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Frederick Douglass

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Frederick Douglass (yo o tshotsweng e le Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, ka Tlhakole lesome le bone, 1818[a] – Tlhakole a le masome mabedi, 1895) e ne e le motlhabolodi wa loago wa Amerika, mofedisi wa bokgoba, sebui, mokwadi, le moeteledipele wa puso. E ne e le moeteledipele yo o botlhokwa thata wa mokgatlho wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi ba Maaforikaa Amerika mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga.

Fa a sena go tshaba bokgoba kwa Maryland ka 1838, Douglass o ne a nna moeteledipele wa bosetshaba wa mokgatlho wa go fedisa bokgoba kwa Massachusetts le New York mme a itsege ka ntlha ya go bua thata[1] le mekwalo ya gagwe e e bogale e e kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Ka jalo, o ne a tlhalosiwa ke bafedisi mo motlheng wa gagwe jaaka sekai se se tshelang se se kgatlhanong le dipolelo tsa baemanokeng ba bokgoba tsa gore batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba tlhoka bokgoni jwa tlhaloganyo jwa go dira jaaka baagi ba ba ikemetseng ba Amerika.[2] Batho ba kwa bokone ka nako eo ba ne ba fitlhela go le thata go dumela gore sebui se segolo jalo se kile sa bo se dirilwe lekgoba. E ne e le go tsibogela go sa dumele mono fa Douglass a ne a kwala buka ya gagwe ya ntlha ya botshelo jwa gagwe.[3]

Douglass o kwadile dibuka tsa botshelo jwa gagwe di le tharo, a tlhalosa maitemogelo a gagwe jaaka motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba mo bukeng ya gagwe ya Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845), e e neng ya nna buka e e rekisiwang thata mme ya nna le tlhotlheletso mo go rotloetseng lebaka la go fedisa puso, fela jaaka buka ya gagwe ya bobedi, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855). Morago ga Ntwa ya Selegae, Douglass e ne e le molweladitshwanelo tsa makgoba a a golotsweng mme a kwala buka ya gagwe ya bofelo ya botshelo, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. Buka eno e e gatisitsweng la ntlha ka 1881 mme ya tlhabololwa ka 1892, dingwaga di le tharo pele ga loso lwa gagwe, e akaretsa botshelo jwa gagwe go fitlha ka matsatsi ao. Douglass le ene o ne a ema nokeng tshwanelo ya basadi ya go tlhopha ka tlhagafalo, mme o ne a na le diofisi di le mmalwa tsa puso. Kwa ntle ga kitso ya gagwe kgotsa tumelelo ya gagwe, Douglass o ne a nna Moamerika wa ntlha wa Moaforika yo o neng a tlhophiwa go nna mothusatautona wa United States, jaaka molekane wa ga Victoria Woodhull mo theketeng ya Lekoko la Ditshwanelo tse di Lekanang.[4]

Douglass o ne a dumela mo puisanong le mo go direng dikgolagano go kgabaganya dikgaogano tsa merafe le dikgopolo, mmogo le, morago ga go kgaogana le William Lloyd Garrison, mo tlhalosong e e kgatlhanong le bokgoba ya Molaomotheo wa U.S.[5] Fa bafedisi ba ba tlhoafetseng, ka fa tlase ga moalo wa "Ga go na Kopano le Beng ba Makgoba", ba ne ba kgala go iketleeletsa ga ga Douglass go nna le dipuisano le beng ba makgoba, o ne a araba jaana: "Ke tla kopana le mongwe le mongwe go dira se se siameng mme go se nne le ope yo o tla dirang se se sa siamang."[6]

