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1787 Seetsele sa Wedgwood o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba o o tlhamilweng ke Josiah Wedgwood wa letsholo la Borithane la go lwantsha bokgoba

Go fedisa bokgoba kwa United Kingdom e ne e le mokgatlho kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi le tshimologo ya lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le boferabongwe go fedisa mokgwa wa bokgoba, e ka tswa e le wa semmuso kgotsa o o sa tlhomamang, kwa United Kingdom, Mmusomogolo wa Borithane le lefatshe, go akaretsa le go fedisa Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic.[1][2][3] E ne e le karolo ya mokgatlho o o anameng wa go fedisa bokgoba kwa Yuropa Bophirima le kwa Amerika.

Kgwebisano ya makgoba e ne ya dirwa e e seng kafa molaong go ralala Mmusomogolo wa Borithane ka 1937, mme Nigeria le Bahrain e ne e le dikgaolo tsa bofelo tsa Borithane go fedisa bokgoba.[4][5][6][7]

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Mo lekgolong la bolesome le bosupa le mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Quaker ba Baesemane le ditlhopha di le mmalwa tsa bodumedi jwa boefangele ba ne ba kgala bokgoba (ka nako eo bo ne bo dirisiwa thata mo Baaforika) ba re ga se jwa Bokeresete. Batlhalefi ba le mmalwa ba lefatshe ba Sedimo ba ne ba e kgala ka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa motho.[8] James Edward Oglethorpe e ne e le ene wa ntlha go tsaya kgato mo kgetsing ya Sedimo kgatlhanong le bokgoba ka mabaka a setho. Mo "Tekong ya gagwe ya Georgia" o ne a dira gore Palamente e thibele bokgoba mo kgaolong ya gagwe ya Georgia go tloga ka 1735. Le fa go ntse jalo, bokgoba bo ne jwa busediwa ka 1751. Gape o ne a rotloetsa ditsala tsa gagwe Granville Sharp le Hannah More go latelela tiro eno ka maatla. Ka bonako morago ga loso lwa gagwe ka 1785, ba ne ba kopanela le William Wilberforce le ba bangwe go bopa Lekoko la Clapham.[9]

Tsebe ya setlhogo sa thuto e e gatisitsweng kgatlhanong le bokgoba ka Joseph Ivimey

Kgwebo ya bokgoba e ne e thibetswe kwa Enyelane ka 1102, ke Lekgotla la Kereke la Lontone, le le neng le biditswe ke Anselm. Le fa go ntse jalo, lekgotla le ne le sena dithata tsa go dira melao, ntle le fa le laotswe le go saeniwa ke kgosi.[10] Mo Kgetsing ya ga Cartwright ya 1569 malebang le go otlhaiwa ga lekgoba le le tswang kwa Russia, kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola gore molao wa Seesemane o ne o ka se amogele bokgoba, ka gonne ga bo ise bo ko bo tlhomiwe semmuso. Katlholo eno e ne ya fetwa ke ditiragalo tsa moragonyana. E ne ya tshegediwa ka 1700 ke Moatlhodimogolo Sir John Holt fa a ne a atlhola gore "Fela fa motho a baya leoto mo lefatsheng la Seesemane o gololesegile".[11]

Bakoloni ba Maesemane ba ne ba tlisa makgoba kwa dikoloning tsa Amerika Bokone mme ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi, bagwebi ba ne ba simolola go tlisa makgoba go tswa kwa Aforika, India le Asia Botlhaba (kwa ba neng ba gweba teng) go ya kwa London le Edinburgh go ya go dira jaaka batlhanka. Banna ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa dikoloning tsa Amerika Bokone gantsi ba ne ba tsamaya le makgoba kgotsa batlhanka ba bone ba Baindia Botlhaba, jaaka Baindia Botlhaba ba kwadilwe mo direkotong tsa bokolone.[12][13] David Olusoga o ne a kwala jaana ka phetogo ya lewatle e e neng e diragetse:

Go tlhaloganya ka botlalo ka fao go tlhatloga ga go fedisa bokgoba ga Borithane go neng go gakgamatsa ka teng, jaaka mokgatlho wa sepolotiki le jaaka maikutlo a a tlwaelegileng, go botlhokwa go gakologelwa ka fao mantswe a le mmalwa a neng a tlhatlosiwa kgatlhanong le bokgoba kwa Borithane go fitlha ka kotara ya bofelo ya lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesomerobedi.[14]

