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Gabonese Republic

République gabonaise  (Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.)
Flag of Gabon
Folaga
Coat of arms of Gabon
Sekano sa setshaba
Motto: "Union, Travail, Justice" (Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.)
"Union, Work, Justice"
Anthem: "La Concorde" (Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.)
"The Concord"
Mošate
and largest city
Libreville
0°23′N 9°27′E / 0.383°N 9.450°E / 0.383; 9.450
Diteme tsa semmusôFrench
Regional languages
Merafe ya Batho
Sedumedi
(Ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le motso (2021))[1]
Demonym(s)
  • Gabonese
  • Gabonaise
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic under a military junta[2]
Brice Oligui Nguema
Joseph Owondault Berre
Raymond Ndong Sima
LegislaturePalamente ya Gabon (suspended)
Independence from 
• E thlomilwe
Ngwanatseele e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi,ngwaga wa 1958
• E neetswe
Phatwe e le lesome le bosupaa, Ngwaga wa 1960
Hirikgong a le lesome le bosupa go fitlha a le lesome leborobabongwe,ngwaga wa 1964
Phatwe ale masome a mararo,ngwaga wa 2023
Fatshe
• Total
267,668 km2 (103,347 sq mi) (76th)
• Water (%)
3.76%
Batho
• Ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le boraro estimate
2,397,368[6] (146th)
• Bokete
Tempolete:Convinfobox/sec2 (216th)
GDP (PPP)Ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le botlhano(2025) estimate
• Total
Increase $59,171 billion[7] (132nd)
• Per capita
Increase $24,682[7] (83rd)
GDP (nominal)Ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le bone (2024) estimate
• Total
Increase $19.319 billion[7] (117th)
• Per capita
Increase $9,257[7] (75th)
Gini (Ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e supa(2017))38[8]
medium
HDI (2022)Decrease 0.693web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf%7Ctitle=Human Development Report 2023/24|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2024[9]
medium · 123rd
MadiCentral African CFA franc (XAF)
Time zoneUTC+1 (WAT)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Driving sideright
Calling code+241
Internet TLD.ga

Gabon (/ɡəˈbɒn/ gə-BON; French pronunciation: [ɡabɔ̃] i), ka semmuso ke Rephaboliki ya Gabonese (French), ke lefatshe le le mo lotshitshing lwa Atlantic ya Afrika Bogare, kwa ekhweithareng, e kgabagantswe ke Equatorial Guinea kwa bokone-bophirima, Cameroon kwa bokone, Rephaboliki ya Congo kwa botlhaba le borwa, le Kgogometso ya Guinea kwa bophirima. E na le bogolo jwa disekwerekilometara di le 270 000 mme e na le baagi ba le dimilione di le 2,3. Go na le dipoa tse di mo lotshitshing, dithaba (Dithaba tsa Cristal le Chaillu Massif mo bogareng), le savanna kwa botlhaba. Libreville ke motsemogolo wa lefatshe leo le toropo e tona go di feta tsotlhe.

Batho ba ntlha go nna kwa Gabon e ne e le ba-pygmy. Go simologa ka lekgolo la bo lesome le bone la dingwaga, batho ba morafe wa Bantu le bone ba ne ba simolola go nna mo lefelong leno. Bogosi jwa Orungu bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka 1700. Kgaolo eno e ne ya dirwa kolone ke Fora kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Fa e sa le Gabon e bona boipuso jwa yone go tswa mo Fora ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro ( 1960), e ile ya nna le bo Tautona ba le bararo. Mo dingwageng tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990), e ne ya simolola tsamaiso ya makoko a le mantsi le molaotheo wa temokerasi o o neng o ikaeletse go dira gore go nne le tsamaiso ya ditlhopho e e bonalang sentle le go fetola ditheo dingwe tsa puso. Le fa go ntse jalo, Democratic Party ya Gabon (PDG) e ne ya nna ya nna lekoko le le busang go fitlha le tlosiwa mo pusong ka nako ya coup d'état ya Gabon ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e meraro( 2023.)

Gabon kelefatshe le le tlhabologang, e le mo boemong jwa bo lekgolo le masome a mabedi le boraro mo Human Development Index. Ke nngwe ya mafatshe a a humileng thata mo Afrika fa go lejwa lotseno lwa motho a le mongwe; lefa go ntse jalo, dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa baagi di humanegile thata. Omar Bongo o ne a simolola go busa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e supa ( 1967) mme a tlhoma bogosi, jo bo neng jwa dira gore maatla a jone a tlhomame ka go dirisa mokgatlho wa bagwebi, Françafrique.[10]

Puo ya semmuso ya Gabon ke Sefora, mme merafe ya Bantu e dira diperesente di le masome a robabongwe le botlhano sa baagi ba naga eno. Bokeresete ke bodumedi jo bogolo mo lefatshe leno, jo bo dirisiwang ke diperesente di ka nna masome a robabobedi tsa baagi. Ka peteroleamo le dipeeletso tsa poraefete tsa boditšhaba, e na le HDI ya bone e e kwa godimo[11] (morago ga Mauritius, Seychelles, le Afrika Borwa) le GDP ya botlhano e e kwa godimo go gaisa (PPP) (morago ga Seychelles, Mauritius, Equatorial Guinea, le Botswana) ya morafe mongwe le mongwe wa Aforika. Gabon's nominal GDP per capita is $10,149 in 2023 according to OPEC.[ GDP ya Gabon ka motho ke $10,149 ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le boraro( 2023) go ya ka OPEC.[12]

Ditso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Pele ga go dirwa Kolone

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Batho ba Ba-Pygmy ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontsi ke merafe ya Banthu fa ba ntse ba fuduga. Ka dingwaga tsele tsabo bo lesome le borobabobedi, bogosi jwa ba ba buang Se-Myeni jo bo itsegeng jaaka Bogosi jwa Orungu bo ne jwa bopiwa jaaka lefelo la kgwebo le le nang le bokgoni jwa go reka le go rekisa makgoba, mme la wa ka go nyelela ga kgwebo ya makgoba ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa (1870).[13]

Puso ya Sefora le boipuso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Motsamai Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza o ne a etelela pele thomo ya gagwe ya ntlha go ya kwa Gabon-Congo ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a supa le metso e metlhano (1875).[14] O ne a tlhoma toropo ya Franceville mme moragonyana a nna mmusi wa kolone. Ditlhopha dingwe tsa Ba-Bantu di ne di nna mo lefelong leno fa Fora e ne e le gapa semmuso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a robabobedi le metso e metlhano (1885).

Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome (1910), Gabon e ne ya nna karolo ya French Equatorial Africa,[15] e e neng ya nna teng go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a matlhano le metso e robabobedi ( 1958). Mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II, Ba-Allies ba ne ba tlhasela Gabon go menola puso ya bokoloniale ya Fora e e neng e ema Vichy nokeng. Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le masome a mabedi le le borobabobedi ( 1958), Gabon e ne ya nna repaboliki e e ikemetseng ka nosi ka fa gare ga Setšhaba sa Fora, mme ka kgwedi Phatwe ele lesome le bosupa,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960), e ne ya ikemela ka botlalo.[16]

Boipuso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Puso ya ga M'ba

Tautona wa ntlha wa Gabon, yo o neng a tlhophiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le motso ( 1961), e ne e le Léon M'ba, mme Omar Bongo Ondimba e ne e le motlatsa Tautona wa gagwe. Fa M'ba a sena go busa, metswedi ya dikgang e ne ya thibelwa, ditshupetso tsa sepolotiki di ne tsa thibelwa, kgololesego ya go bua e ne ya kgorelediwa, makoko a mangwe a sepolotiki a ne a kgaphelwa kwa thoko ka iketlo go tswa mo pusong, mme Molaotheo o ne wa fetolwa go ya ka melao ya Sefora gore o neye Tautona maatla, e leng tiro e M'ba a neng a e dira ka boene. Fa M'ba a ne a phimola Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong ,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e mene (1964) go tlhoma puso ya lekoko le le lengwe, masole a ne a leka go mo leleka mo pusong le go busetsa puso ya batho ka batho. Masole a Fora a a neng a le mo sefofaneng a ne a tla mo diureng di le masome a mabedi lebone go tla go busetsa M'ba mo pusong. Morago ga go lwa ka malatsi a le mantsi, puso e ne ya phutlhama mme baganetsi ba ne ba tsenngwa mo kgolegelong, mme ga latela ditshupetso le dikhuduego.