Botshelo jwa pele le bokgoba

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Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey o tsholetswe mo bokgobeng kwa Letshitshing la Botlhaba la Chesapeake Bay kwa Talbot County, kwa Maryland. Tshingwana e ne e le fa gare ga Hillsboro le Cordova;[7] lefelo la gagwe la botsalo go ka direga gore e ne e le ntlwana ya ga mmaagwemogolo[b][8] kwa botlhaba jwa Tappers Corner le kwa bophirima jwa Tuckahoe Creek.[9][10][11] Mo bukeng ya gagwe ya ntlha ya botshelo, Douglass o ne a re: "Ga ke na kitso e e tlhomameng ya dingwaga tsa me, ga ke ise ke tsamaye ke bone rekoto epe ya boammaaruri e e nang le yone."[12] Mo dibukeng tsa gagwe tsa botshelo tse di latelanang, o ne a naya diphopholetso tse di tlhomameng tsa gore o tshotswe leng, phopholetso ya gagwe ya bofelo e ne e le 1817.[7] Le fa go ntse jalo, go ikaegilwe ka direkoto tse di setseng di le teng tsa mong wa pele wa ga Douglass, Aaron Anthony, raditso Dickson J. Preston o ne a swetsa ka gore Douglass o tshotswe ka Tlhakole 1818.[13] Le fa letsatsi la botsalo jwa gagwe le sa itsiwe, o ne a tlhopha go keteka Tlhakole a le lesome le bone jaaka letsatsi la gagwe la matsalo, a gakologelwa gore mmaagwe o ne a mmitsa "Little Valentine" wa gagwe.[14][15]

Lelwapa lwa matsalo

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Mmaagwe Douglass yo o neng a dirilwe lekgoba e ne e le wa letso la Aforika mme rraagwe, yo e ka tswang e ne e le mong wa gagwe, go lebega e ne e le wa lotso lwa Yuropa;[16] mo go Narrative ya gagwe (1845), Douglass o ne a kwala jaana: "Rre e ne e le monna yo mosweu."[7] Go ya ka lokwalo la botshelo lwa ga David W. Blight lwa 2018 "Botshelo jotlhe jwa gagwe o ne a batla leina la ga rraagwe wa boammaaruri mme a tswa ka lefela."[17] Boswa jwa tshika jwa ga Douglass bo ka tswa bo ne bo akaretsa le Baagedi ba Amerika.[18] Douglass o rile mmaagwe Harriet Bailey o ne a mo naya leina la gagwe Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey mme, morago ga gore a tshabele kwa Bokone ka Lwetse 1838, o ne a tsaya sefane sa Douglass, ka a ne a setse a latlhetse maina a gagwe a mabedi a bogare.[19]

Moragonyana o ne a kwala ka dinako tsa gagwe tsa pele le mmaagwe:[20]

Go ne ga sebiwa gape le kgopolo ya gore mong wa me ke rre; mme ka go nepagala ga kgopolo eo, ga ke itse sepe. ... Nna le mme re ne ra kgaogana fa ke sa ntse ke le lesea fela. ... Ke tlwaelo e e tlwaelesegileng, mo karolong ya Maryland e ke tshabileng mo go yone, go kgaoganya bana le bomme ba bone ba sa ntse ba le bannye thata. ... Ga ke gakologelwe ke kile ka bona mme ka lesedi la motshegare. O ne a na le nna bosigo. O ne a robala le nna, mme a nthobatse, mme nako e telele pele ke tsoga o ne a setse a tsamaile.

Morago ga go kgaogana le mmaagwe ka nako ya bosea, Frederick yo mmotlana o ne a nna le nkokoagwe wa ga mmaagwe Betsy Bailey, yo le ene a neng a le lekgoba, le rraagwemogolo mmaagwe Isaac, yo o neng a gololesegile.[21] Betsy o ne a tla tshela go fitlha ka 1849.[22] Mmaagwe Frederick o ne a sala mo tshimong e e neng e le dikilometara di ka nna lesome le boferabongwe go tswa foo, a etela Frederick makgetlho a le mmalwa fela pele ga a tlhokafala fa a ne a le dingwaga di supa. Fa a boa moragonyana thata, mo e ka nnang ka 1883, go ya go reka lefatshe kwa Talbot County le le neng le na le bokao mo go ene, o ne a lalediwa go bua le "sekolo sa mmala":

