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Eswatini

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Kingdom of Eswatini

Umbuso weSwatini  (Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.)
Flag of Eswatini
Folaga
Coat of arms of Eswatini
Sekano sa setshaba
Motto: 
"Siyinqaba"  (Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.)
"We are a fortress"
"We are a mystery"
"We hide ourselves away"
"We are powerful ones"
Anthem: 
"Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati"
"Oh God, Giver of Blessings to the Swazi"
Mošate

26°30′S 31°30′E / 26.500°S 31.500°E / -26.500; 31.500Coordinates: 26°30′S 31°30′E / 26.500°S 31.500°E / -26.500; 31.500
city-KgoloMbabane
Diteme tsa semmusô
Merafe ya Batho
(2017)
Sedumedi
(2017)
  • 7.4% no religion
  • 2.5% traditional faiths
  • 0.8% others[1][2]
Demonym(s)Swazi[lower-alpha 1]
GovernmentUnitary diarchic[3] absolute monarchy
• King
Mswati III
Ntfombi
Russell Dlamini
Bheki Maphalala
LegislatureParliament
Senate
House of Assembly
Independence from the United Kingdom
• Independence granted
6 September 1968
24 September 1968
2005[4][5][6]
• Renaming
19 April 2018
Fatshe
• Total
17,364 km2 (6,704 sq mi) (153rd)
• Water (%)
0.9
Batho
• 2023 estimate
1,236,126[7] (155th)
• 2017 census
1,093,238[8]
• Bokete
66.8/km2 (173.0/sq mi) (135th)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $13.797 billion[9] (158th)
• Per capita
Increase $11,858[9] (113th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Decrease $4.648 billion[9] (168th)
• Per capita
Decrease $3,995[9] (122nd)
Gini (2016)Tempolete:IncreaseNegative 54.6[10]
high
HDI (2022)Decrease 0.610[11]
medium · 142nd
Madi
Time zoneUTC+2 (SAST)
Driving sideleft
Calling code+268
Internet TLD.sz
Website
www.gov.sz

Eswatini[12], e e neng e itsege ele Kingdom of Eswatini, ebile e ne e itsege semmuso ka maina a Swaziland[13] le Kingdom of Swaziland[14][15], ke lefatshe le le dikaganyeditsweng ke a mangwe mo Kgaolong ya Aforika yo o kwa Borwa. Le nale molelwane le Mozambique kwa bokone botlhaba jwa lone le Aforika Borwa kwa bokone, bophirima, borwa le borwa botlhaba. Ka dikhilomethara tse di sa feteng makgolo a mabedi (120 mi) gotswa bokone go ya kwa borwa le dikhilomethara tse di lekgolo le masome a mararo (81 mi) go tswa botlhaba go ya kwa bophirima, Eswatini ke lengwe la mafatshe a a mannye go a feta otlhe mo Aforika; le fa go ntse jalo, seemo sa lone sa loapi le lefatshe la teng di a farologana, go tswa mo nageng e e nang le dithaba tse di tsiditshana go ya kwa nageng e e mogote e e omeletseng.

Bontsi jwa palo ya batho ke ba letso la seSwazi ka tlholego. Puo e e buiwang thata ke ya Swazi (e e leng seSwati ka tlholego ). BaSwazi ba tlhamile bogosi jwa bone ka ngwagakgolo ya bolesome le boferabobedi ele fa gare ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Ngwane III[16]. Lefatshe le BaSwazi ba tsere leina la bone mo go Mswati II, yo o neng ele kgosi ka ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le boferabongwe yo ka fa tlase ga puso ya gagwe lefatshe le neng la atolosiwang la bo la kopanngwa; melelwane ya lone e ne ya dirwa ka 1881 ka nako ya fa go ne gole Kgaogano ya Mafatshe a Aforika[17]. Morago ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Maburu, bogosi, bo ne bo le ka fa tlase ga mmuso wa lefatshe la Britain go tswa mo ngwageng wa 1903 go fitlhelela le tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1968[18] kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi ale marataro. Ka Moranang wa ngwaga wa 2018, leina la semmuso la Kingdom of Swaziland le ne la fetolelwa kwa go la Kingdom of Eswatini, go tshwana le le le tlwaelesegileng la puo ya Swazi[19][20][21].

Eswatini ke lefatshe le le tlhabologang le go supiwang fa le nale itsholelo e e kwa tlase go ya kwa go e e fa gare. Ka ele lengwe la mafatshe a Southern African Customs Union le Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, le dirisana thata mo go tsa bogwebi le Aforika Borwa; go netefatsa go itshetlela ga itsholelo, ledi la Eswatini,la lilangeni, le golagantswe le ranta ya Aforika Borwa. Eswatini e dirisana thata mogo tsa kgwebo kwa moseja ga mawatle le lefatshe la United States[22] le European Union[23]. Bontsi jwa ditiro mo lefatsheng le bo tlhamiwa ke maphata a temo thuo le madirelo ka go farologana. Eswatini ke lengwe la mekgatlho ya mafatshe ya Southern African Development Community, The African Union, The Commonwealth of Nations le The United Nations.

Puso ya lone ke ya bogosi ,jo e leng jone jwa bofelo jwa mofuta o mo Aforika,[24] bo ntse bo le ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Kgosi Mswati III go tsweng ko ngwageng wa 1986[25][26]. Ditlhopho di dirwa morago ga ngwaga tse tlhano go tlhopha palamente le bontsi jwa baemedi ba ga goromente, mme makoko a sepolotiki ga a letlelelwe go tsaya karolo[27]. Molaomotheo wa lefatshe o simolotse go dirisiwa ka 2005. Moletlo wa mmino wa Umhlanga o o tshwarwang ka Phatwe/Lwetse[28] le incwala, ye eleng moletlo wa mmino wa bogosi o o tshwarwang ka Sedimonthole/Hirikgong, ke meletlo e e botlhokwa thata mo sechabeng[29]. BaSwazi ba lebagane le mathata a matona a botsogo: HIV/AIDS le kgotlholo e tona di aname[30][31]. Diperesente tsa batho ba batona di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi di supa fa ba nale mogare wa HIV. Go ya ka ngwaga wa 2018, Eswatini e nale tsholofelo ya botshelo ya bolesome le bobedi e e kwa tlase mo lefatsheng ka bophara, ka dingwaga tse di masome a matlhano le boferabobedi[32]. Palo ya batho ba Eswatini ke banana. Go ya ka ngwaga wa 2018, batho ba ba nang le dingwaga tse di lesome le bone go ya kwa tlase ba dira diperesante di le masome a mararo le botlhano tsa palo ya batho botlhe mo lefatsheng le, gape ebile bontsi jwa batho ba nale dingwaga tse di masome a mabedi le bobedi.[33]

Swati (Swazi)
Motho liSwati
Batho emaSwati
Puo siSwati
Lefatshe eSwatini

Ditso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Main article: Ditso tsa Eswatini

Go fitlhetswe didirisiwa tsa bogologolo tse di supang fa go ne go nale batho go tsweng kwa bogologolong jwa Motlha wa Letlapa, dingwaga dile dikete dile makgolo a mabedi. Botaki jwa Lentswe jwa bogologolo go tswa kwa dingwageng tse di kgakala tsa bogologolo jaaka tsa dikete dile masome a mabedi le bosupa go fitlheng mo go tse di gautshwane jaaka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi di ka fitlhelwa mo lefatsheng ka bophara.[34]

Banni ba ntlha ba ba itsegeng ba kgaolo e, e ne ele batsumi ba morafe wa baKhoi. E ne yare go fudugeng ga bone ba ne ba tlhatlhamiwa ke baNguni ka nako ya go fuduga ga merafe ya baNguni. Batho ba ba ne ba tlholega kwa Makadibeng a Magolo a a kwa bogare le botlhaba jwa Aforika. Go nale bosupi jwa temo thuo le tiriso ya tshipi go tswa kwa ngwagengkgolo ya bone. Batho ba ba neng ba bua puo e e leng ya badimo ba morafe wa BaSotho ba gompieno le baNguni ba simolotse go nna mo lefelong le pele ga go goroga ga ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bongwe.[35]

Baagi ba baSwazi (Ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi le wa bolesome le boferabongwe)

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Sejana sa logong sa Seswati sa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga

Baagi ba baSwazi, ba ka nako eo ba neng ba itsege ele baNgwane (kgotsa bagaNgwane) pele ga go goroga mo Eswatini, ba ne ba nna kwa lotshitshing la noka ya Pongola. Pele ga moo, ba ne ba agile kwa lefelong le le gaufi le noka ya Tembe le mo bogompienong le bidiwang Maputo, Mozambique. Ntwa e e neng e tsweletse magareng ga bone le baNdwandwe e ne ya dira gore ba fudugele kwa bokone, kwa Ngwane III a neng a tlhoma motsemogolo wa gagwe kwa Shiselweni fa tlase ga dithaba tsa Mhloseni.[35] Ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Sobhudza I, baNgwane ba ne ba tlhoma motsemogolo wa bone kwa Zombodze kwa eleng bogare jwa lefatshe la Eswatini mo bogompienong. Ka tsamaiso e, ba ne fenya le go kopanya merafe ya bogologoloya lefatshe le le neng le itsiwe ke baSwazi ka leina la Emakhandzambili ( ba ba fitlhetsweng kwa pele).[35]

Eswatini e tsere leina la yone mo kgosing yo o neng a bidiwa Mswati II. KaNgwane, le le neng le bidiwa ka Ngwane III, ke leina le lengwe la Eswatini, yo sefane sa gagwe eleng sa ntlo ya bogosi sa Nkhosi Dlamini. Lefoko Nkhosi go tewa "kgosi" ka Dipuo tsa seEthiopia. Mswati II e ne ele mogaka wa ntwa wa dikgosi tsa ntwa tsa Eswatini, o ne a kgona go atolosa kgaolo ya lefatshe go feta fa le leng teng gompieno gabedi. Kwa tshimologong merafe ya Emakhandzambili e ne ele ka fa tlase ga bogosi e nale ditshwanelo le go itirelela mo go tona, ka go ne gole ga ntsi ba neelwa tetla ya go tsweledisa ngwao le puso ya bone. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ipusa ga bone go ne ga kgaupediwake Mswati, yo o neng a ba tlhsasela ka dingwaga tsabo 1850.[35] Ka maatla a gagwe, Mswati I o ne a fokotsa tlhotlheletso ya ba Emakhandzambili le go oketsa batho ba ba leng ka fa tlase ga puso ya gagwe ka tlhabano kgotsa go ba naya boagedi. Moragonyana baagedi ba ba ne ba itsege ka leina la Emafikamuva.