Puso ya Bongo le PDG

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Fa M'Ba a ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e supa (1967), Bongo o ne a mo emisetsa jaaka Tautona. Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e robabobedi (1968), Bongo o ne a bolela fa Gabon e le puso ya lekoko le le lengwe ka go fedisa BDG le go tlhoma lekoko le lesha - Parti Démocratique Gabonais (PDG). O ne a laletsa batho botlhe ba Gabon, go sa kgathalesege gore ba kile ba nna le seabe sefe mo dipolotiking, gore ba nne le seabe. Bongo o ne a batla go bopa mokgatlho o le mongwe wa bosetšhaba go tshegetsa dipholisi tsa tlhabololo tsa puso, a dirisa PDG jaaka sedirisiwa sa go nyeletsa dikgotlhang tsa kgaolo le tsa merafe tse di neng di kgaogantse dipolotiki tsa Gabon mo nakong e e fetileng. Bongo o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Tautona ka kgwedi ya Tlhalole ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e metlhano( 1975); ka kgwedi ya Moranang, ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e metlhano (1975), maemo a motlatsa Tautona a ne a fedisiwa mme a emisediwa ka maemo a tonakgolo, yo o neng a se na tshwanelo ya go tlhatlhama ka boene. Bongo o ne a tlhophiwa gape go nna Tautona ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e robabongwe ( 1979) le Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le metso e merataro (1986) ka paka ya dingwaga di le Supa.[17]

Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990), go se kgotsofale ka itsholelo le go batla kgololesego ya sepolotiki go ne ga dira gore baithuti le badiri ba dire ditshupetso le diteraeke. E le go araba dingongorego tsa badiri, Bongo o ne a buisana le bone ka tsela e e farologaneng le ya bone, a dira gore ba duelwe madi a a kwa tlase. O ne a solofetsa go bula PDG le go rulaganya khonferense ya sepolotiki ya bosetšhaba ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe/Motsheganong ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) go buisana ka tsamaiso ya sepolotiki ya Gabon ya isagwe. PDG le mekgatlho ya sepolotiki e le masome a supa le bone e ne ya nna teng mo khonferenseng eno. Batsayakarolo ba ne ba kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi tse di sa utlwaneng, PDG e e busang le ditsala tsa yone, le United Front of Opposition Associations and Parties, e e bopilweng ke Morena Fundamental le Gabonese Progress Party. [17]

Mmuso wa Kgabaganyo le RSDG

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Ntwa ya Gabon e ne ya felela ka gore Masole a Fora a a Gololesegileng a tseye kolone ya Gabon go tswa mo masoleng a Fora a Vichy, 1940

Khonferense ya kgwedi ya Moranang,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) e ne ya amogela diphetogo tsa sepolotiki, go akaretsa go tlhomiwa ga Senate ya setšhaba, go tlhongwa ga thulaganyo ya tekanyetso, kgololesego ya go kopana le ya bobegadikgang, le go phimolwa ga go tlhoka go nna le visa ya go tswa. Mo maitekong a go kaela phetogo ya tsamaiso ya sepolotiki go ya go demokerasi ya makoko a mantsi, Bongo o ne a tlogela go nna modulasetilo wa PDG mme a tlhoma puso ya phetogo e e eteletsweng pele ke Tonakgolo e ntšhwa, Casimir Oye-Mba. Mokgatlho wa Gabonese Social Democratic Grouping (RSDG), jaaka puso e e neng ya tlhongwa e ne e bidiwa, e ne e le potlana go feta puso e e fetileng mme e ne e na le baemedi ba makoko mangwe a kganetso mo kabineteng ya yone. RSDG e ne ya kwala molaotheo wa nakwana ka Motsheganong, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) o o neng o neela molaotheo wa ditshwanelo le tsamaiso e e ikemetseng ya boatlhodi mme e ne ya boloka maatla a a "nonofileng" a Tautona. Morago ga go sekasekwa gape ke komiti ya molaotheo le Kokoano Bosetšhaba, tokomane eno e ne ya simolola go dira ka Mopitlwe ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le motso (1991). [17]

Kganetso kgatlhanong le PDG e ne ya tswelela morago ga kopano ya kgwedi ya Moranang, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe(1990), mme ka kgwedi ya Lwetse, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le motso (1990), maiteko a mabedi a go menola puso a ne a senolwa mme a se ka a atlega. Ka ditshupetso morago ga loso lwa moeteledipele wa kganetso, ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa makoko a le mantsi tsa Kokoano Bosetšhaba mo dingwageng tse di ka nnang masome a mararo di ne tsa tshwarwa ka Lwetse/Phalane,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le motso ( 1990, mme PDG ya bona bontsi. [17]

Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le motso 1991, Palamente ya Gabon e ne ya amogela molaotheo o mosha mme lefatshe le ne la fetogela mo ditlhophong tsa makoko a mantsi.

Go tlhophiwa gape ga ga Bongo le go busa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Tautona George W. Bush o amogela Tautina Omar Bongo mo Ofising ya Oval, ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mene (2004)

Morago ga go tlhophiwa gape ga Tautona Omar Bongo ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e merao (1993) ka dipesente dile masome a matlhano le bongwe (51%) ya diboutu, bontlhopheng ba kganetso ba ne ba gana go tlhomamisa dipholo tsa ditlhopho. Dikhuduego tsa selegae le go gatelelwa ka tsela e e setlhogo go ne ga dira gore puso le ditlhopha tse di ganetsang di dumalane gore go dirwe maiteko a go rarabolola bothata jono ka tsela ya sepolotiki. Dipuisano tseno di ne tsa felela ka Ditumalano tsa Paris ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e mene (1994), tse mo go tsone batho bangwe ba ba ganetsang puso ba neng ba akarediwa mo pusong ya kutlwano ya setšhaba. Thulaganyo eno e ne ya phutlhama mme ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e merataro(1996) le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso(1997) tsa kgotlapeomolao le tsa bommasepala di ne tsa dira gore go nne le dipolotiki tse disha tsa makoko. PDG e ne ya fenya ditlhopho tsa kgotlapeomolao, mme metse mengwe, go akaretsa, e ne ya tlhopha boratoropo ba ba ganetsang ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa selegae tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e supa (1997).[17]

Go iletsa ditlhopho le mathata

E re ka a ne a lebane le kganetso e e kgaoganeng, Tautona Omar Bongo o ne a leka go tlhophiwa gape ka kgwedi ya Morule ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e robabobedi (1998). Le fa bangwe ba baganetsi ba ga Bongo ba ne ba gana tshwetso eo ba re e ne e le ya tsietso, babogedi bangwe ba ditšhabatšhaba bone ba ne ba re tshwetso eo e ne e siame "le fa go ne go na le dilo di le dintsi tse go neng go tsewa gore ga di a siama". Ditlhopho tsa molao tse di neng tsa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso yo ya go metso e mebedi ( 2001-2002) di ne tsa kganelwa ke makoko a a mmalwa a kganetso mme a ne a tshwaiwa diphoso ka ntlha ya makoa a tsamaiso ya ona, mme a tlhagisa Kokoano Bosetšhaba e e neng e laolwa ke PDG le makoko a a ikemetseng. Ka kgwedi Ngwanatsele ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e metlhano (2005) Tautona Omar Bongo o ne a tlhophiwa go tsaya maemo a gagwe a borataro. O ne a tlhophiwa gape mme baganetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba re go ne go na le diphoso tse di neng tsa dirwa mo go tseyeng maemo a gagwe. Go ne ga nna le ditiragalo tsa tirisodikgoka morago ga go itsisiwe ka phenyo ya gagwe.[17] Ditlhopho tsa Kokoano Bosetšhaba di ne tsa tshwarwa ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e merataro ( 2006). Ditulo tse dingwe tse di neng di ganetsanwa ka ntlha ya go sa tsamaelane ga go bouta di ne tsa phimolwa ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Molaotheo, mme ditlhopho tse di neng tsa latela ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le etso e supa (2007) di ne tsa dira gore Kokoano Bosetšhaba e laolwe ke PDG. [17]

Loso lwa ga Bongo le tatelano ya bogosi

Ipelelo Boipuso ko Gabon

Morago ga loso lwa ga Tautona Omar Bongo ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e robabobedi,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe (2009) ka ntlha ya go ema pelo kwa bookelong jwa Spain kwa Barcelona, Gabon e ne ya tsena mo pakeng ya phetogo ya sepolotiki. Go ya ka molaotheo o o fetotsweng, Rose Francine Rogombé, Tautona wa Senate, o ne a tsaya tiro ya go nna Tautona wa nakwana ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le lesome,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe (2009). Ditlhopho tsa bo Tautona tse di neng tsa latela, tse di neng tsa tshwarwa ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mararo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe(2009), di ne tsa tshwaya tiragalo ya ditso ka gore e ne e le tsa ntlha mo ditsong tsa Gabon go se ka ga nna le Omar Bongo jaaka moemedi. E re ka go ne go na le batho ba le lesome le borobabobedi ba ba neng ba gaisana, go akaretsa le morwa wa ga Omar Bongo le moeteledipele wa lekoko le le busang, Ali Bongo, ditlhopho di ne di lebilwe thata mo lefatsheng le mo mafatsheng otlhe.