Ke kile ka itse mosimane yo monnye wa mmala yo mmaagwe le rraagwe ba neng ba tlhokafala fa a le dingwaga di le thataro. E ne e le motlhanka mme a se na ope yo o mo tlhokomelang. O ne a robala mo bodilong jwa mmu mo ntlwaneng ya mokhukhu, mme mo maemong a bosa a a tsididi o ne a tla gagabela mo kgetsaneng ya dijo tlhogo kwa pele mme a tlogele dinao tsa gagwe mo meloreng gore di nne di thuthafetse. Gantsi o ne a tla besa setlhotlha sa mmidi a bo a e ja go kgotsofatsa tlala ya gagwe, mme makgetlho a le mantsi o kile a gagaba ka fa tlase ga setoro kgotsa ga setale mme a tlhomamisa mae, a a neng a tla a besa mo molelong a bo a a ja.

Mosimane yoo o ne a sa apara marokgwe jaaka wena, mme o ne a apara hempe ya tow line. Dikolo di ne di sa itsiwe ke ene, mme o ne a ithuta go peleta go tswa mo bukeng ya bogologolo ya ga Webster ya go peleta le go bala le go kwala go tswa mo mekwalong e e mo dikgorong tsa setoro le tsa setoropo, fa basimane le banna ba ne ba tla mo thusa. Morago ga moo o ne a tla rera le go bua, mme go ise go ye kae o ne a itsege thata. O ne a nna Motlhophi wa botautona, Moeteledipele wa United States, Mokwadi wa Direkoto tsa United States, motsalanyi wa United States, mme a kokoanya khumo nngwe. O ne a apara letsela le le sephara mme a sa tlhoke go kgaoganya mafofa le dintsa tse di neng di le ka fa tlase ga tafole. Mosimane yoo e ne e le Frederick Douglass.[23]

Go ithuta ga pele le maitemogelo

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Lelwapa la ga Auld

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Fa a le dingwaga di le thataro, Douglass o ne a kgaogana le borraagwemogolo mme a fudugela kwa tshimong ya Wye House, kwa Aaron Anthony a neng a bereka teng jaaka molebeledi[11] mme Edward Lloyd e ne e le mong wa gagwe yo o seng wa semmuso.[21] Fa Anthony a sena go swa ka 1826, Douglass o ne a newa Lucretia Auld, mosadi wa ga Thomas Auld, yo o neng a mo romela go ya go direla morwarraagwe Thomas e bong Hugh Auld le mosadi wa gagwe Sophia Auld kwa Baltimore. Go tloga ka letsatsi le a gorogileng ka lone, Sophia o ne a netefatsa gore Douglass o fepiwa le go apesiwa sentle, le gore o robala mo bolaong jo bo nang le mealo le kobo.[24] Douglass o ne a mo tlhalosa jaaka mosadi yo o bonolo le yo o pelo e bonolo, yo o neng a mo tshwara "jaaka a ne a akanya gore motho mongwe o tshwanetse go tshwara yo mongwe."[25] Douglass o ne a ikutlwa a le lesego go nna mo toropong, kwa a neng a re batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba batla ba gololesegile, fa ba bapisiwa le ba ba mo masimong.