Swaziland mo Borwa jwa Afrika, Johnston & Johnston, Edinburgh, 1897.

Go ikemela ka nosi ga tshaba ya baSwazi go ne go tlhotlhelediwa ke puso ya ba British le Dutch ba ba neng ele babusi ba Aforika yo o kwa Borwa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi. Ka 1881, goromente wa ba British o ne a baya monwana tumalano e e neng e lemoga fa baSwazi ba ikemetse ka nosi, ntswa ka nako eo go ne go nale Kgaogano ya Mafatshe a Aforika. Boipuso jo bo ne jwa amogelwa gape kwa Phuthegong ya London ka 1884.[36]

Kgosi Mbandzeni o ne a dira thulaganyo e e raraaneng ya go nna mong wa lefatshe ka go naya ba Europa ditshiamelo tsa lefatshe di le dintsi. Ka nako eo dingwe tsa dikgosana tsa maemo a a kwa godimo tsa Kgosi jaaka Kgosana Ntengu Mbokane ba ne ba fiwa tetla ya go fudugela kwa dipolaseng go ya kwa kgaolong ya Lubombo, kwa motseng wa segompieno wa Nsoko. Ba bangwe jaaka Mshiza Maseko ba ne ba fudugela kwa dipolaseng tse di lebaganeng le Noka ya Komati kwa lefelong le le bidiwang eLuvalweni. Ditshiamelo tseo di ne di akaretsa go aba le go hira masimo le mafulo. Ka 1890, morago ga loso lwa ga Mbandzeni, Kopano ya Swaziland e ne ya tlhoma Kgotlatshekelo e Kgolo go atlhola dikgotlhang tsa ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe le tsa ditswammung tse go neng go ganetsanwa ka tsone le ditshiamelo tse dingwe.[37]

Swaziland, dintlha tse di tswang mo mmepeng wa Johnston & Johnston (Edinburgh, 1897). Dinoka tsa Black le White Umbelosi le metse e e tshwanang le Malinda, Kunudwini le Lotiti di bontshitswe.

Ka 1890, Swaziland e ne ya fiwa puso ya segosi e e neng e emetse ba British, ba polotiki ya Dutch le batho baSwazi. Ka 1894, kopano nngwe e ne ya dira gore Swaziland e bewe ka fa tlase ga puso ya Afrika Borwa. Se se ne sa tswelela ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Ngwane V go fitlhelela go runya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Maburu ka Phalane 1899.[38]

Kgosi Ngwane V o tlhokafetse ka Sedimonthole 1899, ka nako ya incwala, morago ga go runya ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Maburu. Motlhatlhami wa gagwe e bong Sobhuza II, o ne a na le dikgwedi di le nnè. Swaziland e ne ya nna le seabe ka tsela e e sa tlhamalalang mo ntweng ka dikgotlhang tse di farologaneng magareng ga ba British le Maburu tse di neng tsa diragala mo lefatsheng go fitlha ka 1902.[39]

Puso e e sa tlhamalalang ya Britain mo Swaziland (1906 - 1968)

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka 1903, morago ga phenyo ya Britain mo Ntweng ya Bobedi ya Maburu, Swaziland e ne ya nna nngwe ya "Dipuso tsa Khomishene e e kwa Godimo" tsa Britain, tse dingwe e le Basutoland (e jaanong e leng Lesotho) le Bechuanaland (e jaanong e leng Botswana), le fa go ne go sa tlhongwa puso ya tshireletso ka gonne go ne go sa dumalanwa ka maemo le Kgosigadi ya Swazi e bong Motshwarelela Bogosi Labotsibeni Mdluli.

Molao wa Tsamaiso ya Swaziland wa 1904 o ne wa tlhoma komiti e e neng e na le tiro ya go tlhatlhoba ditsha tsotlhe le go tlhalosa melelwane ya tsone. Tiro e e ne ya wediwa ka 1907, mme Molao wa Kgaogano ya Dithoto tsa Swaziland o ne wa dira gore go tlhomiwe mokomishinara wa kgaogano ya dithoto gore a beele kwa thoko mafelo a a neng a tla dirisiwa fela ke Ba-Swazi. Mokomisinara o ne a na le maatla a go gapa go fitlha kwa nngwetharong ya konteraka nngwe le nngwe kwa ntle ga tuelo, mme go ne go tla tshwanela gore go duelwe fa go ne go tsewa go feta nngwetharong. Ka 1910, o ne a wetsa tiro ya gagwe mme a beela Ba-Swazi diheketara di le 1,639,687 kwa thoko, e leng diperesente di le masome a mararo le boferabobedi tsa kgaolo ya Swaziland. Morago ga moo, kgosigadi e ne ya kgothatsa BaSwazi gore ba ye go bereka kwa Transvaal gore ba bone madi a go reka lefatshe le lengwe gape mo go ba Europa.[37]

Bontsi jwa tsamaiso ya pele ya kgaolo (sekao, ditirelo tsa poso) e ne e dirwa go tswa mo Aforika Borwa go fitlha ka 1906, fa Kolone ya Transvaal e ne e fiwa boipuso. Mokomišenara yo o kwa godimo wa kwa Britain o ne a na le ditiro dingwe tsa ga mmusi, mme BaSwazi ba ne ba ipusa mo mafelong a bone, mme kgaolo e ne e sa tsewe e le ya Britain.[40] Sobhuza o ne a bewa semmuso mo setilong sa bogosi ka Sedimonthole wa 1921 morago ga puso ya ga Labotsibeni, morago ga moo o ne a etelela pele setlhopha se se neng sa se ka sa atlega go ya kwa Komiting ya Boatlhodi ya Privy Council ya United Kingdom kwa Lontone ka 1922 malebang le kgang ya lefatshe.[41]

Mo pakeng ya magareng ga 1923 le 1963, Sobhuza II o ne a similodisa Swazi Commercial Amadoda e e neng e tshwanetse go neela dikgwebo tse dinnye diteseletso mo mafelong a Swazi mme gape a tlhoma Sekolo sa Bosetšhaba sa Swazi go lwantshana le taolo ya borongwa mo thutong. Maemo a gagwe a ne a gola fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, mme baeteledipele ba bogosi jwa BaSwazi ba ne ba kgona go emelana le puso ya Britain e e neng e ntse e koafala le gore Swaziland e se ka ya kopanngwa le Union of South Africa.

Molaotheo wa Swaziland e e ikemetseng ka nosi o ne wa tlhomiwa ke Britain ka Ngwanatsele 1963 go ya ka mabaka a a neng a tlhomiwa a Lekgotla la Kgotlapeomolao le Lekgotla la Khuduthamaga. Kgatelopele e e ne ya ganediwa ke Lekgotla la Bosetšhaba la Swazi (Liqoqo) la kgosi. Le fa go ne go na le kganetso e e ntseng jalo, ditlhopho di ne tsa tshwarwa, mme Lekgotla la Kgotlapeomolao la ntlha le ne la tlhomiwa ka Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a robabongwe 1964.[42] Ka 1964, kgaolo ya lefatshe e e neng e beetswe kwa thoko gore e ka dirisiwa ke BaSwazi e ne e oketsegile go fitlha kwa go 56%.[37] Diphetogo tsa molaotheo wa ntlhantlha tse di neng di tla ka Lekgotla la Kgotlapeomolao di ne tsa amogelwa ke Britain mme go ne ga kwalwa molaotheo o mosha o o neng o na le Ntlo ya Kokoano le Baemedi ba ga Goromente. Ditlhopho go ya ka molaotheo o di ne tsa tshwarwa ka 1967. Morago ga ditlhopho tsa 1967, Swaziland e ne e le lefatshe le le sireleditsweng go fitlhela boipuso bo bonwa gape ka 1968.[43]

Boipuso ( 1968 - gompieno )

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Morago ga ditlhopho tsa 1972, molaotheo wa Swaziland o ne wa ntshiwa ke Kgosi Sobhuza II yo morago ga moo a neng a busa lefatshe ka molao wa gagwe go fitlhela a tlhokafala ka 1982. Ka nako eo, Sobhuza II e ne e le kgosi ya Swaziland ya dingwaga tse di ka nnang masome a ferabobedi le boraro, mme seo se ne se dira gore e nne ene kgosi e e busitseng lobaka lo loleele go gaisa mo ditsong.[44] Puso ya tshwarelelo e ne ya latela morago ga loso lwa gagwe, ka Kgosigadi Motshwarelela Bogosi Dzeliwe Shongwe jaaka tlhogo ya lefatshe go fitlha ka 1984 fa a ne a ntshiwa ke Liqoqo mme a emisediwa ke Kgosigadi Motsala Kgosi Mma Ntfombi Tfwala.[44] Mswati III, morwa Ntfombi, o ne a bewa mo setilong sa bogosi ka 1986 ele kgosi le ngwenyama ya Swaziland.[45]