Morago ga go sekasekwa ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Molaotheo ka dibeke di le tharo, Ali Bongo o ne a begwa semmuso fa e le mofenyi, mme a tlhomiwa ka kgwedi ya Phalane e le lesome le borataro, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe (2009). Le fa go ntse jalo, go itsisiwe ga phenyo ya gagwe go ne ga kgatlhantshiwa ka go belaela ke bontlhopheng ba bangwe ba kganetso, go baka ditshupetso tse di sa kgaotseng go ralala lefatshe. Ga go na gope koo go sa itumeleng gono go neng go bonala thata teng go na le kwa Port-Gentil, koo ditatofatso tsa gore go ne go dirilwe boferefere jwa ditlhopho di neng tsa felela ka ditshupetso tse di setlhogo. Dikhuduego tseno di ne tsa bolaya batho ba le banè mme tsa baka tshenyo e kgolo ya dithoto, go akaretsa le go tlhaselwa ga Ofisi ya Boemedi ya Fora le kgolegelo ya mo lefelong leo. Morago ga moo, masole a tshireletso a ne a romelwa, mme go ne ga tlhomiwa molao wa go tswa mo gae ka dikgwedi di le tharo.[17]

Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome ( 2010), go ne ga tshwarwa ditlhopho tse di potlana tsa kgotlapeomolao, tse di neng tsa supa go tlhagelela ga lekgotla la Union Nationale (UN), le le neng le na le batho ba ba neng ba tlogetse lekoko le le busang la PDG morago ga loso lwa ga Omar Bongo. Kgaisano ya ditulo di le tlhano tse di leng teng e bone bobedi PDG le UN ba ipolela gore ba fentse, go gatelela dikgotlhang tsa sepolotiki tse di neng tsa tswelela morago ga phetogo ya bo Tautona. [17]

Maemo a sepolotiki a ne a tlhakatlhakana gape ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le borobabongwe ( 2019) fa setlhopha sa masole se ne se leka go menola puso kgatlhanong le Tautona Ali Bongo. Le fa go ne go na le tlhakatlhakano kwa tshimologong, go menoga ga puso kwa bofelong go ne ga retelelwa, mme go ne ga gatelela dikgwetlho tse di tsweletseng tse di lebaganeng le tlhomamo ya sepolotiki ya Gabon. [18]

E re ka maemo a dipolotiki a ne a sa tlhomama, Gabon e ne ya fitlhelela dilo tse di botlhokwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le bongwe ( 2021), e ne ya nna lefatshe la ntlha go amogela dituelo tsa go fokotsa digase tse di bakwang ke go rengwa ga dikgwa le go senyega ga dikgwa. Mo godimo ga moo, ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), Gabon, mmogo le Togo, ba ne ba tsenela Commonwealth of Nations, ba supa gore ba ikemiseditse go nna le seabe le tirisanommogo ya matlhakore a le mantsi. [19]

2023 coup d'état

Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi.masome a mabedi le boraro ( 2023), morago ga kitsiso ya gore Ali Bongo o fentse paka ya boraro mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso, badiredi ba sesole ba ne ba itsise gore ba tsere puso ka go menola puso mme ba phimola dipholo tsa ditlhopho. Gape ba ne ba fedisa ditheo tsa puso go akaretsa tsa boatlhodi, Palamente le lekgotla la molaotheo. [20][21]Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mararo le bongwe ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi.masome a mabedi le boraro( 2023), badiredi ba sesole ba ba tsereng maatla, ba khutlisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le botlhano tsa go busa ga lelapa la ga Bongo, ba ne ba re Gen Brice Oligui Nguema ke moeteledipele wa lefatshe wa nakwana. [22]Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse tlhola gane, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi.masome a mabedi le boraro( 2023), General Nguema o ne a ikana jaaka Tautona wa nakwana wa Gabon. [23]

Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le bone,2024, go ne ga amogelwa referandamo ya molaotheo o moša, go fetola puso ya lefatshe. [24]

Moalo wa Bophirima jwa Africa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a marataro,masome a supa le metso e mebedi(1672)

Sepolotiki

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mokgwa wa puso ya repaboliki ya Tautona o tlhalosiwa ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le motso ( 1961) (o o neng wa tlhabololwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e metlhano(1975), wa kwalwa gape ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le motso( 1991), mme wa tlhabololwa gape ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e meraro ( 2003). Tautona o tlhophiwa ka ditlhopho tsa botlhe mo pakeng ya dingwaga di le supa; phetolo ya molaotheo ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e meraro (2003) e tlositse melelwane ya paka ya bo Tautona. Tautona o kgona go tlhoma le go golola tonakgolo, kabinete le baatlhodi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang e e ikemetseng. Tautona o na le dithata tse dingwe tse di jaaka taolo ya go tlhatlhamolola Ntlokokoano Bosetšhaba, go goeletsa maemo a tlhaselo, go diegisa peomolao, le go tsamaisa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba. [17]Gabon e na le kgotlapeomolao e e nang le dikamore tse pedi e e nang le Kokoano Bosetšhaba le Senate. Ntlokokoano Bosetšhaba e na le maloko a le lekgolo le masome a mabedi a a tlhophilweng ke batho ka lobaka lwa dingwaga di le tlhano. Senate e na le maloko a le lekgolo le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikhansele tsa bommasepala le dikopano tsa kgaolo mme ba direla dingwaga di le thataro. Senate e ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe go fitlha masome a robabongwe le motso( 1990-1991) fa go ne go tlhabololwa molaotheo, mme ga e a ka ya tlhomiwa go fitlha morago ga ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e supa (1997) tsa selegae. Tautona wa Senate ke ene yo o latelang morago ga Tautona.[17]

Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990), puso e ne ya fetola tsamaiso ya bopolotiki ya Gabon. Molaotheo wa nakwana o ne wa kwalwa ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) jaaka tharabololo ya khonferense ya sepolotiki ya bosetšhaba ka Mopitlwe-Motsheganong mme moragonyana wa fetolwa ke komiti ya molaotheo. Gareng ga ditshiamelo tsa yone go ne go na le molaotlhomo wa ditshwanelo wa setaele sa Bophirima, go tlhomiwa ga Lekgotla la Bosetšhaba la puso ya batho ka batho go tlhokomela go tlhomamisiwa ga ditshwanelo tseo, lekgotla la puso le le gakololang mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo le tsa loago, le boatlhodi jo bo ikemetseng. Morago ga go amogelwa ke Kokoano Bosetšhaba, Komiti ya Bogare ya PDG, le Tautona, Kokoano e ne ya amogela molaotheo ka bongwefela jwa pelo ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le motso( 1991). Go ne ga tshwarwa ditlhopho tsa makoko a le mantsi ka 1990-1991 fa makoko a kganetso a ne a ise a tsewe semolao semmuso. Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le motso ( 1991), Kokoano e ne ya fetisa molao o o laolang go letlelelwa semolao ga makoko a kganetso ka go bouta ka bongwefela jwa pelo.[17]

