa Equatorial Guinea ke Orange. Go ya ka World Bank, go ne go na le batho ba ba fetang milione ba ba dirisang maranyana ka ngwaga wa diketet tse pedi, masome a mabedi le metso e mebedi( 2022).^[26]

Mmino

Mekgwa ya Pan-African e e jaaka soukous le makossa e a ratiwa, fela jaaka reggaeton, Latin trap, reggae le rock and roll.

Baesekopo

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mene( 2014), filimi ya Afrika Borwa-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ya bodiragatsi ya Where the Road Runs Out e ne ya thunngwa mo lefatsheng. Gape go na le documentary ya The Writer from a Country Without Bookstores.^[27] E tshwaya puso ya ga Obiang phoso.

Metshameko

Equatorial Guinea e ne ya tlhophiwa go tshola Sejana sa mafatshe a Aforika sa ngwaga wadikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mebedi ( 2012) ka tirisanommogo le Gabon, mme ya tshola kgatiso ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e metlhano ( 2015). NLefatshe le ne la tlhophiwa gape go tsa seetsele sa Kgwele ya Dinao sa Basadi sa Aforika sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabobedi (2008), se ba neng ba se fenya. Setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa basadi se ne sa tsenela Sejana sa Lefatshe sa 2011 kwa Jeremane. Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa diketet tse pedi lesome le metso e merataro (2016), Equatorial Guinea e ne ya tlhophiwa go tshola metshameko ya bo lesome le bobedi ya Afrika ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabongwe ( 2019).

Equatorial Guinea e tumile ka go thuma ga Eric Moussambani, yo o bidiwang "Eric the Eel",^[28] le Paula Barila Bolopa, "Paula the Crawler", yo o neng a tsenela metshameko ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000) ya Di-Olimpiki.^[29]

Kgwele ya dinao e ntse e oketsega mo go ratweng. ^[30]

Ditshupiso

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↑ "Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language". 14 October 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
↑ Equatorial Guinea Tempolete:Webarchive. Cia World Factbook.
↑ "Religions in Equatorial Guinea | PEW-GRF". Global Religious Futures. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
↑ "Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process". Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report (PDF). U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea (Report). 2020. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
↑ "Democracy Index 2020". Economist Intelligence Unit (in British English). Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
↑ Tempolete:Cite CIA World Factbook
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (GQ)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
↑ "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF) (in Sekgoa). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 (Spanish: Guinea Ecuatorial [giˈnea ekwatoˈɾjal] ^ⓘ; French: Guinée équatoriale; Portuguese: Guiné Equatorial).
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 (Spanish: República de Guinea Ecuatorial, French: République de Guinée équatoriale, Portuguese: República da Guiné Equatorial), Local pronunciation: Spanish: República de Guinea Ecuatorial Spanish pronunciation: [reˈpuβlika ðe ɣiˈnea ekwatoˈɾjal] ^ⓘ French: République de Guinée équatoriale [ʁepyblik d(ə) ɡine ekwatoʁjal] Portuguese: República da Guiné Equatorial Portuguese pronunciation: [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɐ ɣiˈnɛ ˌekwɐtuɾiˈal]
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 "Equatorial Guinea". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Appel, Hannah (13 December 2019). The Licit Life of Capitalism. Duke University Press. doi:10.1515/9781478004578. ISBN 978-1-4780-0457-8. S2CID 242248625.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 GDP – per capita (PPP) – Country Comparison Archived 10 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Indexmundi.com. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 GDP – per capita (PPP) Archived 24 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 "2019 Human Development Index Ranking | Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 "Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 "Equatorial Guinea profile". BBC. 21 March 2014. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 OPEC: Equatorial Guinea". Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 "Guiné Equatorial oficializa português – Portugal – DN". 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2020 – via web.archive.org.
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 "Guinea Ecuatorial se convierte en el valedor del español en África". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 "Gloria Nistal Rosique: El caso del español en Guinea ecuatorial, Instituto Cervantes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 Worst of the Worst 2010. The World's Most Repressive Societies. freedomhouse.org
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 Equatorial Guinea – Reporters Without Borders Archived 15 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. En.rsf.org. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.
↑ ^25.0 ^25.1 "Equatorial Guinea". Trafficking in Persons Report 2020 Archived 17 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of State (16 June 2020). This source is in the public domain
↑ ^26.0 ^26.1 Bostoen (K.), Clist (B.), Doumenge (C.), Grollemund (R.), Hombert (J.-M.), Koni Muluwa (J.) & Maley (J.), 2015, Middle to Late Holocene Paleoclimatic Change and the Early Bantu Expansion in the Rain Forests of Western Central Africa, Current Anthropology, 56 (3), pp.354–384.
↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 Clist (B.). 1990, Des derniers chasseurs aux premiers métallurgistes : sédentarisation et débuts de la métallurgie du fer (Cameroun, Gabon, Guinée-Equatoriale). In Lanfranchi (R.) & Schwartz (D.) éds. Paysages quaternaires de l'Afrique Centrale Atlantique. Paris : ORSTOM, Collection didactiques : 458–478
↑ ^28.0 ^28.1 Clist (B.). 1998. Nouvelles données archéologiques sur l'histoire ancienne de la Guinée-Equatoriale. L'Anthropologie 102 (2) : 213–217
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 Sánchez-Elipe Lorente (M.). 2015. Las comunidades de la eda del hierro en África Centro-Occidental: cultura material e identidad, Tesi Doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 Fegley, Randall (1989). Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy, p. 5. Peter Lang, New York. ISBN 0-8204-0977-4
↑ Fegley, Randall (1989). Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy, p. 6. Peter Lang, New York. ISBN 0-8204-0977-4
↑ Fegley, Randall (1989). Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy, p. 6–7. Peter Lang, New York. ISBN 0-8204-0977-4
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