Maiteko a go fetisetsa dikarolo tsa Aforika Borwa tse di bapileng le yone, ka tlhomamo dikarolo tsa lefatshe la MaZulu la KwaZulu le dikarolo tsa lefatshe la MaSwazi la KaNgwane, kwa Swaziland ka 1982 ga a ise a fitlhelelwe.[46][47] Se se ka bo se neetse Swaziland e e dikaganyeditsweng ke mafatshe tsela ya go goroga kwa lewatleng. Tumalano e e ne ya buisanelwa ke dipuso tsa Aforika Borwa le Swaziland, fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso ya batho mo lefatsheng le le neng le tshwanetse go fetisiwa.[48] Kgaolo eno e ne e tserwe ke Sobhuza II ele karolo ya bogosi jwa setso jwa dikgosi tsa Swazi, mme puso ya Aforika Borwa e ne e solofetse go dirisa lefelo leno jaaka lefelo la go itshireletsa kgatlhanong le go tsenelela ga dirukhutlhi go tswa kwa Mozambique. (Puso ya Aforika Borwa e ne ya tsibogela go palelwa ga go fetisiwa mo ka go emisa go ipusa ga KaNgwane ka nakwana.)[49][50]

Dingwaga tsa bo1990 di bone go tlhatloga ga baithuti le boipelaetso jwa badiri ba kopa kgosi go tlisa diphetogo.[51] Ka jalo, go ne ga simololwa kgatelopele ya diphetogo tsa molaotheo, e e neng ya felela ka go tsenngwa ga molaotheo wa gompieno wa Swazi ka 2005. Seno se ne sa direga le fa badiraditshupetso ba dipolotiki ba ne ba ganetsa. Molaotheo wa gompieno ga o bue ka maemo a makoko a sepolotiki sentle.[52] Ditlhopho tsa ntlha go ya ka molaotheo di diragetse ka 2008. Maloko a Palamente (MPs) a ne a tlhophiwa go tswa mo dikgaolong di le masome a matlhano le botlhano (tse gape di itsegeng ele tinkhundla). Maloko a a Palamente a ne a dira paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano e e neng ya fela ka 2013.[52] Ka 2011, Swaziland e ne ya nna le mathata a itsholelo a a bakilweng ke go fokotsega ga madi a a amogelwang go tswa kwa Southern African Customs Union (SACU). Seno se ne sa dira gore puso e kope kadimo ya madi mo moagisanying wa yone ebong A forika Borwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, ba ne ba sa dumalane le maemo a kadimo, a a neng a akaretsa diphetogo tsa sepolotiki.[53]

Mo nakong eo, puso ya Swazi e ne ya gatelelwa thata gore e dire diphetogo tse di oketsegileng. Go ne ga simolola go nna le ditshupetso tsa phatlalatsa tse di neng di dirwa ke mekgatlho ya baagi le mekgatlho ya badiri. Go simolola ka 2012, go tokafala ga madi a SACU go ne ga fokotsa kgatelelo ya madi mo pusong ya Swazi. Palamente e ntšha, ya bobedi fa e sale go tlhongwa molaotheo, e ne ya tlhophiwa ka 2013. Morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya tlhoma gape Sibusiso Dlamini go nna tonakgolo lekgetho la boraro.[54]

Ka Moranang a tlhola lesome le boferabongwe 2018, Mswati III o ne a itsise gore Bogosi jwa Swaziland bo ne bo reeletswe leina la Bogosi jwa Eswatini, go bontsha leina la Swazi la puso ya eSwatini, go tshwaya segopotso sa bo masome a matlhano sa boipuso jwa Swaziland. Leina Eswatini le kaya "lefatshe la Ba-Swazi" ka puo ya Se-Swazi mme le ne le diretswe go thibela gore batho ba se ka ba le tlhakatlhakanya le Switzerland e e bidiwang ka leina le le tshwanang.[55][56]

Badiri ba kwa Eswatini ba simolotse ditshupetso tse di kgatlhanong le puso kgatlhanong le dituelo tse di kwa tlase ka Lwetse 2018. Ba ne ba ya kwa ngalong ditiro ya malatsi a le mararo e e neng e rulagantswe ke Trade Union Congress of Eswatini e e neng ya felela e tsositse kgoreletso e kgolo.[57] Ka Seetebosigo 2021, go ne ga tsoga ditshupetso tsa go lwela puso ya batho ka batho go ralala lefatshe, tse di neng tsa dira gore go nne le dikgoberego, go thukuthiwa le go lwa le mapodisi le masole mo mebileng. Dikgoberego tse tsa selegae di simolotse ka ntlha ya dingwaga tsa kgalefo kgatlhanong le tlhaelo ya diphetogo tse di nang le bokao tse di neng di tla kgarametsa Eswatini go ya kwa ntlheng ya puso ya batho ka batho, mmogo le thibelo e e begilweng ke puso ya go romelwa ga dikopo.[58] Dikago di le dintsi tse go tweng di amana le Kgosi Mswati III di ne tsa fisiwa ke batho ba ba neng ba dira ditshupetso, mme mapodisi go begwa fa a ne a tlhasela le go tshwara baganetsi ba sepolotiki. The New York Times e ne ya bitsa dikhuduego tse di neng di le teng mo lefatsheng leo le le dikaganyeditsweng ke a mangwe ya re "ke dikgoberego tse dikgolo thata tsa setšhaba mo dingwageng di le masome a matlhano le boraro tsa boipuso tsa lefatshe leo".[59] Batho ba le masome a mabedi ba ne ba bolawa ke masole a pabalesego a puso mme ba le bantsi ba ne ba gobala le go tshwarwa. Puso e ne ya tswala Internet (ka go dumelana le batlamedi ba mesokelatsebeng ba MTN le Eswatini Mobile) mme seo sa dira gore go nne thata go bona dikgang tse di ikanyegang go tswa mo lefatsheng leo. Kgosi le yone go ne ga twe e tshabile mo lefatsheng, le fa gone badiredi ba puso ba ne ba ganetsa seo, ba bo ba kopa gore go emisiwe ditshupetso.[58][60][61][62]

Dipopego tsa lefatshe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Main article: Dipopego tsa lefatshe la Eswatini
Mmepe o o supang dipopego tsa lefatshe la Eswatini

Eswatini ke lefatshe le lennye le le se nang lotshitshi la lewatle, le le nang le bogolo jwa 17,364 km2 (6,704 sq mi), mme le fitlhelwa mo e ka nnang 26°30'S, 31°30'E[63] mme le dikologilwe kwa bokone, bophirima le borwa ke Aforika Borwa le Mozambique kwa botlhaba. Mo molelwaneng wa botlhaba le Mozambique ke Dithaba tsa Lebombo, e leng mokgokolosa wa dithaba o o bogodimo jwa dimethara di ka nna 600 (2,000 ft). Dithaba tse di kgaogantswe ke mekgatšha ya dinoka tse tharo, e leng Ngwavuma, Usutu e Kgolo le Mbuluzi. Molelwane wa bophirima, o o nang le palogare ya bogodimo jwa dimetara di le 1,200 (3,900 ft), o mo ntlheng ya lekgwamolelo.

Eswatini e kgaogantswe ka dikgaolo di le nne. Di tsamaya go tswa kwa bokone go ya kwa borwa mme di laolwa ke bogodimo jwa tsone. Mbabane, toropokgolo, e mo Highveld.[64] Middleveld, e e ka nnang 700 metres (2,300 ft) kwa godimo ga lewatle, ke kgaolo e e nang le batho ba le bantsi go gaisa ya Eswatini e e nang le pula e e kwa tlase go na le dithaba. Manzini, toropo e kgolo ya kgwebo le madirelo, e mo Middleveld. Lowveld, e e ka nnang 250 metres (820 ft), e na le batho ba le mmalwa go feta mafelo a mangwe mme e na le naga ya sekgwa sa Aforika ya ditlhare tse di mebitlwa le mafulo. Eswatini e na le ditikologo tse tharo: Maputaland coastal forest mosaic, Zambezian le mophane woodlands, le Drakensberg montane grasslands.[65] Lefatshe le le e na le tekanyetsokabo ya 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ya 4.21/10, e e beileng mo maemong a bo 142 lefatshe ka bophara mo mafatsheng a le 172.[66]

Tlelaemete

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Naga ya Eswatini

Eswatini e kgaogantswe ka dikgaolo di le nne tsa tlelaemete: Highveld, Middleveld, Lowveld, le plateau ya Lubombo. Go bua ka kakaretso, pula e na thata mo dikgweding tsa selemo (Sedimonthole go ya go Mopitlo), gantsi e le ka dipula tsa matlakadibe.[67] Mariga ke paka ya komelelo. Pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e kwa godimo kwa Highveld kwa bophirima, magareng ga 1,000 le 2,000 mm (39.4 le 78.7 in). Go ya kwa botlhaba, pula e e kwa tlase, ka Lowveld e gatisa 500 go ya go 900 mm (19.7 go ya go 35.4 in) ka ngwaga. Diphetogo tsa mogote gape di amana le bogodimo jwa dikgaolo tse di farologaneng. Mogote wa kwa Highveld ke o o tsiditsana mme ga se gantsi ele mogote thata, fa kwa Lowveld e ka gatisa mogote o o ka nnang 40 °C (104 °F) ka selemo.[68]

Palogare ya mogote kwa Mbabane, go ya ka dipaka:

Dikgakologo Lwetse-Phalane 18 °C (64.4 °F)
Selemo Ngwanaatsele-Mopitlo 20 °C (68 °F)
Letlhafula Moranang-Motsheganong 17 °C (62.6 °F)
Mariga Seetebosigo-Phatwe 13 °C (55.4 °F)

Puso ya Eswatini e boletse fa e tshwenyegile ka gore phetogo ya tlelaemete e gakatsa dikgwetlho tse di leng teng tsa setshaba jaaka lehuma, go anama ga HIV e e kwa godimo, le go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo mme e tla fokotsa thata bokgoni jwa lefatshe go tlhabologa, go ya ka Vision 2022.[69] Mo go tsa itsholelo, phetogo ya tlelaemete e setse e amile Eswatini ka tsela e e sa siamang. Ka sekai, komelelo ya 2015 - 16 e ne ya fokotsa tiro le thekiso ya sukiri le dino tse di tswakantsweng le sukiri (thekiso e e kgolo ya itsholelo ya Eswatini). Bontsi jwa dilwana tse di romelwang kwa ntle kwa Eswatini ke tsa temothuo e e sa dirwang mme ka jalo di ka nna mo kotsing ya go fetoga ga tlelaemete.[69]

Mefutafuta ya ditshedi le tshomarelo

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Main article: Ditshidi le diphologolo tsa Eswatini
Setlhatshana sa Grewia villosa

Eswatini e na le mafelo a a farologaneng a a sireleditsweng a a sireletsang mefutafuta ya ditshedi tsa lefatshe leo. Mafelo a a akaretsa mo e ka nnang 5% ya naga ya lefatshe leo. Eswatini e na le mefuta e e fetang 820 ya ditshedi tse di nang le lerapo la mokwatla le mefuta e e fetang 2400 ya dimela, e e nang le mefuta e le mentsi ya ditshedi tse di nnang koo fela. Go farologana mo go kaya gore Eswatini e botlhokwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe mo go bolokeng mefutafuta ya ditshedi.[70] Go senyega ga lefatshe le go fetolwa go nna mafelo a mangwe a go dirisetswang lefatshe mo go one ke matshosetsi a magolo mo go tsa tlholego, go akaretsa temothuo ya dijalo (e e leng ya semolao le e e seng ya semolao), go epololwa ga ditlhare le ditlhatshana, go anama ga dimela tse di sa tlwaelegang le tse di tlhaselang, le go ntshiwa ga metswedi e e seng ya sennelaruri; go kgaoganngwa ga lefatshe go bonala sentle.[70]

Eswatini e beile monwana Tumalano ya Mefutafuta ya Ditshedi, Tumalano ya Kgwebisano ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Mefuta ya Ditshedi tse di mo Kotsing (CITES), le Tumalano ya Bosetšhaba ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng ya Maemo a Bosa. Go na le maphata a mararo a magolo a puso a a rweleng maikarabelo a tsamaiso ya bosetšhaba ya ditshedi tsa mefutafuta: Eswatini National Trust Commission, Eswatini Environment Authority, le Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Mo godimo ga moo, Big Game Parks, e e ikemetseng ka nosi, e na le tiro ya go laola Game Act, e e laolang diphologolo tsa naga le CITES.[70]

Go na le mafelo a a sireleditsweng a le marataro a semmuso le a a fetang lesome a a sa sirelediwang semmuso mo lefatsheng leo. Mafelo a a begilweng semmuso a akaretsa: Malolotja Nature Reserve, Mantenga Nature Reserve, Mlawula Nature Reserve, Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary, le Mkhaya Game Reserve, le Hlane Royal National Park. Mo godimo ga tseo, go na le mafelo a le mantsi a a ikemetseng le a setšhaba a tshireletso ya tlholego, mmogo le a mangwe a a nang le ditsamaiso tse di kopaneng tsa puso. Tseo di akaretsa: Dombeya Game Reserve, Mbuluzi Game Reserve, Shewula Nature Reserve, Phophonyane Falls Nature Reserve, Royal Jozini, IYSIS (Inyoni Yami), Ngwempisi Wilderness, Sibebe le tse dingwe. Go na le ditheo tse dingwe tse di dirisang tshomarelo ya bobedi kgotsa ya boraro, mmogo le mafelo a tshomarelo a mabedi: Mhlosinga Conservancy le Lubombo Conservancy. Tse dingwe di akaretsa: Mokgatlho wa Ditso tsa Tlholego wa Eswatini le Mokgatlho wa Badisa ba Diphologolo tsa Lefatshe la Eswatini.

Go simolola ka 2014 go fitlha ka 2021, Eswatini e ne ya nna le seabe mo lenaneong la "Go Nonotsha Thulaganyo ya Bosetšhaba ya Mafelo a a Sireleditsweng" (SNPAS). Lenaneo le le ne la leka go nonotsha ditlamorago tsa tshomarelo le letshwao la bosetšhaba la tshomarelo ya ditshedi go ralala lefatshe.[71] Ka maiteko a go atolosa mafelo a a tshwanelang go ka bona tshegetso ya tshomarelo (e e dirisang tsamaiso ya tshomarelo ya nnete), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) e tlhomile setlhopha se seša sa mafelo a tshomarelo a a sa tlhomamang, kgotsa a a sa begwang mo lokwalodikgannyeng ka 2018. Gone jaanong tseo di bidiwa OEC kgotsa Effective Conservation Measures. Lenaneo la SNPAS le ne la dirisa maina a OECM mme ya simolola go tlhomamisa mafelo a tshomarelo a a seng ka fa molaong kwa Eswatini ka 2021.[72]

Go na le mefuta e le 507 ya dinonyane kwa Eswatini, go akaretsa le mefuta e le 11 e e tshosediwang ke go nyelela lefatshe ka bophara le mefuta e le mene e e tsentsweng, le mefuta e le 107 ya diamusi e e tlholegang kwa Eswatini, go akaretsa le tshukudu e ntsho e e mo kotsing ya go nyelela ya Borwa-legare le mefuta e mengwe e le supa e e tshosediwang ke go nyelela kgotsa e e leng mo kotsing ya go nyelela.[73] Eswatini e humile ka dinonyane, go akaretsa dinonyane tsa manong a mekwatla e e mesweu, tlhogo e tshweu, lappet-faced le Cape vultures, di-raptor tse di jaaka dinonyane tsa martial eagles, bateleurs, le long-crested eagles, le lefelo le le kwa borwa la go dira sentlhaga la nonyane ya marabou.

Sepolotiki

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Main articles: Goromente wa Eswatini and Sepolotiki kwa Eswatini

Puso ya segosi

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Mswati III e ntse e le kgosi ya Eswatini go tloga ka 1986.

Eswatini ke puso ya segosi e e nang le molaotheo le molao le ngwao ya Seswati. Tlhogo ya lefatshe ke kgosi kgotsa ngwenyama (lit. tau), ka se sebaka ke Kgosi Mswati III, yo o tlhatlogetseng mo setilong sa bogosi ka 1986 morago ga loso lwa ga rraagwe Kgosi Sobhuza II ka 1982 le paka ya go tshwarelelwa puso. Go ya ka molaotheo wa lefatshe, ngwenyama ke letshwao la kutlwano le bosakhutleng jwa tshaba ya Swazi.[74] Go ya ka ngwao, kgosi e busa mmogo le mmaagwe (kgotsa mongwe yo o mo emetseng mo ngwaong), e leng ndlovukati (tlou ya sesadi). Yo mongwe o ne a tsewa e le tlhogo ya puso mme yo mongwe e le tlhogo ya setšhaba le ya semoya, a na le maatla a a lekanang le a kgosi, mme mo pusong e telele ya ga Sobhuza II, seabe sa ndlovukati se ne sa nna sa boleng le bokao jo bo kwa godimo.[75]

Kgosi e tlhoma tonakgolo go tswa mo lekgotleng la peomolao mme gape e tlhoma bontsi jwa baemedi ba ga goromente le bonnye jwa ba ba dirang molao go tswa mo lekgotleng le le kwa tlase la Libandla (palamente) ka thuso ya lekgotla la bagakolodi. Molaomotheo o letlelela kgosi go tlhoma maloko mangwe a palamente go emela dikgatlhego tse di kgethegileng. Batho bano ba ba nang le dikgatlhego tse di kgethegileng ke baagi ba ba ka bong ba ile ba nna bo ntlhopheng mme ba sa tlhophiwa, kgotsa ba ka bo ba sa nna bo ntlhopheng. Se se dirwa go lekalekanya matlhakore mo palamenteng. Batho ba ba nang le dikgatlhego tse di kgethegileng e ka nna batho ba bong jo bo rileng kgotsa ba lotso lo lo rileng, batho ba ba nang le bogole, maloko a a botlhokwa a kgwebo, setšhaba sa baagi, barutegi le dikgosana.[76]

Palamente

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Palamente ya Swazi e na le matlhakore a le mabedi, kgotsa Libandla, e na le Senate (ditilo di le 30; maloko a le 10 a tlhophiwa ke Ntlo ya Kokoano le a le 20 a tlhophiwa ke kgosi; go dira paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano) le Ntlo ya Kokoano (ditilo di le 65; maloko a le 10 a tlhophiwa ke kgosi le a le 55 a tlhophiwa ka ditlhopho tsa batho botlhe; go dira paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano). Ditlhopho di tshwarwa dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le tlhano morago ga gore kgosi e phatlalatse palamente. Ditlhopho tsa bofelo di tshwerwe ka 29 Lwetse 2023.[77] Go tlhopha go dirwa ka tsela e e seng ya makoko a sepolotiki. Tsamaiso yotlhe ya ditlhopho e tlhokometswe ke Khomišene ya Ditlhopho le Melelwane.[78]