Morago ga fa Tautona Omar Bongo a ne a tlhophiwa gape ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e meraro ( 1993), mo ditlhophong tse di neng di na le dikganetsano tse mo go tsone go neng ga nna le 51% fela ya diboutu tse di neng tsa tshololwa, dikhuduego tsa loago le tsa sepolotiki di ne tsa dira gore go nne le Khonferense ya Paris le Ditumalano tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e mene (1994). Seno se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya ditlhopho tse di latelang. Ditlhopho tsa selegae le tsa kgotlapeomolao di ne tsa diegisiwa go fitlha ka gwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e merataro kgotsa e supa (1996/1997). Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e supa (1997), diphetogo tsa molaotheo tse di neng di tlhagisitswe dingwaga pele di ne tsa amogelwa go bopa Senate le maemo a Mothusa-Tautona, le go atolosa paka ya Tautona go dingwaga di le supa.[17]

Ka kgwedi ya Phalane,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe ( 2009), Tautona Ali Bongo Ondimba o ne a simolola maiteko a go tokafatsa puso. Mo maitekong a go fokotsa bonweenwee le go ikgodisa ga puso, o ne a tlosa maemo a le lesome le bosupa a bodihedi, a fedisa Mothusa Tautona le go rulaganya gape dipotfolio tsa maphata mangwe, diofisi le diofisi. Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe(2009), Tautona Bongo Ondimba o ne a itsise ka pono e ntšha ya go tlhabolola Gabon, e e bidiwang "Gabon Emergent". Thulaganyo eno e na le dikarolo di le tharo: Green Gabon, Service Gabon le Industrial Gabon. Maitlhomo a Gabon Emergent ke go farologanya itsholelo gore Gabon e se ka ya ikaega thata ka peterolo, go fedisa bonweenwee, le go tlhabolola badiri. Ka fa tlase ga lenaneo le, diromelwantle tsa logong lo lo sa tlhotlhiwang di ile tsa thibelwa, go ne ga tshwarwa palo ya batho go ralala puso, letsatsi la tiro le ne la fetolwa go fedisa nako e telele ya go ikhutsa motshegare, mme go ne ga tlhamiwa komponi ya oli ya bosetšhaba. [17]

Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e le masome a mabedi le botlhano,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le motso (2011), moeteledipele wa kganetso André Mba Obame o ne a ipolela fa e le ene Tautona, a re lefatshe le tshwanetse go tsamaisiwa ke mongwe yo batho ba neng ba mo batla tota. O ne a tlhopha badiredi ba le lesome le borobabongwe ba puso ya gagwe, mme setlhopha sotlhe, mmogo le ba bangwe ba le makgolokgolo, ba ne ba robala kwa ntlokgolong ya lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng. Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e le masome amabedi le borataro, puso e ne ya phimola lekoko la ga Mba Obame. [25]Modulasetilo wa AU Jean Ping o rile kgato ya ga Mba Obame "e senya boikanyego jwa ditheo tsa semolao mme gape e baya kagiso, tshireletsego le tlhomamo ya Gabon mo kotsing". [25]Tona ya Merero ya Selegae Jean-François Ndongou o ne a latofatsa Mba Obame le batshegetsi ba gagwe ka boepapuso. Mokwaledi Kakaretso wa UN, Ban Ki-moon[26], o rile o lemoga gore Ondimba ke ene fela Tautona wa semmuso wa Gabon.

Ditlhopho tsa Tautona tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le borataro ( 2016) di ne di na le kganetsano, ka dipholo tsa semmuso tse di neng di "batlana thata" di begilwe. Go ne ga runya ditshupetso kwa motsemoshate mme di ne tsa gatelelwa mme tsa felela ka go thuntshiwa ga ntlokgolo ya lekoko la kganetso ke batlhokomedi ba Tautona. Baagi ba le masome a matlhano le ba le lekgolo ba ne ba bolawa ke masole a pabalesego mme ba le Sekete ba ne ba tshwarwa.[27] Babogedi ba boditšhabatšhaba ba ne ba tshwaya diphoso tse di neng di dirwa, go akaretsa le go nna teng go go kwa godimo ga batho go go neng ga begwa mo dikgaolong dingwe. Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ya lefatshe leno e ne ya gana go tlhopha mo mafelong mangwe a a belaetsang, mme dipampiri tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa. Ditlhopho di ne tsa supiwa gore di tshegetsa Ondimba yo o neng a le mo maemong ao. Palamente ya Yuropa e ne ya ntsha ditshitshinyo tse pedi tse di neng di kgala dipholo tse di sa phepafalang tsa ditlhopho le go kopa gore go dirwe dipatlisiso ka ditlolomolao tsa ditshwanelo tsa botho.[28]

Malatsi a le mmalwa morago ga ditlhopho tsa bo Tautona tse di neng di tsosa kganetsano ka kgwedi ya Phatwe,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le boraro ( 2023), setlhopha sa badiredi ba sesole se ne sa itsise gore se dirile coup d'état ya sesole le gore se menotse puso mme sa tlosa Ali Bongo Ondimba mo maemong. Kitsiso e ne ya tla morago ga diura di le mmalwa Ali Bongo a tlhophilwe semmuso gape ka paka ya boraro. [29]General Brice Oligui Nguema o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka moeteledipele wa nakwana. Tiragalo eno e ne e tshwaya tiragalo ya borobedi ya go tsenelela ga sesole mo kgaolong eno fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi l masome a mabedi ( 2020), go tsosa matshwenyego ka ga tlhomamo ya puso ya batho ka batho. [30]

Dikamano tsa kwa ntle

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Tonakgolo ya Gabon, Julien Nkoghe Bekale leTautona wa Russia, Vladimir Putin kwa Kopanong ya Russia-Africa kwa Sochi kwa Russia ka kgwedi ya Phalane ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabongwe (2019)

Fa e sa le ka boipuso, Gabon e ne ya latela pholisi ya go se tseye letlhakore, e buelela puisano mo dikgannyeng tsa boditšhabatšhaba le go amogela matlhakore a mabedi a mafatshe a a kgaoganeng. Mo dikgannyeng tsa mo teng ga Aforika, e buelela tlhabololo ka go iphetogela ga dilo go na le diphetogo mme e rata kgwebo ya poraefete e e laolwang jaaka tsamaiso e e ka rotloetsang kgolo ya itsholelo ka bonako. E ne ya nna le seabe mo maitekong a go nna motsereganyi kwa Chad, Central African Republic, Angola, Repaboliki ya Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R.C.) le Burundi. Ka kgwedi ya Morule ,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e robabongwe (1999) ka maiteko a a neng a dirwa ke Tautona Bongo, go ne ga saenwa tumalano ya kagiso kwa Repaboliking ya Congo (Brazzaville) fa gare ga puso le bontsi jwa baeteledipele ba ba neng ba tsuologela puso. Tautona Bongo o ne a nna le seabe mo thulaganyong ya kagiso e e tsweletseng kwa D.R.C., mme a nna le seabe mo go tsereganyeng mo mathateng a kwa Ivory Coast.

Mokapotene wa Sesole sa Lewatle o dumedisiwa ke masole a Gabon

Gabon ke leloko la United Nations (UN) le dingwe tsa ditheo tse di kgethegileng le tse di amanang le yone, le la World Bank; IMF; African Union (AU); Central African Customs Union/Central African Economic and Monetary Community (UDEAC/CEMAC); EU/ACP association under the Lomé Convention; the Communauté Financière Africaine (CFA); the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC); the Non-aligned Movement; le Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS/CEEAC). Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e metlhano ( 1995), Gabon e ne ya tswa mo Mokgatlhong wa mafatshe a a Rekisang Peteroleamo (OPEC), mme ya boela mo go one ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e merataro (2016). Gabon e ne ya tlhophiwa go nna setilo se se sa tlhomamang mo Khanseleng ya Tshireletsego ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng go tloga ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome ( 2010) go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le motso ( 2011 )mme e ne ya nna Tautona wa rotating ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010).[17] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), Gabon e ne ya tsenela Commonwealth of Nations.[31] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le bone ( 2024), moeteledipele wa junta ya puso Brice Oligui Nguema o ne a tlhomamisetsa baeteledipele ba Amerika le ba Fora gore Gabon e tla nna mothusi wa Bophirima go ya pele, jaaka karolo ya leano la gagwe le legolo go rarabolola mathata a dikoloto a a tsweletseng. [32]