Fa Douglass a le dingwaga di ka nna lesome le bobedi, Sophia Auld o ne a simolola go mo ruta dithaka. Hugh Auld o ne a sa dumalane le go rutwa mono, a akanya gore go itse go bala le go kwala go ne go tla kgothaletsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba gore ba eletse kgololesego. Douglass moragonyana o ne a bitsa seo jaaka "thuto ya ntlha e e neng e le kgatlhanong le bokgoba" e a kileng a e utlwa. "'Go siame thata, ke ne ka akanya jalo,'" ga kwala jalo Douglass. "'Kitso ga e tshwanele ngwana go nna lekgoba.' Ke ne ka dumalana le kakanyo eo ka tlholego, mme go tloga ka nako eo ke ne ka tlhaloganya tsela e e tlhamaletseng go tswa mo bokgobeng go ya kwa kgololesegong."[26]

Ka tlhotlheletso ya monna wa gagwe, Sophia o ne a dumela gore thuto le bokgoba ga di tsamaisane mme letsatsi lengwe a phamola lekwalodikgang mo go Douglass.[27] O ne a tlogela go mo ruta gotlhelele mme a mo fitlhela dilo tsotlhe tse a neng a ka di bala, go akaretsa le Baebele ya gagwe.[24] Mo bukeng ya gagwe ya botshelo, Douglass o ne a bolela ka fa a ithutileng go bala ka teng mo baneng ba basweu ba mo tikologong le ka go ela tlhoko mekwalo ya banna ba a neng a dira le bone.[28]

Douglass o ne a tswelela, mo sephiring, go ithuta go bala le go kwala. Moragonyana o ne a re gantsi, "kitso ke tsela ya go tswa mo bokgobeng go ya kwa kgololesegong."[29] Fa Douglass a simolola go bala makwalodikgang, dipampitshana, didirisiwa tsa sepolotiki, le dibuka tsa tlhaloso nngwe le nngwe, lefelo le lesha leo la kakanyo le ne la dira gore a botse le go kgala setheo sa bokgoba. Mo dingwageng tsa moragonyana, Douglass o ne a akgola The Columbian Orator, e leng buka e a neng a e ribolola fa a le dingwaga di ka nna lesome le bobedi, ka go tlhalosa le go tlhalosa dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka kgololesego le ditshwanelo tsa batho. Buka eo e e gatisitsweng la ntlha ka 1797, ke ya go bala mo phaposing ya borutelo, e na le ditlhamo, dipuo le dipuisano, go thusa baithuti go ithuta go bala le thutapuo. Moragonyana o ne a utlwa gore mmaagwe le ene o ne a itse go bala le go kwala, e leng se moragonyana a neng a tla bolela jaana:

Ke iketleeleditse tota, e bile ke itumetse, go amanya lorato lope lwa makwalo lo ke nang le lone, le lo ke lo amogetseng—le fa ke na le dikakanyo tse di sa siamang—fela tlotlo e e feteletseng, e seng go nna rre wa me yo o amogetsweng wa Mo-Anglo-Saxon, mme le go botlhale jwa tlholego jwa ga mme wa me yo o nang le bokgoni, yo o sa sirelediwang, le yo o sa tlhabololwang—mosadi yo o leng wa letso le tlhaloganyo ya lone e leng, mo bogompienong, go tshwara ka lenyatso le lenyatso.[30]

William Freeland

Fa Douglass a ne a thapiwa ke William Freeland, o ne a "phutha makgoba a banna a a fetang masome a mararo ka Sontaga, mme ka dinako tse dingwe le ka masigo a beke, kwa sekolong sa go ithuta go bala le go kwala sa Sabata."[31]

Edward Covey

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Ka 1833, Thomas Auld o ne a tsaya Douglass gape mo go Hugh ("[ke] tsela ya go otlhaya Hugh," Douglass o ne a kwala jalo moragonyana). Thomas o ne a romela Douglass go ya go direla Edward Covey, molemimorui yo o humanegileng yo o neng a itsege jaaka "mothubi wa makgoba". O ne a itaya Douglass kgapetsakgapetsa mo e leng gore dintho tsa gagwe di ne di se na nako e ntsi ya go fola. Douglass moragonyana o ne a re go itewa kgapetsakgapetsa go ne ga mo thuba mmele, boteng le mowa.[32] Le fa go ntse jalo, kgabagare Douglass wa dingwaga di le lesome le borataro o ne a tsuologela go itewa, mme a lwantshana le ene. Morago ga gore Douglass a fenye mo ntweng ya mmele, Covey ga a ise a ke a leke go mmetsa gape.[33][34]