Ngwao ya sepolotiki

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Fa Swaziland e ne e bona boipuso ka 6 Lwetse 1968, Swaziland e ne ya amogela molaotheo wa Westminster. Ka 12 Moranang 1973, Kgosi Sobhuza II o ne a e phimola ka molao, a tsaya maatla a a kwa godimo mo dikgannyeng tsotlhe tsa khuduthamaga, boatlhodi le molao.[79] Ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kwa ntle ga lekoko la sepolotiki tsa Ntlo ya Kokoano di ne tsa tshwarwa ka 1978, mme di ne tsa tshwarwa ka fa tlase ga tinkhundla jaaka ditlhopho tsa dikgaolo tsa botlhophi tse di tlhomilweng ke Kgosi, mme go ne ga tlhomiwa Komiti ya Ditlhopho e e tlhophilweng ke Kgosi go okamela ditlhopho.[79]

Go fitlha ka ditlhopho tsa 1993, tlhopho e ne se sephiri, batho ba ba neng ba tlhopha ba ne ba sa kwadisiwe, e bile ba ne ba sa tlhophe baemedi ka tlhamalalo. Go na le moo, batlhophi ba ne ba tlhopha setlhopha sa batlhophi ka go feta ka kgoro e e beetsweng motho yo ba mo tlhophileng fa badiredi ba ba bala.[79] Moragonyana, khomišene ya tshekatsheko ya molaomotheo e ne ya tlhomiwa ke Kgosi Mswati III ka Phukwi 1996, e e neng e na le dikgosana, balwela-kgololosego ya sepolotiki, le ba mokgatlho wa badiri go sekaseka ditlhagiso tsa setšhaba le go kwala dikakanyetso tsa molaotheo o moša.[80]

Go ne ga ntshiwa dikakanyetso tsa gore go dirwe diphetogo ka May 1999 le ka November 2000. Di ne tsa tshwaiwa diphoso thata ke mekgatlho ya baagi kwa Swaziland le mekgatlho ya ditshwanelo tsa batho kwa mafelong a mangwe. Setlhopha sa maloko a le 15 se ne sa itsisiwe ka Sedimonthole wa 2001 go kwala molaotheo o o mosha; go ne ga begwa gore maloko a le mmalwa a setlhopha se a ne a atamalane le lelapa la bogosi.[81]

Ditlhopho

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditlhopho tsa baeemedi di dirwa kwa dikgosing. Ka letsatsi la go tlhophiwa, leina la motho yo o tlhophilweng le tsosiwa ka go tsholetsa letsogo, mme motho yo o tlhophilweng o amogela kgotsa o gana go tlhophiwa. Fa a ka amogelwa, motho yo o tlhophilweng o tshwanetse go engwa nokeng ke maloko a le lesome a morafe oo. Ba ba tlhophilweng ke baemedi ba maemo a go nna leloko la Palamente, Tlhogo ya Setlhopha sa Palamente (Indvuna), le Komiti ya Khuduthamaga ya Setlhopha sa Palamente (Bucopho). Palo e e kwa tlase ya batho ba ba tlhophilweng ke ba le bane mme palo e e kwa godimo ke ba le lesome.[82]

Ditlhopho tsa pele le tsone di tshwarwa kwa maemong a bokgosana. E dirwa ka tlhopho ya sephiri. Ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa pele, batlhophi ba fiwa tshono ya go tlhopha leloko la komiti ya khuduthamaga (bucopho) ya lekgotla le le rileng. Maloko a palamente le tlhogo ya kgaolo le bone ba tlhophiwa go tswa mo lekgotleng lengwe le lengwe. Ditlhopho tsa bobedi le tsa bofelo di diragala kwa dikgaolong tse di farologaneng tse di bidiwang tinkhundla.[82] Baemedi ba ba fenyang ditlhopho tsa ntlha mo makgotleng ba tsewa e le ba ba kgethilweng mo ditlhophong tsa bobedi mo maemong a dikhundla kgotsa dikgaolo tsa botlhophi. Ba ba tlhophilweng ba ba nang le ditlhopho tsa bontsi ba nna bafenyi mme ba nna maloko a palamente kgotsa tlhogo ya kgaolo ya botlhophi.[83][84] Go ya ka 2023 V-Dem Democracy indices Eswatini ke lone la borobabongwe le le kwa tlase lefatshe ka bophara le la bobedi le le kwa tlase mo tlhophong ya puso ya batho ka batho mo Aforika.

Dikamano le mafatshe a sele

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Main article: Dikamano le mafatshe a sele le Eswatini

Eswatini ke leloko la United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, African Union, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, le Southern African Development Community.[85][86][87][88][89] Go tloga ka 2024, ke lone fela lefatshe mo Aforika le le nang le dikamano le Taiwan mme e seng le People's Republic of China.[90]

Tsamaiso ya boatlhodi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Tsamaiso ya boatlhodi kwa Eswatini ke tsamaiso e e kopanetsweng. Molaotheo wa 2005 o tlhomile tsamaiso ya dikgotlatshekelo e e theilweng mo mokgweng wa Bophirima e e nang le Dikgotlatshekelo tsa Makaseterata tsa kgaolo di le nne, Kgotlatshekelo e Kgolo, le Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo (Kgotlatshekelo Kgolo), tse di ikemetseng ka nosi mo taolong ya bogosi. Mo godimo ga moo, dikgotlatshekelo tsa setso (Dikgotlatshekelo tsa Swazi kgotsa Dikgotlatshekelo tsa Setso) di dirisana le ditlolomolao tse dinnye le ditlolomolao tsa molao le ngwao ya setso sa Seswati.[91] Baatlhodi ba tlhophiwa ke kgosi mme gantsi ke batswakwa ba ba tswang mo Aforika Borwa.[92] Kgotlatshekelo Kgolo, e e neng ya emisetsa Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo ya pele, e na le moatlhodimogolo le baatlhodi ba bangwe ba le bane ba Kgotlatshekelo Kgolo. Kgotlatshekelo e Kgolo e na le moatlhodimogolo le bonnye jwa baatlhodi ba le bane ba Kgotlatshekelo e Kgolo.[93] Baatlhodi ba bagolo e ne e le:

Tsa sesole

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Badiredibagolo ba sesole sa Eswatini

Sesole sa Eswatini (Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force) se dirisiwa thata ka nako ya ditshupetso tsa selegae, ka ditirelo dingwe tsa kwa melelwaneng le makgetho a kwa melelwaneng. Sesole ga se ise se nne le seabe mo kgotlhang ya kwa ntle ga lefatshe.[99] Kgosi ke molaodi-mogolo wa sesole sa tshireletso le tona ya Lephata la Tshireletso.[100] Go na le batho ba ba ka nnang 3,000 mo sesoleng, mme sesole ke sone se se nang le palo e kgolo go gaisa. Go na le sesole se se potlana sa difofane, se se dirisiwang thata go rwala kgosi le dithoto le badiri, go tlhatlhoba lefatshe ka ditiro tsa go batla le go namola, le go dira mo maemong a tshoganyetso a bosetšhaba.[101]

Dikgaogano tsa tsamaiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Main article: Dikgaolo tsa Eswatini

Eswatini e kgaogantswe ka dikgaolo di le nne: Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, le Shiselweni. Mo go nngwe le nngwe ya dikgaolo tse nne, go na le di-tinkhundla di le mmalwa ( fa ele nngwe inkhundla). Dikgaolo di laolwa ke motsamaisi wa kgaolo, yo o thusiwang ke maloko a a tlhophilweng mo inkhundla nngwe le nngwe.[102] Mmuso wa selegae o kgaogantswe ka makgotla a a rulagantsweng ka tsela e e farologaneng a metseselegae le a ditoropo go ikaegilwe ka seemo sa tlhabololo mo lefelong leo. Le fa gone go na le dipopego tse di farologaneng tsa sepolotiki tsa dipuso tsa selegae, tota dikhansele tsa ditoropo ke bommasepala mme dikhansele tsa selegae ke tinkhundla. Go na le dimasepala di le 12 le di-tinkhundla di le 55.[103] Inkhundla nngwe le nngwe e na le komiti ya tlhabololo (bucopho) e e tlhophilweng go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse di farologaneng tsa ditlhopho mo kgaolong ya yone ka paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano. Bo-Bucopho ba isa kwa go Inkhundla dikgang tsotlhe tse di kgatlhang le tse di tshwenyang ditlhopha tsa bone tse di farologaneng tsa makgotla, mme ba bo ba busetsa kwa makgotleng ditshwetso tsa Inkhundla. Modulasetilo wa bucopho o tlhophiwa kwa inkhundla mme o bidiwa indvuna ye nkhundla.

Go na le ditlhopha di le tharo tsa puso mo mafelong a ditoropo mme tseno ke dikhansele tsa ditoropo, dikhansele tsa metsesetoropo le makgotla a ditoropo. Mofuta ono o akanyetsa bogolo jwa motsesetoropo kgotsa toropo. Ka go tshwana, go na le ditlhopha di le tharo mo dikgaolong tsa magae tse e leng botsamaisi jwa kgaolo mo maemong a kgaolo, tinkhundla le makgotla. Ditshwetso di dirwa ke Khansele e e Feletseng go ikaegilwe ka dikakantsho tse di dirilweng ke dikomiti tse di potlana tse di farologaneng. Mokwadisi wa toropokgolo ke mogakolodi yo mogolo mo khanseleng nngwe le nngwe ya selegae kgotsa mo lekgotleng la toropo. Go na le mafelo a ditoropo a le masome a mabedi a a begilweng, a a akaretsang dikhansele di le pedi tsa toropo, dikhansele di le tharo tsa metsesetoropo le makgotla a le supa a toropo. Metsemegolo le ditoropo tsa Eswatini ke Manzini, Mbabane, Nhlangano le Siteki tse gape e leng ditoropo tsa dikgaolo.