Tsa Sesole

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

E na le masole a a nang le bokgoni a a ka nnang Dikete tse tlhano a a kgaogantsweng ka masole a sesole, a sesole sa lewatle, a sesole sa difofane, a sesole sa masole le a sepodise. Modisa wa maloko a le sekete le makgolo a robabobedi o tlamela pabalesego ya Tautona. [17]

Dikgaogano tsa tsamaiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

E kgaogantswe ka diporofense di robabongwe tse di kgaoganngwang ka dikgaolo di le masome a matlhano. Tautona o tlhopha babusi ba diporofense, baokamedi le baemedi ba diporofense.[17]

Diporofense ke (ditoropokgolo tsa tsone di kwadilwe ka dikhukhu):

  1. Estuaire (Libreville)
  2. Haut-Ogooué (Franceville)
  3. Moyen-Ogooué (Lambaréné)
  4. Ngounié (Mouila)
  5. Nyanga (Tchibanga)
  6. Ogooué-Ivindo (Makokou)
  7. Ogooué-Lolo (Koulamoutou)
  8. Ogooué-Maritime (Port-Gentil)
  9. Woleu-Ntem (Oyem)

Dipopego tsa Lefatshe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Setshwantsho sa sathalaete sa Gabon

Gabon e mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle la Atlantic la Afrika bogare mo ekhweithareng, fa gare ga latitude 3°N le 4°S, le longitude 8° le 15°E. Gabon e na le tlelaemete ya ekwatere e e nang le dikgwa tsa pula, mme 89.3% ya lefatshe la yone e na le dikgwa.[33]

Moalo wa go farologanya tlelaemete ya Köppen

Go na le dipoa tse di fa lotshitshing (tse di fa gare ga dikilometara di le masome a mabedi le makgolo a mararo go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle), dithaba (Dithaba tsa Cristal tse di kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa Libreville, Chaillu Massif e e fa gare), le savanna e e kwa botlhaba. Mabala a a mo lotshitshing a bopa karolo ya Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion ya World Wildlife Fund mme a na le mafelo a mangrove a Aforika Bogare go akaretsa le mo nokeng ya Muni mo molelwaneng wa Equatorial Guinea. [34]

Gabon ke Archaean le Palaeoproterozoic igneous le metamorphic basement rock, e e leng ya continental crust ya Congo Craton. Dingwe tsa tsone di na le dingwaga tse di fetang dibilione di le pedi di le teng. Mafikeng a mangwe go na le dikarolwana tsa carbonate ya lewatle, le mafika a a tswang mo letsheng le mo kontinenteng, le mafika a a sa kitlanang le mmu o o neng wa bopega mo dingwageng tse di dimilione di le 2,5 tsa Quaternary. Go kgaogana ga supercontinent ya Pangaea go ne ga dira gore go nne le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tlala ka sediment mme tsa bopa di-hydrocarbon. [35] Go na le mafelo a a nang le di-reactor tsa Oklo, e leng di-reactor tsa tlholego tsa nuklea mo lefatsheng tse di neng di bereka dingwaga di le dibilione di le pedi tse di fetileng. Lefelo leno le ne la ribololwa ka nako ya fa go ne go epelwa uranium ka bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) go tlamela madirelo a nuklea a kwa Fora.

Noka ya yone e kgolo ke Ogooué e e leng boleele jwa dikilometara di le sekete le makgolo a mabedi . E na le mafelo a le mararo a karst koo go nang le dikhuti di le makgolokgolo tse di leng mo matlapeng a dolomite le a kapoko. Setlhopha sa National Geographic Expedition se ne sa etela dikhuti dingwe ka selemo sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabobedi (2008) go di kwala.[36]

Selekanyo sa sekgwa mo palong ya lefatshe, mafatshe a a kwa godimo (2021). Gabon e na le diperesente tsa bonè tse di kwa godimo thata tsa dikgwa mo lefatsheng.

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mebedi ( 2002)Tautona Omar Bongo Ondimba o ne a tlhopha mo e ka nnang 10% ya naga ya lefatshe go nna karolo ya thulaganyo ya diphaka tsa bosetšhaba (ka diphaka di le lesome le boraro ka kakaretso). National Agency for National Parks e laola thulaganyo ya diparaka tsa bosetšhaba tsa Gabon. Gabon e ne e na le tekanyetso ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabobedi (2018) Forest Landscape Integrity Index ya 9.07/10, e e beileng mo maemong a borobabongwe lefatshe ka bophara mo mafatsheng a le lekgolo le masome a supa le bobedi . [37]

Bojanala

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Gabon e na le mefuta e mentsi ya diphologolo le dimela tse di sireleditsweng. Mefutafuta ya ditshedi tsa lefatshe leno ke nngwe ya tse di farologaneng thata mo lefatsheng.[38]

Diphologolo tsa Gabon

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Gabon ke legae la mefuta e le makgolo a marataro le bone ya dinonyane, masome a robabongwe le boferabobedi ya di-amphibian, magareng ga masome a robabongwe le botlhano le lekgolo le masome a marataro ya di-gagabi le mefuta e le lekgolo le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi ya diamusi. [39] Kwa Gabon go na le mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang, e e jaaka Gabon pangolin le grey-necked rockfowl, kgotsa di-endemic, jaaka Gabon guenon.

Lefatshe le ke lengwe la mafelo a botlhokwa a diphologolo tse di farologaneng mo Aforika: [40]ke botshabelo jo bo botlhokwa jwa di-chimpanzee (tse palo ya tsone, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e meraro (2003), e neng e lekanyeditswe go nna magareng ga 27 000 le 64 000) le dikorila (28 000-42 000 e e lekanyeditsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabobedi le metso e meraro( 1983). [41] "Gorilla and Chimpanzee Study Station" mo teng ga Lopé National Park ,e neetswe go ithuta ka tsone.

Gape ke legae la go feta halofo ya ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Afrika,[42] segolo thata kwa Minkébé National Park.Letshwao la bosetšhaba la Gabon ke panther e ntsho.[43]

Dimela tsa Gabon

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mefuta e e fetang dikete tse dole lesome ya dimela le mefuta e le makgolo a mane ya ditlhare e bopa dimela tsa Gabon. Sekgwa sa pula sa Gabon se tsewa e le sone se se kitlaneng thata le se se sa senngwang mo Afrika. Le fa go ntse jalo, go oketsega thata ga palo ya batho mo nageng eno go baka go rengwa ga dikgwa mo go feteletseng mo go tshosetsang tikologo eno e e botlhokwa. Ka tsela e e tshwanang, go tsoma ka tsela e e seng kafa molaong go tsenya diphologolo tsa naga mo kotsing. Sethunya sa bosetšhaba sa Gabon ke Delonix Regia.

Itsholelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Tshedimosetso e e lekanang ya Gabon e e rometsweng ka ngwaga wa 2019.
Phetogo ya GDP ya Gabon ka motho, 1950 - 2018. Dipalo tseno di fetotswe go ya ka ditlhwatlhwa tsa kwa mafatsheng a sele tsa 2011 go ya ka ditlhwatlhwa tsa kwa mafatsheng a sele .

Lotseno lwa oli lo dira mo e ka nnang 46% ya tekanyetsokabo ya mmuso, 43% ya gross domestic product (GDP), le 81% ya di rekisetswa mafatshe a sele. Tlhagiso ya oli e ne ya fokotsega go tswa kwa setlhoeng sa yone sa dibarele di le 370 000 ka letsatsi ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e supa ( 1997). Dipatlisiso dingwe di bontsha gore oli ya Gabon e tla bo e fedile ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Go rulaganyediwa go simolola ka maemo a morago ga leokwane.[17] Lefelo le le humileng la oli la Grondin le ne la ribololwa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e supa kwa boteng jwa metsi jwa dimetara di le masome a matlhano dikilometara di le masome a mane go tswa kwa lotshitshing mo serung sa letswai se se neng se le mo matlapeng a motlhaba a Batanga a dingwaga tsa Maastrichtian, mme mo e ka nnang 60% ya ditlamelo tsa lone tse di neng di fopholediwa di ne di ntshitswe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e robabobedi (1978). [44]

Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le boraro ( 2023), Gabon e ne ya ntsha bokana ka dibarele di le dikete dile makgolo a mabedi (200 000) ka letsatsi (bpd) tsa oli e e tala. [45]