Fa a anela go itewa ga gagwe kwa polaseng ya ga Covey mo bukeng ya Narrative of Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Douglass o ne a itlhalosa jaaka "monna yo o fetogileng sebatana!"[35] Le fa go ntse jalo, Douglass o ne a tla go bona ntwa ya gagwe le Covey e le e e fetolang botshelo, mme a tlhagisa kgang eo mo bukeng ya gagwe ya botshelo jaana: "O bone kafa motho a neng a dirwa lekgoba ka gone; o tla bona kafa lekgoba le neng la dirwa monna ka gone."[36]

  1. ↑ Gatewood, Willard B. Jr. 1981. "Frederick Douglass and the Building of a 'Wall of Anti-Slavery Fire' 1845–1846. An Essay Review." The Florida Historical Quarterly 59(3):340–344. JSTOR 30147499.
  2. ↑ Stewart, Roderick M. (1999). "The Claims of Frederick Douglass Philosophically Considered." Frederick Douglass: A Critical Reader, B. E. Lawson and F. M. Kirkland, eds., pp. 155–156. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-20578-4. "Moreover, though he does not make the point explicitly, again the very fact that Douglass is ably disputing this argument on this occasion celebrating a select few's intellect and will (or moral character)—this fact constitutes a living counterexample to the narrowness of the pro-slavery definition of humans."
  3. ↑ Matlack, James. 1979. "The Autobiographies of Frederick Douglass." Phylon (1960–) 40(1):15–28. doi:10.2307/274419. JSTOR 274419. p. 16: "He spoke too well. ... Since he did not talk, look, or act like a slave (in the eyes of Northern audiences), Douglass was denounced as an imposter."
  4. ↑ Trotman, C. James (2011). Frederick Douglass: A Biography. Penguin Books. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-313-35036-8.
  5. ↑ Foner, Philip; Taylor, Yuval, eds. (1999). Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings. Chicago Review Press. p. 629. ISBN 1-55652-349-1. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025. let us have liberty, law, and justice first. Let us have the Constitution, with its thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments, fairly interpreted, faithfully executed, and cheerfully obeyed in the fullness of their spirit and the completeness of their letter.
  6. ↑ Frederick Douglass (1855). The Anti-Slavery Movement, A Lecture by Frederick Douglass before the Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society. Press of Lee, Mann & Company, Daily American Office. p. 33. Retrieved October 6, 2010. My point here is, first, the Constitution is, according to its reading, an anti-slavery document; and, secondly, to dissolve the Union, as a means to abolish slavery, is about as wise as it would be to burn up this city, in order to get the thieves out of it. But again, we hear the motto, 'no union with slave-holders;' and I answer it, as the noble champion of liberty, N.P. Rogers, answered it with a more sensible motto, namely—'No union with slave-holding.' I would unite with anybody to do right; and with nobody to do wrong.
  7. 1 2 3 Frederick Douglass (1845). Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. Forgotten Books. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. "I was born in Tuckahoe, near Hillsborough, and about twelve miles from Easton, in Talbot County, Maryland." (Tuckahoe refers to the area west of Tuckahoe Creek in Talbot County.)
  8. ↑ "The old cabin, with its rail floor and rail bedsteads up stairs, and its clay floor down stairs, and its dirt chimney, and windowless sides ... was MY HOME – the only home I ever had; and I loved it, and all connected with it. The old fences around it, and the stumps in the edge of the woods near it, and the squirrels that ran, skipped, and played upon them, were objects of interest and affection. There, too, right at the side of the hut, stood the old well...." Douglass, Frederick (1855). My Bondage and My Freedom. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome a mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Barker, Amanda. [1996]. "The Search for Frederick Douglass' Birthplace Archived December 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Choptank River Heritage. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025. Although Barker's website devoted to the Douglass birthplace states that it could not be found with tour books and guides, that is no longer the case.