Kgaolo # Kgaolo Motsemogolo Botona


(km2)

Dipalopalo tsa batho (palo-batho ya 2017)
1 Hhohho Mbabane 3,625.17 320,651
2 Manzini Manzini 4,093.59 355,945
3 Lubombo Siteki 5,849.11 R
4 Shiselweni Nhlangano 3,786.71 204,111

Itsholelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Itsholelo ya Eswatini e kabakanye, ka temothuo, dikgwa le meepo e lebagane le 13% ya GDP, madirelo (diaparo le ditlamelo tse di amanang le sukiri) di emetse 37% ya GDP le ditirelo - ka ditirelo tsa mmuso di eteletse pele - di bopa 50% ya GDP. Title Deed Lands (TDLs), mo bontsi jwa dijalo tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo bo jalwang teng (sukiri, dikgwa, le maungo), di tshwaiwa ke dipeeletso tse di kwa godimo le nosetso, le poelo e e kwa godimo. Mo e ka nnang 75% ya baagi e thapilwe mo temothuong ya go itshedisa mo Swazi Nation Land (SNL). Go farologana le dipolase tsa kgwebo, SNL e na le poelo e e kwa tlase le dipeeletso tse di kwa tlase.

GDP ka motho le motho, 1970 go ya go 2019

Temo ya ntshe, e e leng selo se segolo se se romelwang kwa mafatsheng a sele, go dirile gore batho ba le bantsi ba lelekwe kwa metseng ya magae go ya go aga ditshimo, go dirisiwa ga bana go bereka le go bereka diura di le masome a marataro ka beke. International Trade Union Confederation e bua ka "diemo tse di thata le tse di sa itekanelang tsa tiro, dituelo tse di kwa tlase le go gatelelwa ka dikgoka ga maiteko ape fela a go dira mokgatlho wa badiri".[104] Kgolo ya itsholelo e saletse kwa morago fa e bapisiwa le ya mafatshe a a mabapi. Kgolo ya GDP ya mmatota fa e sale ka 2001 e nnile ka palogare ya 2.8%, e e kwa tlase ka diperesente di le 2 go feta kgolo ya mafatshe a mangwe a maloko a Southern African Customs Union (SACU). Go bonala fa dilo tse di bakang seno e le selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa dipoelo tsa temothuo mo dinageng tsa SNL, go nna le komelelo gangwe le gape, ditlamorago tse di senyang tsa HIV/AIDS le gore puso e kgolo thata e bile e sa dire sentle. Madi a setšhaba sa Eswatini a ne a ya kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1990 morago ga go nna le madi a mantsi a a neng a le kwa godimo ngwaga pele ga foo. Go fokotsega ga lotseno le go oketsega ga ditshenyegelo go ne ga felela ka gore go nne le tlhaelo e kgolo ya madi.

Central Bank kwa Mbabane

Itsholelo ya Eswatini e golagane thata le itsholelo ya Aforika Borwa, e e amogelang go feta 90% ya dithoto tse di rekwang kwa ntle ga lefatshe tsa yone le e e romelang 70% ya dithoto tse di rekisiwang kwa ntle ga lefatshe tsa yone. Ditsala tse dingwe tsa Eswatini tsa kgwebo ke United States (ka fa tlase ga African Growth and Opportunity Act) le EU, e lefatshe le le amogetseng ditshiamelo tsa kgwebo tsa go romela diaparo kwa US le tsa sukiri kwa EU. Ka ntlha ya ditumalano tseo, go romelwa ga diaparo le sukiri kwa mafatsheng a sele go ne ga gola ka bonako mme ga okediwa thata ke dipeeletso tse di tswang kwa mafatsheng a sele.

Eswatini ke karolo ya Southern African Customs Union (botala).

Go tswelela pele go nna matlhagatlhaga ga lephata la thomelontle ya dithoto go tshosediwa ke go ntshiwa ga ditshiamelo tsa kgwebisano tsa dilwana tsa matsela, go tsenngwa ga ditshiamelo tse di tshwanang tsa mafatshe a Botlhaba jwa Asia, le go fedisiwa ga ditlhwatlhwa tsa tshoganyetso tsa sukiri mo mmarakeng wa EU. Ka jalo, Eswatini e tla tshwanelwa ke go lebana le kgwetlho ya go tswelela e le mo kgaisanong mo tikologong e e fetogang ya lefatshe lotlhe. Tshekatsheko ya Maemo a Dipeeletso e supa diphitlhelelo dingwe tse di siameng, e leng gore dipoelo tsa Eswatini di mo gare ga tse di ntshang maduo a a kwa godimo thata mo Sub-Saharan Africa, le fa di sa ntshe maduo a a kwa tlase go na le dipoelo mo mafatsheng a a nang le leetseno le le fa gare a a ntshang maduo a a kwa godimo thata mo dikgaolong tse dingwe. Di bapisiwa sentle le tsa mafatshe a a nang le letseno le le kwa tlase le le le fa gare mme di kgorelediwa ke dithulaganyo tse di sa lekaneng tsa puso le mafaratlhatlha.[105]

Madi a Eswatini, lilangeni, a golagantswe le ranta ya Afrika Borwa, e leng se se dirang gore molao wa madi wa Eswatini o tsamaisane le wa Afrika Borwa. Dithoto tsa kwa Afrika Borwa le madi a a romelwang ke badiri go tswa mo Afrika Borwa di tlaleletsa letseno le le bonwang mo lefatsheng. Eswatini ga e humanege thata gore e ka nna le lenaneo la IMF; le fa go ntse jalo, lefatshe leno le kgaratlhela go fokotsa bogolo jwa tirelo ya setšhaba le go laola ditshenyegelo tsa dikgwebo tsa setšhaba. Puso e leka go tokafatsa tikologo ya dipeeletso tse di tlhamaletseng tsa mafatshe a sele.[105]

Ditirelo tsa setšhaba di tlhabolotswe ka tsela e e bokoa: lefatshe le le na le dikoloi tsa sepatela tsa setšhaba di le lesome le bobedi fela, dikolo tse di botlana ka kakaretso ga di sa tlhole di tlamela baithuti ka dijo mme le marekisetso a melemo a a nyelela.[104]

Bontsi jwa khumo ya kwa Eswatini bo mo diatleng tsa puso le kgosi, go akaretsa lefatshe le dikompone tse dikgolo jaaka RES (Royal Eswatini Sugar) Corporation e e leng mo diatleng tsa letlole la bogosi la khumo, Tibiyo Taka Ngwane, le 6.5% e nngwe e e leng ya puso ya Eswatini.[106]

Mo bathong ba le bantsi, ditiro tsa itsholelo e e ikemetseng ka nosi di akaretsa temothuo ya go itshedisa. Gape go na le dikgwebo tse di ikemetseng tse di tsamaisiwang ke borakgwebo ba le 15 000 go akaretsa dikokomane tsa bafaladi ba kwa Britain le babeeletsi ba bangwe ba Aforika Borwa ba ba tlileng kwa Eswatini ka gonne ba kgona go hira badiri ka bonyenyane jwa dituelo tse ba neng ba ka di duela kwa Aforika Borwa.[104] Kgosi Mswati III o amogela 8% ya tekanyetsokabo ya bosetšhaba ya ditshenyegelo tsa semmuso. Mapodise a amogela 5% ya tekanyetsokabo, fela jaaka masole.[104]

Dipalopalo tsa batho

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Ditoropokgolo

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Ditoropokgolo kgotsa metsamegolo ya Eswatini
Maemo Leina Kgaolo Palo
1 Manzini Manzini 110,537
2 Mbabane Hhohho 76,218
3 Big Bend Lubombo 10,342
4 Malkerns Manzini 9,724
5 Nhlangano Shiselweni 9,016
6 Mhlume Lubombo 8,652
7 Hluti Shiselweni 6,763
8 Siteki Lubombo 6,152
9 Piggs Peak Hhohho 5,750
10 Lobamba Hhohho 4,557
Palo ya batho ba Eswatini ka dikete (1950 - 2021)

Bontsi jwa baagi ba Eswatini ke ba morafe wa SeSwazi, ba kopane le palo e nnye ya MaZulu le MaAforika a Basweu, ba bontsi jwa bone e leng batho ba ba tlholegang ele ma Britain le Afrikaner. Ka tlwaelo Baswazi e ne e le balemibarui le badisa ba ba itshedisang, fela bontsi jwa bone jaanong ba tswakanya ditiro tse di ntseng jalo le tiro mo itsholelong e e golang ya ditoropo le mo pusong. Baswazi bangwe ba dira mo meepong kwa Afrika Borwa.[107] Eswatini gape e amogetse baagi ba MaPotokisi le batshabi ba MaAforika go tswa Mozambique. Bokeresete kwa Eswatini ka dinako tse dingwe bo tswakanngwa le ditumelo le ditlwaelo tsa setso. Batho ba le bantsi ba ba ratang ngwao ba dumela gore bontsi jwa Ba-Swazi ba tsaya kgosi e na le seabe se se kgethegileng mo bodumeding.[108]