Tiriso ya madi a mantsi mo Seporo sa Trans-Gabon, CFA franc devaluation ya 1994, le dipaka tsa ditlhotlhwa tse di kwa tlase tsa oli di bakile mathata a dikoloto. [17]

Ditlhopha tse di latelanang tsa International Monetary Fund (IMF) di ne tsa tshwaya phoso puso ya Gabon ka go dirisa madi a a fetang a a neng a beetswe kwa thoko (mo dingwageng tse di siameng le tse di bosula), go adima madi a a fetang a a neng a beetswe kwa thoko go tswa kwa bankeng ya bogareng, le go sa tswelele ka thulaganyo ya go dira gore go nne le dikgwebo tse di ikemetseng le go fetola tsamaiso. Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e metlhano (2005) Gabon e ne ya atlega go konela tumalano ya dikgwedi di le lesome le botlhano ya go nna mo maemong a go leta le IMF. Thulaganyo ya go nna mo maemong a go leta ya dingwaga di le tharo le IMF e ne ya amogelwa ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e supa ( 2007). Ka ntlha ya mathata a tsa madi le ditlhabololo tsa loago tse di amanang le loso lwa gaTautona Omar Bongo le ditlhopho, Gabon e ne ya palelwa ke go fitlhelela maikaelelo a yona a itsholelo ka fa tlase ga Thulaganyo ya go Ema ka fa Tlase ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe (2009). [17]

Madi a Gabon a a amogelang ka oli a dirile gore GDP ya motho a le mongwe e nne $8,600. "Pharologano ya lotseno e e sokameng" le "ditshupo tse di sa siamang tsa loago" di "bonatshega". [46]20% ya batho ba ba humileng thata ba amogela go feta 90% ya lotseno fa e le gore nngwetharong ya batho ba Gabon ba tshela mo lehumeng. [17]

Itsholelo ya teng e ikaegile thata ka go ntshiwa ga ditswa Mmung. Pele ga go bonwa oli, go rema ditlhare e ne e le "pilara" ya itsholelo ya Gabon. Morago ga moo, go rema ditlhare le go epa manganese ke tsone "dilo tse di latelang tse di botlhokwa thata" tse di lereng lotseno. Dipatlisiso dingwe di bontsha gore go na le lefelo le legolo go a gaisa otlhe mo lefatsheng le le iseng le dirisiwe. Mo go bangwe ba ba nnang kwa mafelong a magae ba sa kgone go bona ditiro mo madirelong a a ntshang lotseno, go romelwa ga madi go tswa mo malokong a lelapa kwa mafelong a ditoropo kgotsa ditiro tsa go itshedisa go tlamela ka lotseno. [17]

Babogedi ba ba tswang kwamafatsheng a sele le ba mo lefatsheng leno ba ile ba hutsafadiwa ke go bo itsholelo ya Gabon e se na dilo tse dintsi tse di farologaneng. Mabaka a a "kgoreletsang go tlhagoga ga madirelo a masha" a ne a balwa jaana:

  • mmaraka o "monnye",
  • mo e ka nnang milione e ikaegile ka dilwana tse di romelwang go tswa kwa Fora
  • ba sa kgone go dirisa mebaraka ya kgaolo
  • Ga se ka metlha Ba-Gabon ba nang le moya wa go nna le dikgwebo
  • "Tsela e e tlwaelegileng" ya go tsamaisa "thuo" ya oli, tota le fa e ntse e fokotsega

Go beeletsa mo go oketsegileng mo dikarolong tsa temothuo kana tsa bojanala go "thatafadiwa ke mafaratlhatlha a a bokoa". Dikarolo dingwe tsa ditsamaiso le ditirelo di "laolwa thata ke babeeletsi ba se kae ba ba itsegeng ba selegae".[17]

Ka ntlha ya go gatelela ga Banka ya Lefatshe le IMF, puso e ne ya simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwele masome a robabongwe (1990) ka thulaganyo ya go dira gore ddikompone tsa puso e nne tsa poraefete le go dira diphetogo mo tsamaisong, go akaretsa le go fokotsa ditiro tsa mo lephateng la puso le go oketsega ga dituelo. Puso e supile gore e ikemiseditse go dira goreitsholelo ya lefatshe e fetoge.[17]

Kgotetso

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Energy in Gabon

Dipalamo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Transport in Gabon

Dipalopalo tsa batho

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

E na le batho ba ba ka nnang dimilione di le 2,3.[47][48] Dintlha tsa ditsole tsa tikologo di ne tsa dira gore palo ya baagi ba yone e fokotsege magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabongwe le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robbaongwe le masome a mane(1900 le 1940).[49] E na le palo e e kwa tlase ya baagi go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe mo Afrika,[17] le Human Development Index e e kwa godimo go gaisa ya bone mo Sub-Saharan Africa.[11]

Batho ba kwa Gabon[47][48]
Ngwaga Dipalo(Milione)
1950 0.5
2000 1.2
2021 2.3

Merafe ya Gabon

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Échira, Nzebi-Adouma, Teke-Mbete, Mèmbè, Kota, Akélé. [2] 50] Go na le merafe ya Ba-Pygmy ba ba tlholegileng koo: Ba-Bongo, le Ba-Baka.[17] Batho ba ba buang puo e e seng ya Se-Bantu ke bone fela ba ba buang puo e e seng ya Se-Bantu kwa Gabon. Go na le batho ba ba fetang dikete di le lesome ba ba tlholegileng kwa Fora ba ba nnang kwa Gabon, go akaretsa le batho ba ba ka nnang dikete tse pedi ba ba nang le boagi jwa mafatshe a mabedi.[17]

Go tlala ga batho mo lewatleng

Ditso dingwe di aname go ralala Gabon, e leng se se dirang gore go nne le dikamano, go dirisana mmogo ga ditlhopha tseno le go nyalana ga tsone.

Mafelo a a nang le batho ba le bantsi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Ditoropo tsa Gabon
k Toropo Palo ya Batho Province
2003 census 2013 census
1. Libreville 538,195 703,940 Estuaire
2. Port-Gentil 105,712 136,462 Ogooué-Maritime
3. Franceville 103,840 110,568 Haut-Ogooué
4. Owendo 51,661 79,300 Estuaire
5. Oyem 35,241 60,685 Woleu-Ntem
6. Moanda 42,703 59,154 Haut-Ogooué
7. Ntoum 12,711 51,954 Estuaire
8. Lambaréné 24,883 38,775 Moyen-Ogooué
9. Mouila 21,074 36,061 Ngounié
10. Akanda – 34,548 Estuaire
Batho kwa Libreville
Libreville

Diteme

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Sefora ke sone fela puo ya semmuso. Go fopholediwa gore 80% ya baagi ba kgona go bua Sefora, le gore 30% ya banni ba Libreville ke batho ba ba buang puo eno jaaka puo ya bone ya kwa gae.

Kwa Gabon, bontsi jwa batho ba bua dipuo tsa selegae go ya ka merafe ya bone; palo eno e kwa tlase go na le ya mafatshe a mangwe a Afrika tse di kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Palo ya batho ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e meraro( 2013) e fitlhetse gore 63.7% ya batho ba Gabon ba kgona go bua puo ya Gabonese, e e kgaogantsweng ka 86.3% kwa mafelong a magae le 60.5% kwa mafelong a ditoropo ba bua puo e le nngwe ya bosetšhaba.[50]

Ditumelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditumelo tse di dirisiwang mo Gabon di akaretsa Bokeresete (Bokatoliki jwa Roma le Boporotesetanta), Boiselamo, le ditumelo tsa setso tsa setso. ][51] Batho bangwe ba dirisa dilo tsa Sekeresete le ditumelo tsa setso. [51] Mo e ka nnang 79% ya baagi (53% ya Bakatoliki) ba dirisa nngwe ya ditumelo tsa Bokeresete; 10% ba dirisa Boiselamo (bontsi jwa bone e le Ba-Sunni); ba ba setseng ba dirisa ditumelo tse dingwe.

Botsogo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Albert Schweitzer o ne a tlhoma kokelo ya poraefete ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, lesome le metso e meraro( 1913) kwa Lambaréné. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabobedi le metso e metlhano(1985) go ne go na le dikokelo di le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi , ditheo tsa kalafi di le masome a robababobedi le bosupa le mafelo a kalafi a le makgolo a mararo le lesom ele bobedi. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mene (2004), go ne go fopholediwa gore go na le dingaka di le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe mo bathong bangwe le bangwe ba le dikete dile lekgolo1, mme "mo e ka nnang diperesente di le masome a robabongwe tsa baagi ba ne ba kgona go bona ditirelo tsa kalafi".