  10. ↑ Barker, Don. February 4, 2014. "The Search for Frederick Douglass's Birthplace Archived July 31, 2020, at the Wayback Machine." Choptank River Heritage. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  11. 1 2 "Frederick Douglass | Museums and Gardens." Talbot Historic Society. 2016. Archived from the original on December 22, 2016. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  12. ↑ Frederick Douglass (1845). Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. Forgotten Books. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Frederick Douglass began his own story thusly: "I was born in Tuckahoe, near Hillsborough, and about twelve miles from Easton, in Talbot County, Maryland." (Tuckahoe is not a town; it refers to the area west of Tuckahoe Creek in Talbot County.) In successive autobiographies, Douglass gave more precise estimates of when he was born, his final estimate being 1817.
  13. ↑ McFeely, William S. (1991). Frederick Douglass. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-393-02823-2.
  14. ↑ Douglass, Frederick (1881). Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, Written by Himself, His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History to the Present Time. London: Christian Age Office. p. 2.
  15. ↑ February 14: Frederick Douglass Archived June 15, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. The Florida Center for Instructional Technology. US: University of South Florida. 2020.
  16. ↑ Davis, F. James (2010). Who is Black? One Nation's Definition. Penn State Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-271-04463-7. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020.
  17. ↑ David W. Blight (2018). Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom. Simon & Schuster. p. 13.
  18. ↑ Dickson J. Preston (1980). Young Frederick Douglass: The Maryland Years. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 10.
  19. ↑ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, ch. XI.
  20. ↑ Douglass, Frederick (1851). Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (6th ed.). London: H.G. Collins. p. 10. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  21. 1 2 McFeely, William S. (1991). Frederick Douglass. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-393-02823-2.
  22. ↑ Sterngass, Jon. 2009. Frederick Douglass, (Leaders of the Civil War era). Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 1-60413-306-6. p. 16 Archived June 15, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, 132 Archived June 15, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ Field, Kate (February 23, 1895). "Fred. Douglass dead". Kate Field's Washington. 11 (8): 119. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  24. 1 2 Koehn, Nancy (2017). Forged in Crisis: The Making of Five Courageous Leaders. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-5011-7444-5.
  25. ↑ Douglass, Frederick. 1845. "Chapter VII."
  26. ↑ Douglass, Frederick. [1881–82] 2003. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, Written by Himself, His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History to the Present Time (Dover Value Editions). p. 50. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-43170-3.
  27. ↑ Douglass, Frederick (1851). Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Written by Himself (6th ed.). London: H.G. Collins. p. 39. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  28. ↑ Douglass, Frederick (1851). Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Written by Himself (6th ed.). London: H.G. Collins. pp. 43–44. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  29. ↑ Appiah, Kwame Anthony. [2000] 2004. "Introduction." In 'Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave' & 'Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl'. New York: Modern Library. pp. xiii, 4.
  30. ↑ Douglass, Frederick (1855). My Bondage and My Freedom (1st ed.). New York and Auburn: Miller, Orton & Mulligan. p. 58.
  31. ↑ Blight, David W., Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom, p. 68.
  32. ↑ Koehn, Nancy (2018). Forged in crisis: the power of courageous leadership in turbulent times. Scribner. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-5011-7445-2.
  33. ↑ Bowers, Jerome. "Frederick Douglass Archived August 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." Teachinghistory.org. US: Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. 2018. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  34. ↑ Sandefur, Timothy (February 21, 2018). "Frederick Douglass's Vision of Manhood The Objective Standard". theobjectivestandard.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  35. ↑ Douglass, Frederick (1845). Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Boston: Anti-Slavery Office. p. 63.
  36. ↑ Douglass, Frederick (1845). Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Boston: Anti-Slavery Office. pp. 65–66.
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