Dipuo

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SiSwati[109] (e e itsigeng gape ele Swati, Swazi kgotsa Siswati) ke puo ya Bantu ya setlhopha sa ba Nguni, e e buiwang kwa Eswatini le Afrika Borwa. E buiwa ke batho ba le dimilione di le 2,5 mme e rutwa kwa dikolong. Ke puo ya semmuso ya Eswatini, mmogo le Seesemane,[110] le nngwe ya dipuo tsa semmuso tsa Aforika Borwa. Seesemane ke puo e e dirisediwang go buisana mo dikolong, mo kgwebong le mo metsweding ya dikgang.[111] Batho ba ba ka nnang 76,000 mo lefatsheng le ba bua SeZulu.[112] SeTsonga, se se buiwang ke batho ba le bantsi mo kgaolong eno, se buiwa ke batho ba ka nna 19 000 kwa Eswatini. Se-Afrikaans gape se buiwa ke baagi bangwe ba ba tlholegang ele ba Afrikaner. Sepotokisi se ne sa tsenngwa jaaka puo ya boraro mo dikolong ka ntlha ya morafe o mogolo wa batho ba ba buang Sepotokisi ba ba tswang kwa Mozambique kgotsa kwa Bokone le Bogare jwa Portugal.[113]

Tumelo

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Diperesente di le masome a le borobabobedi le boraro tsa baagi botlhe ba kwa Eswatini ke Bakeresete. Kereke ya Anglican, Protestant le dikereke tsa selegae tsa SeAforika, go akaretsa le African Zionist (40%), di bopa bontsi jwa Bakeresete, di latelwa ke Bokatoliki ka 6% ya baagi. Ka 18 Phukwi 2012, Ellinah Wamukoya o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mobishopo wa Anglican wa Swaziland, a nna mosadi wa ntlha go nna mobishopo mo Aforika mme a direla mo maemong ao go fitlha a tlhokafala ka 2021.[114] Diperesente di le lesome le botlhano tsa baagi ba dumela ditumelo tsa setso; ditumelo tse dingwe tse e seng tsa Sekeresete tse di dirisiwang mo lefatsheng le di akaretsa BoIslam (2%[115]), Tumelo ya Bahá'í (0.5%), le BoHindu (0.2%).[116] Go ne go na le malapa a Bajuta a le 14 ka 2013.[117]

Bogosi jwa Eswatini ga bo amogele manyalo a e seng a semolao jaaka dikgolagano tsa lenyalo la SeIslam.[118]

Botsogo

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Main article: Botsogo kwa Eswatini
See also: Segajaja sa HIV/AIDS kwa Eswatini

Go simologa ka 2019, Eswatini e na le palo e e kwa godimo ya batho ba ba tshwaeditsweng ke mogare wa HIV mo bathong ba dingwaga di le 15 go ya go 49 mo lefatsheng ka bophara(27.1%).[119][120]

Eswatini e na le maduo a 15.7 mo Global Hunger Index 2024, e le mo maemong a bo74.[121]

Thuto

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Sekolo se se botlana sa kwa magaeng kwa Eswatini

Thuto kwa Eswatini e simolola ka thuto ya pele ga sekolo ya masea, thuto ya sekolo se se botlana, ya dikolo tse dikgolwane, ya thuto le katiso ya kakaretso, le mmadikolo le dikholetšhe kwa maemong a thuto e e kwa godimo. Thuto ya pele ga sekolo gantsi ke ya bana ba dingwaga di le tlhano kgotsa tse di kwa tlase; morago ga moo, moithuti a ka ikwadisa mo sekolong se se botlana gongwe le gongwe mo lefatsheng. Ditheo tsa go tlhokomela bana le go ba ruta di dira jaaka dikolo tsa bana ba ba iseng ba tsene sekolo kgotsa mafelo a go tlhokomela bana a mo tikologong. Mo lefatsheng leo 21.6% ya bana ba dingwaga tsa pele ga sekolo ba kgona go tsena sekolo sa bana ba bannye.[122] Thuto ya sekolo se se botlana e simolola fa ngwana a le dingwaga di le thataro. Ke thulaganyo ya dingwaga di le supa e e felelang ka tlhatlhobo ya bofelo ya sekolo se se botlana mo lokwalong lwa bosupa e e leng tlhatlhobo ya selegae e e laolwang ke Khansele ya Ditlhatlhobo ka dikolo.[123]

Tsamaiso ya thuto ya dikolo tse dikgolwane ke thulaganyo ya dingwaga di le tlhano e e kgaogantsweng ka dingwaga di le tharo tsa sekolo se sebotlana sa bogareng le dingwaga di le pedi tsa sekolo se segolwane. Go na le tlhatlhobo ya setšhaba ya kwa ntle (Junior Certificate) kwa bokhutlong jwa junior secondary e baithuti ba tshwanetseng go e falola gore ba kgone go fetela kwa maemong a a kwa godimo a secondary. Lekgotla la Ditlhatlhobo la Swaziland le tsamaisa tlhatlhobo e. Kwa bokhutlong jwa maemo a a kwa godimo a sekolo se segolwane, baithuti ba nna mo tlhatlhobong ya setšhaba, Setlankana sa Kakaretso sa Thuto ya Sekontari sa Swaziland le Setlankana sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Kakaretso sa Thuto ya Sekontari se se amogetsweng ke Ditlhatlhobo tsa Boditšhabatšhaba tsa Cambridge. Dikolo di le mmalwa di na le thulaganyo ya go ithuta ya Advanced Studies mo dithutong tsa tsone.[124]

Go na le dikolo tsa setšhaba di le 830 go akaretsa dikolo tse di botlana le tse dikgolwane.[125] Gape go na le dikolo tse di ikemetseng tse 34 tse di amogetsweng le dikolo tse dingwe tse 14 tse di sa amogelweng. Palo e ntsi ya dikolo e mo kgaolong ya Hhohho.[125] Thuto ke mahala kwa maemong a a botlana, bogolo segolo go tswa kwa mophatong wa ntlha go fitlha kwa mophatong wa bone le gape ke mahala mo baneng ba masiela le ba ba bokoa, fela ga e patelediwe.[126] Ka 1996, palogotlhe ya baithuti ba ba ikwadisitseng mo sekolong sa se botlana e ne e le 90.8%, ka tekatekano ya bong kwa maemong a botlana.[126] Ka 1998, 80.5% ya bana ba ne ba fitlha kwa lokwalong la botlhano.[126]

Ka 1963, Sekolo sa Waterford, se moragonyana se neng sa bidiwa Waterford Kamhlaba United World College of Southern Africa, se ne sa tlhomiwa jaaka sekolo sa ntlha sa merafe e mentsi mo borwa jwa Afrika. Ka 1981, Waterford Kamhlaba o ne a ikamanya le United World Colleges jaaka United World College ya ntlha mo kontinenteng ya Afrika, le UWC e e leng yone fela mo Aforika fela go fitlha ka 2019, fa UWC East Africa kwa Tanzania e ikamanya le motsamao ono.[127]

Dithuto tse di kwa godimo

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Yunibesiti ya Eswatini, Yunibesiti ya Southern African Nazarene le Yunibesiti ya Eswatini Medical Christian ke dikolo tse di nayang thuto ya yunibesiti mo lefatsheng le. Khampase ya Limkokwing University of Creative Technology e ka fitlhelwa kwa Sidvwashini (Sidwashini), e leng motse o o gaufi le Mbabane. Ngwane Teacher's College le William Pitcher College ke dikholetšhe tse di rutang borutabana mo lefatsheng leo. Sepatela sa Good Shepherd kwa Siteki ke legae la College for Nursing Assistants.[128][129] Yunibesiti ya Eswatini ke yunibesiti ya bosetšhaba, e e tlhomilweng ka 1982 ka molao wa Palamente, mme e na le ntlokgolo kwa Kwaluseni le dikhampase tse dingwe kwa Mbabane le Luyengo.[130] Yunibesiti ya Southern African Nazarene kwa Manzini e ne ya tlhomiwa ka 2010 ka go kopanngwa ga Nazarene College of Nursing, College of Theology le Nazarene Teachers College.[131][132]

Yunibesiti ya Eswatini ya Bongaka ya Sekeresete,[133] e tsepamisitse mo thutong ya bongaka, e ne ya tlhomiwa ka 2012 mme ke yunibesiti e ntšhwa ya Eswatini.[134] E kwa Mbabane.[135] Khampase ya Yunibesiti ya Limkokwing e ne ya bulwa kwa Sidvwashini kwa Mbabane ka 2012.[136] Sekolo se segolo sa katiso ya setegeniki kwa Eswatini ke Eswatini College of Technology.[137] Dikolo tse dingwe tsa setegeniki le tsa boithuto di akaretsa Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute kwa Matsapha, Manzini Industrial and Training Centre kwa Manzini, Nhlangano Agricultural Skills Training Centre, le Siteki Industrial Training Centre.