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000), 70% ya baagi ba ne ba kgona go bona "metsi a a phepa a go nwa" mme 21% ya bone ba ne ba kgona go bona "tlhapi e e lekaneng ya go tlosa leswe". Thulaganyo ya puso ya boitekanelo e alafa malwetse a a jaaka lepero, bolwetse jwa boroko, malaria, bolwetse jwa go ruruga ga mala, diboko tsa mala lekgotholo e tona . Dipalo tsa go entiwa ga bana ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga bongwe e ne e le 97% ya kgotholo e tona le 65% ya polio. Dipalo tsa batho ba ba neng ba kentiwa kgatlhanong le DPT le mmokwane e ne e le 37% le 56% ka go latelana. Gabon e na le ditlamelo tsa selegae tsa melemo go tswa kwa madirelong a kwa Libreville.

Palogotlhe ya palo ya bana ba ba tsholwang e fokotsegile go tloga go 5,8 ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960) go ya go 4,2 bana ka mmè mongwe le mongwe ka dingwaga tsa go tshola bana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi(2000). Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e robabobedi (1998), palo ya bommè ba ba neng ba tlhokafala e ne e le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi mo go ba le 100 000 ba ba neng ba tsholwa ba tshela. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e metlhano( 2005), palo ya bana ba ba neng ba tlhokafala e ne e le 55,35 mo go ba le sekete ba ba neng ba tsholwa ba tshela mme palogare ya botshelo e ne e le dingwaga di le 55,02. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mebedi ( 2002), palo ya batho ba ba neng ba swa e ne e fopholediwa go nna 17,6 mo baaging bangwe le bangwe ba le sekete.

HIV/AIDS e lekanyetswa go nna 5.2% ya bagolo (ba dingwaga tse 15-49).[52]Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe( 2009), batho ba ba ka nnang 46 000 ba ne ba tshela ka HIV/AIDS. [53] Go ne go na le palo e e fopholediwang ya dintsho tsa AIDS di le 2,400 ka 2009 ⁇ go tswa go dintsho di le Dikete tse tharo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e meraro ( 2003).[54]

Mo Global Hunger Index (GHI) ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le bone (2024), Gabon e mo maemong a bo masome a supa le boferabobedi mo mafatsheng a le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le bosupa tse di nang le tshedimosetso e e lekaneng. Gabon's GHI score is 17.4, e e supang gore go na le selekanyo se se lekanetseng sa tlala.[55]

Thuto

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Tsamaiso ya yone ya thuto e laolwa ke maphata a le mabedi: Lephata la Thuto, le le ikarabelelang ka dikolo tsa pele ga sekolo sa bana go fitlha ka mophato wa bofelo wa sekolo se segolwane, le Lephata la Thuto e e Kwa Godimo le boranyane jo bo Tlhabolotsweng, le le ikarabelelang ka diyunibesiti, thuto e e kwa godimo le dikolo tsa dikitso.

Go ya ka Molao wa Thuto, bana ba dingwaga tse thataro go ya go lesome le borataro ba patelesega go tsena sekolo. Bana bangwe kwa Gabon ba simolola botshelo jwa bone jwa sekolo ka go ya kwa dikerekeng tsa bana ba bannye kgotsa "Crèche", mme morago ga moo ba ya kwa dikerekeng tsa bana ba bannye tse di itsegeng e le "Jardins d'Enfants". Fa ba le dingwaga di le thataro, ba tsena sekolo sa se se botlana, "École Primaire" se se nang le dikereite di le 6. Se se latelang ke "École Secondaire", e e nang le mephato e le supa. Dingwaga tsa go aloga tse di rulagantsweng ke dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe. Ba ba alogang ba ka dira kopo ya go amogelwa kwa ditheong tsa thuto e e kwa godimo, go akaretsa le dikolo tsa boitsaanape kgotsa dikolo tsa kgwebo. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mebedi ( 2012), palo ya batho ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala ba dingwaga tse lesome le botlhano le go feta e ne e le 82%.[56]

Puso e dirisitse madi a e a amogelang ka oli go aga dikolo, go duela barutabana le go rotloetsa thuto, go akaretsa le kwa metseselegaeng. Tlhokomelo ya dikago tsa sekolo le dituelo tsa barutabana di ntse di fokotsega. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mebedi(2002) palogotlhe ya baithuti ba ba ikwadisitseng mo sekolong sa poraemari e ne e le 132%, mme ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi ( 2000) palogotlhe ya baithuti ba ba ikwadisitseng mo sekolong sa poraemari e ne e le 78%. Palogare ya palogotlhe ya baithuti ba ba ikwadisitseng le ba ba ikwadisitseng e theilwe mo palong ya baithuti ba ba ikwadisitseng semmuso mo sekolong se sebotlana. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso ( 2001), 69% ya bana ba ba neng ba simolola sekolo se sebotlana ba ne ba na le "tsholofelo" ya go fitlha mo mophatong wa botlhano. Mathata a a leng teng mo tsamaisong ya thuto a akaretsa "tsamaiso e e bokoa le thulaganyo, go tlhoka tlhokomelo, barutabana ba ba sa tshwanelegeng sentle", le "diphaposi tse di tletseng thata". [57]Go na le diyunibesiti tse di farologaneng kwa Gabon tse di hirilweng, di na le laesense kgotsa di dumetswe ke mokgatlho o o maleba wa thuto e e kwa godimo wa Gabon. [58]

Ngwao

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Sefatlhego sa Gabon

Ngwao-boswa ya Gabon, e e neng e theilwe mo dingwaong tse di neng di buiwa ka molomo mo karolong e kgolo ya hisitori ya yone, e ne ya simolola go gola ka ntlha ya go anama ga batho ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala mo lekgolong la bo masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga. lefatshe leno le na le ditlhamane le ditlhamane di le dintsi tsa setso tse di ileng tsa bolokiwa le go fetisediwa go tswa kokomaneng e nngwe go ya go e nngwe. Batho ba ba tlhokometseng dingwao tseno, ba ba bidiwang "raconteurs", ba dira ka natla go tlhomamisa gore di tswelela pele, ba godisa mekgwa e e tshwanang le mvett ya Ba-Fang le Ingwala ya Ba-Nzebi.

Selo sa botlhokwa mo setsong sa Gabon ke ditshwantsho tsa sone tsa sefatlhego tse di itsegeng thata, tse nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e nang le bokao le botswerere jo bo sa tshwaneng le bope. Gareng ga tsone go na le di-n'goltang mask tse di itsegeng thata tsa Ba-Fang le ditshwantsho tse di raraaneng tsa masalela a dilo tsa bogologolo tsa Ba-Kota. Dimaske tseno di na le seabe se se botlhokwa thata mo meletlong e e farologaneng, go akaretsa le e e bontshang ditiragalo tse di botlhokwa tsa botshelo tse di jaaka lenyalo, botsalo le diphitlho. Di dirilwe ke batho ba ba ratang setso ba dirisa dikgong tse di sa bonweng motlhofo tsa mo lefelong leo le dilo tse dingwe tse di tlhwatlhwakgolo, di-mask tseno ke dilo tse di supang botaki le tse di bolokang ngwao-boswa.

Mmino

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

E na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya mmino wa setso. Mmino wa rock le hip hop o o tswang kwa US le UK o teng kwa Gabon, fela jaaka rumba, makossa le soukous. Didirisiwa dingwe tsa setso di akaretsa obala, ngombi, balafon le meropa.[59]

Dijo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Dijo tsa Gabonese di tlhotlhelediwa ke dijo tsa Sefora, mme dijo tsa tlholego di teng.[60]

Metshameko

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa kgwele ya dinao sa Gabon se emetse morafe go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro lemetso e mebedi(1962).[61] Setlhopha sa kgwele ya dinao sa bana ba dingwaga tse ko tlase ga masome a mabedi le boraro se ne sa fenya CAF U-23 Championship [62]ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le motso( 2011) mme sa ipaakanyetsa metshameko ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome bobedi (2012) London Olympics. [63]Gabon e ne e le baamogedi mmogo le Equatorial Guinea, ba 2012 African Cup of Nations, le baamogedi ba le nosi ba kgaisano ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le bosupa (2017) ya kgaisano.

Setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa kgwele ya dinao sa Gabon, se se bitswang Les Panthères,[67][64] se feditse mo maemong a bo borobabobedi kwa AfroBasket ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015).

Gabon e ntse e gaisana mo metshamekong ya Diolimpiki tsa Selemo go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e mebedi ( 1972). Anthony Obame o ne a gapa seetsele sa selefera mo taekwondo kwa Diolimpiking tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome lebobedi (2012) tse di neng di tshwaretswe kwa Lontone. [65]

Gabon e na le go thaya ditlhapi go itlosa bodutu mme e tsewa e le "lefelo le le gaisang mo lefatsheng" go tshwara tarpon ya Atlantic. [66]

Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa diketet se pedi le metso e merataro (2006), Gabon e ntse e tshola La Tropicale Amissa Bongo, lobelo lwa dibaesekele lo lo tsayang beke lo lo akaretsang ditlhopha tsa Yuropa le tsa Afrika. [67]

Chris Silva ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa kwa Gabon mo kgweleng ya dinao ya kwa Israel.

Ditshupiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ "Country Summary". Archived from the original on 2024-06-23. Retrieved 2025-03-03.
  2. ↑ Obangome, Gerauds Wilfried (30 August 2023). "Gabonese military officers announce on television they have seized power". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  3. ↑ "General Nguema appointed transitional president of Gabon following coup". Anadolu Agency (Kigali, Rwanda). 30 August 2023. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/general-nguema-appointed-transitional-president-of-gabon-following-coup/2979600. 
  4. ↑ "Gabon: Joseph Owondault Berre nommé vice-président de la transition". ACP (in Se Fora). 12 September 2023.
  5. ↑ "Gabon junta names former PM Raymond Ndong Sima as interim PM - statement". Reuters. 7 September 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/gabon-junta-names-former-pm-raymond-ndong-sima-interim-pm-statement-2023-09-07/. 
  6. ↑ Tempolete:Cite CIA World Factbook
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Gabon)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  8. ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 21 Firikgong 2019. Retrieved 20 Firikgong 2019.
  9. ↑ Tempolete:Cite 0313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf
  10. ↑ "Gabun und Niger: "Wichtig, die Länder individuell zu betrachten"". tagesschau.de (in German). Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  12. ↑ "Gabon - OPEC Fund for International Development". Archived from the original on 22 April 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  13. ↑ Gates, Henry Louis & Kwame Anthony Appiah (1999). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York City: Basic Civitas Books. pp. [./1468https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi/page/1468 1468]. ISBN 0-465-00071-1.
  14. ↑ Goldie, George Dashwood Taubman (1911). "Brazza, Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 464–465.
  15. ↑ "Gabon country profile". BBC News. 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  16. ↑ "Gabon". Archontology. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021
  17. ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21 17.22 17.23 17.24 17.25 17.26 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Background note: Gabon, U.S. Department of State (4 August 2010).
  18. ↑ "Soldiers in Gabon try to seize power in failed coup attempt". Bnonews.com. 7 January 2019. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  19. ↑ "Gabon and Togo join the Commonwealth" (Press release). Commonwealth of Nations. 25 June 2022. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  20. ↑ "Gabon military officers claim power, say election lacked credibility". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  21. ↑ "Gabonese military officers announce they have seized power of oil-rich country". Reuters. 30 August 2023. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  22. ↑ "Gabon coup leaders name Gen Brice Oligui Nguema as new leader". BBC News. 31 August 2023. Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  23. ↑ "Gabon coup leader Brice Nguema vows free elections - but no date". BBC News. 4 September 2023. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  24. ↑ "Journal de l'Afrique - Nouvelle constitution au Gabon, le référendum fixé au 16 novembre". France 24 (in French). 18 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Goma, Yves Laurent (26 January 2011). "Gabon opposition leader declares himself president". Winston-Salem Journal. Associated Press. Archived from [./The_originalhttp://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AF_GABON%3FSITE=NCWIN&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT the original] on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  26. ↑ WWW.IBPUS.COM (13 March 2019). Gabon: Doing Business, Investing in Gabon Guide Volume 1 Strategic, Practical Information, Regulations, Contacts. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781514526613. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  27. ↑ "'Between 50 and 100 killed' in Gabon election violence, presidential challenger tells FRANCE 24 – France 24". France 24. 6 September 2016. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  28. ↑ "Motion for a resolution on Gabon, repression of the opposition – B8-0526/2017". Europarl.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  29. ↑ Walsh, Declan (30 August 2023). "Gabon Military Officers Say They Are Seizing Power". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  30. ↑ Wilfried Obangome, Gerauds (30 August 2023). "Gabon army officers say they have seized power after election in oil-rich country". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  31. ↑ "West African nations Gabon and Togo join Commonwealth". France 24. 25 June 2022. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  32. ↑ "Gabon: Will the coup lead to democracy?". Global Bar Magazine (in Swedish). 7 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  33. ↑ "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 website". FAO. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  34. ↑ Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
  35. ↑ Schluter, Thomas (2006). Geological Atlas of Africa. Springer. pp. 110–112.
  36. ↑ "Expedition website". Archived from the original on 20 April 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
  37. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  38. ↑ Wilks, Chris (1990). La conservation des ecosystèmes forestiers du Gabon (in French). UICN. p. 16. ISBN 2-88032-988-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  39. ↑ "Le Gabon, berceau de la biodiversité" (in French). Archived from the original on 3 April 2016.
  40. ↑ Ministère des Eaux et Forêts (May 2011). "Guide juridique pour la protection de la faune sauvage en République du Gabon" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  41. ↑ Tutin, C. E. G.; Fernandez, M. (1984). "Nationwide census of gorilla (gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan t. troglodytes) populations in Gabon". American Journal of Primatology. 6 (4): 313–336. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350060403. PMID 32160718. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  42. ↑ Mutsaka, Farai (18 November 2021). "Gabon is last bastion of endangered African forest elephants". AP News. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  43. ↑ "Gabon reveal 2017 Nations Cup mascot". BBC Sport. 25 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  44. ↑ Vidal, J., "Geology of Grondin Field, 1980", in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813063, pp.577–590.
  45. ↑ Bousso, Ron (30 August 2023). "Gabon's Assala Energy says oil production unaffected by coup". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  46. ↑ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  49. ↑ "Gabon". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  50. ↑ "Résultats Globaux du Recensement Général de la Population et des Logements de 2013 du Gabon (RGPL-2013)" (PDF). Direction Générale des Statistiques du Gabon. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Gabon. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (September 14, 2007
  52. ↑ "COUNTRY COMPARISON :: HIV/AIDS – ADULT PREVALENCE RATE". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  53. ↑ "COUNTRY COMPARISON :: HIV/AIDS – PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  54. ↑ "Country comparison :: HIV/AIDS – deaths". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  55. ↑ "Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank". Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  56. ↑ "Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  57. ↑ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "Gabon". 2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor . Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2006).
  58. ↑ "Top Universities in Gabon | 2024 University Rankings". www.4icu.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  59. ↑ national-instrument". symbolhunt.com. 28 December 2020. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  60. ↑ Foster, Dean (2002). The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa and the Middle East: Everything You Need to Know for Business and Travel Success Archived 11 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. John Wiley & Sons. p. 177. ISBN 0471272825
  61. ↑ "Gabon: Gabon Fédération Gabonaise de Football". Fifa.com. FIFA. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  62. ↑ "Gabon will host the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations final". BBC Sport. BBC. 29 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  63. ↑ "Gabon named hosts of AFCON 201". Cafonline.com. CAF. 8 April 2015. Archived from the original on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  64. ↑ Afrobasket 2015 : Les Panthères en mise au vert en Serbie Archived 18 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, GABON Review, 19 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2016. (in French)
  65. ↑ "History-making Obame rues inexperience". Archived from the original on 15 August 2012.
  66. ↑ Olander, Doug (29 May 2014). "World's Best Tarpon Fishing Spots". sportfishingmag.com. Sport Fishing Magazine. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  67. ↑ "La Tropicale Amissa Bongo". Pro Cycling Stats. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
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