Mo godimo ga dikolo tse, bogosi bo na le Eswatini Institute of Management and Public Admistration (SIMPA)[138] le Institute of Development Management (IDM). SIMPA ke sekolo sa puso sa tsamaiso le tlhabololo, mme IDM ke mokgatlho wa kgaolo mo Botswana, Lesotho le Eswatini, o o tlamelang ka katiso, kgakololo le patlisiso mo tsamaisong. Poole College of Management ya North Carolina State University ke sekolo sa kgaitsadi sa SIMPA.[139] Sekolo sa Tsamaiso sa Mananga se tlhomilwe kwa Ezulwini jaaka Sekolo sa Tsamaiso sa Temothuo sa Mananga ka 1972 jaaka sekolo sa boditšhabatšhaba sa tlhabololo ya botsamaisi se se tlamelang ka katiso ya batsamaisi ba bogareng le ba bagolo.[140]

Bojanala

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Main article: Bojanala kwa Eswatini

Bojanala kwa Eswatini bo tlhabolotswe thata ka nako ya tlhaolele, bo ngoka baeti ka mananeo a a farologaneng le a Aforika Borwa.[141] Bajanala ba ne ba tla go lebelela mananeo a thelebišene, ditiragalo tsa metshameko, le go betšha mo go neng go seyo kwa Afrika Borwa.[141][142] Palo ya bajanala e ne ya tlhatloga go tswa go 89,015 ka 1972 go ya go 257,997 ka 1989. Morago ga tlhaolele, kgolo ya itsholelo e ne ya fokotsega fa mafatshe a boagisani a ne a simolola go kgatlhisa.[143] Jaanong, Eswatini e gatelela setso sa yone le maemo a yone jaaka bogosi jwa bofelo jwa Sub-Saharan Afrika go ngoka bajanala.[143] Lekgotla la Bojanala la Eswatini, le le tlhomilweng ka 2003, le rotloetsa meletlo ya segosi le mabala a itloso bodutu a nang le diphologolo.[143] Ka 2006, Eswatini e ne ya tsenela tumelano ya Tsela ya Lubombo le Aforika Borwa le Mozambique, e e letlelelang maeto a go kgabaganya molelwane ka pasa e le nngwe.[144]

Ngwao

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Main article: Setso sa Eswatini
See also: Mmino le dipina kwa Eswatini
Kgosi Mswati III kwa moletlong wa go bina ka lotlhaka, kwa a tla tlhophang mosadi wa gagwe yo o latelang gone

Setlhopha se segolo sa Ba-Swazi ke ntlo le jarata, e leng ntlo ya setso e e agilweng ka lotlhaka e e ruletsweng ka bojang jo bo omileng. Mo malapeng a a nang le basadi ba le bantsi, mosadi mongwe le mongwe o na le ntlwana ya gagwe le jarata e e dikologilweng ke legora la lotlhaka. Go na le dikago di le tharo tse di dirisediwang go robala, go apaya le go boloka (go dira bojalwa). Matlo a magolo a a agilweng ka dikgong le one a na le dikago tse di dirisediwang go nna mafelo a bonno a batho ba ba sa nyalang le a baeng. Karolo e e botlhokwa thata ya legae la setso ke lefelo le dikgomo di isiwang kwa go lone, e leng lefelo le le kgolokwe le le dikologilweng ke ditlhatshana tse dikgolo, tse di kgabaganyeditsweng ke dikala. Lefelo le dikgomo di isiwang kwa go lone le na le bokao jwa go dira meletlo le jwa go boloka dikhumo le go supa seriti. E na le dikhuti tse di tswaletsweng tsa dithoro. Go lebagana le lesaka la dikgomo go na le ntlwana e kgolo e e nnang le mmaagwe moeteledipele wa lelapa. Tlhogo ya lelapa ke yone e laolang dilo tsotlhe mo lelapeng, mme gantsi o nyala basadi ba le bantsi. O etelela pele ka go tlhoma sekao le go gakolola basadi ba gagwe mo dikgannyeng tsotlhe tsa lelapa, mmogo le go tlhokomela gore lelapa le tshele sentle. Gape o ipha nako ya go tsalana le basimane ba bannye, ba gantsi e leng bomorwawe kana ba losika lwa gagwe, a ba gakolola ka dilo tse ba tshwanetseng go di lebelela fa ba gola le fa ba nna banna.

Sangoma ke ngaka ya setso e e tlhophilweng ke bagologolwane ba lelapa leo le le rileng. Go katisa sangoma go bidiwa "kwetfwasa". Kwa bokhutlong jwa ikatiso eno, go nna le moletlo wa go aloga o mo go one ba-sangoma botlhe ba lefelo leo ba phuthegang mmogo go tla go ja le go bina. Motho o ya kwa go yo o bonelang pele isago ka mabaka a a farologaneng, a a jaaka go bona gore ke eng se se bakang bolwetse kana loso. Tlhatlhobo ya gagwe e theilwe mo go "kubhula", e leng mokgwa wa go buisana le maatla a a fetang a a tlwaelegileng ka go tsenwa ke mowa. Inyanga (ngaka le moitseanape wa tsa melemo ka tlhaloso ya Bophirima) o na le bokgoni jwa go latlhela lerapo ("kushaya ematsambo") jo bo dirisiwang go bona gore bolwetse bo bakwa ke eng.

Tiragalo e e botlhokwa thata ya setso kwa Eswatini ke moletlo wa Incwala.[145] E tshwarwa ka letsatsi la bone morago ga ngwedi o o tletseng o o gaufi le letsatsi le le leele, 21 Sedimonthole. Gantsi Incwala e ranolwa ka Seesemane e le "mokete wa maungo a ntlha", mme go latswa ga kgosi thobo e ntšha ke karolo e le nngwe fela ya tse dintsi tse di dirwang mo moketeng ono o moleele. Incwala e ranolwa botoka jaaka "Mokete wa Bogosi": fa go se na kgosi, ga go na incwala. Ke tlolomolao gore motho ope fela a tshware Incwala. Moswazi mongwe le mongwe a ka nna le seabe mo dikarolong tsa setšhaba tsa Incwala. Tiragalo eno e fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka letsatsi la bonè la Big Incwala. Batho ba ba botlhokwa ke kgosi, kgosigadi mmè, basadi ba bogosi le bana, balaodi ba segosi (bo-induna), dikgosana, masole le "ba-bemanti" kana "batho ba metsi".

Tiragalo e e itsegeng thata ya setso kwa Eswatini ke Mmino wa Ngwaga le Ngwaga wa Umhlanga Reed. Mo moletlong ono wa malatsi a le borobabobedi, basetsana ba kgaola matlhaka, ba a neela Kgosigadi Mmaetsho mme go tswa foo ba bina ba sa apara sepe mo sehubeng. E dirwa kwa bofelong jwa Phatwe kgotsa kwa tshimologong ya Lwetse. Basetsana ba ba sa nyalwang, ba ba se nang bana ke bone fela ba ba ka tsenang mo go yone. Maitlamo a moletlo ono ke go boloka basetsana ba itshekile, go direla Kgosigadi Mmaetsho le go rotloetsa kutlwano ka go dira mmogo. Lelapa la segosi le tlhopha mosetsana wa maemo a a kwa tlase go nna "induna" (mokapotene) wa basetsana mme o itsise matlha a moletlo wa ngwaga le ngwaga mo seromamoweng. Induna yo o tlhophilweng go lebeletswe gore e nne mmini yo o setswerere le yo o itseng melao ya segosi. Mongwe wa bomorwadie kgosi o mo emelela ka nako ya moletlo. Motantsho wa segompieno wa Reed ga se moetlo wa bogologolo mme ke tsela e tlwaelo ya bogologolo ya "umchwasho" e neng ya tswelela ka yone. Mo "umchwasho", basetsana botlhe ba babotlana ba ne ba bewa mo mophatong wa basetsana ba dingwaga tse di farologaneng. Fa mosetsana mongwe a ne a ka ima a sa nyalwa, lelapa la gaabo le ne le duela kgomo e le nngwe kwa kgosing ya lefelo leo. Morago ga dingwaga di le mmalwa, fa basetsana ba setse ba godile sentle gore ba ka nyalwa, ba ne ba direla mmè wa kgosigadi tiro ya bonatla, ba bo ba feleletsa ka go bina le go keteka. Lefatshe leno le ne le le kafa tlase ga ngwao ya "umchwasho" go fitlha ka 2005.

Eswatini e itsege gape ka go nna teng ga yone thata mo madirelong a tiro ya diatla. Dikgwebo tsa diatla tsa Eswatini di thapa batho ba ba fetang 2500 mme bontsi jwa bone ke basadi.[146] Didirisiwa tse di supa setso sa Eswatini, go simolola ka didiriswa tsa ntlo, go kgabaganya ka mekgabiso ya botaki, go ya go dijana tsa galase tse di raraaneng, tsa letlapa kgotsa tsa logong.

Metshameko

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Eswatini e ntse e romela batshamiki kwa Metshamekong ya Diolimpiki ya Selemo fa e sa le ka 1972 mme ga e ise e fenye. Lefatshe leno le fentse dietsele mo metshamekong ya bommampodi le lobelo kwa Metshamekong ya Commonwealth. Metshameko ya ditlhopha e e tumileng kwa Eswatini e akaretsa kgwele ya dinao, cricket le rugby. Lebala la metshameko la Bosetšhaba la Somhlolo ke lefelo le legolo la metshameko.

Bona gape

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Metswedi

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  1. ↑ "The 2017 Population and Housing Census Volume 3" (PDF). Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  2. ↑ "Eswatini".
  3. ↑ "Diarchies Of The Modern World" (in Sekgoa). WorldAtlas. Aug 1, 2017.
  4. ↑ "Laws" (PDF). wipo.int. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  5. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ↑ "Constitution" (PDF). gov.sz. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  7. ↑ "Population, total – Eswatini". The World Bank Group. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  8. ↑ "Swaziland Releases Population Count from 2017 Census". United Nations Population Fund. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Eswatini)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  10. ↑ "Gini Index coefficient". CIA Factbook. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  11. ↑ "Specific country data".
  12. ↑ (Listeni/ˌɛswɑːˈtiːni/ Tempolete:Respell; Tempolete:Langx ss)
  13. ↑ (Listeni/ˈswɑːzilænd/ Tempolete:Respell)
  14. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43821512
  15. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101352/http://www.times.co.sz/news/118373-kingdom-of-eswatini-change-now-official.html
  16. ↑ Bonner, Philip (1982). Kings, Commoners and Concessionaries. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9-27. ISBN 0521242703
  17. ↑ Kuper, Hilda (1986). The Swazi: A South African Kingdom. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 9-10
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