Dingwe tsa dikgetsi tsa ntlha tsa kgololesego, dikgetsi tsa kgotlatshekelo kwa Borithane go gwetlha gore a bokgoba bo kafa molaong, di ne tsa diragala kwa Scotland ka 1755 le 1769. Dikgetsi tseno e ne e le Montgomery kgatlhanong le Sheddan (1755) le Spens kgatlhanong le Dalrymple (1769). Mongwe le mongwe wa makgoba o ne a kolobeditswe kwa Scotland mme a gwetlha gore a bokgoba bo kafa molaong. Ba ne ba tlhoma sekao sa tsamaiso ya semolao kwa dikgotlatshekelong tsa Borithane e moragonyana e neng e tla dira gore basekisi ba atlege. Mo dikgetseng tse, dintsho tsa mongongoregi le mosekisiwa, ka go latelana, di ne tsa fedisa kgato pele ga tshwetso ya kgotlatshekelo e ka ntshiwa.[15]

Setshwantsho sa ga Dido Elizabeth Belle le Mme Elizabeth Murray, ditlogolo tsa ga Moatlhodimogolo Lord Mansfield ba ba nnang kwa Ntlong ya Kenwood. Dido Elizabeth Belle and Lady Elizabeth Murray sa ga Dafide Martin, 1778

Makgoba a Maaforika a ne a sa rekwe kana go rekiswa Lontone mme a ne a tlisiwa ke beng ba bone go tswa kwa mafelong a mangwe. Mmogo le batho ba ba tswang mo merafeng e mengwe, segolobogolo ba e seng Bakeresete, Maaforika a ne a tsewa e le batswakwa mme ka jalo ba ne ba sa tshwanelege go nna babusiwa ba Seesemane; Enyelane e ne e sena tsamaiso ya go dira gore batho ba tlholege. Seemo sa semolao sa makgoba a Aforika se ne se sa tlhaloganyesege go fitlha ka Kgetse ya ga Somersett ka 1772, fa lekgoba le le tshabileng James Somersett a ne a pateletsa tshwetso ke dikgotlatshekelo. Somersett o ne a tshabile mme mong wa gagwe, Charles Steuart, o ne a dira gore a tshwarwe le go mo tsenya mo kgolegelong mo sekepeng, a ikaeletse go mo romela kwa Jamaica gore a ye go rekisiwa gape go nna lekgoba. Fa Somersett a ne a le kwa Lontone, o ne a kolobeditswe mme batsadi ba bararo ba gagwe ba ne ba ntsha lekwalo la go mo ntsha molato. Ka ntlha ya seo, Lord Mansfield, Moatlhodimogolo wa Kgotlatshekelo ya King’s Bench, o ne a tshwanelwa ke go atlhola gore a go gapiwa ga ga Somersett ka dikgoka go ne go le kafa molaong kgotsa nnyaa go ya ka Molao o o Tlwaelegileng wa Seesemane. Ga go ise go ke go dirwe molao ope wa go tlhoma bokgoba kwa Enyelane. Kgetsi eno e ne ya tebelelo ya lefatshe lotlhe mme babueledi ba le batlhano ba ne ba tshegetsa kgato eno mo boemong jwa Somersett.

Mo katlholong ya gagwe ya Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi 1772, Mansfield o ne a tshwara, .

Seemo sa bokgoba ke sa mofuta o o ntseng jalo mo e leng gore ga se kgone go tsenngwa ka mabaka ape fela, a boitsholo kgotsa a sepolotiki, mme fela ka molao o o siameng, o o bolokang maatla a one nako e telele morago ga gore mabaka, ditiragalo, le nako ka boyone e e bopilweng go tswa mo go yone, di phimolwe mo mogopolong. E tlhoile thata, mo e leng gore ga go sepe se se ka bogang go e tshegetsa, fa e se molao o o siameng. Ka jalo, le fa go ka nna le mathata afe mo tshwetsong, ga ke kake ka re kgetsi eno e letleletswe kgotsa e amogetswe ke molao wa Enyelane; mme ka jalo montsho o tshwanetse go gololwa.[16]

Le fa ditlamorago tsa semolao tsa katlholo di sa tlhaloganyesege fa di sekasekwa ke babueledi, katlholo e ne ya tsewa ka kakaretso ka nako eo go tlhomamisa gore bokgoba bo ne bo seyo ka fa tlase ga molao o o tlwaelegileng wa Seesemane mme ka jalo bo ne bo thibetswe kwa Engelane.[17] Ka 1774, makgoba a le fa gare ga dikete tse lesome le tse lesome le botlhano a ne a bona kgololesego kwa Enyelane.[18] Tshwetso e e ne e sa ame mafelo a a kwa moseja ga mawatle a Borithane; jaaka dikoloni tsa Amerika di ne di tlhomile bokgoba ka melao e e siameng.[19] Kgetse ya ga Somersett e ne ya nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao o o tlwaelegileng wa bokgoba mo lefatsheng le le buang Seesemane mme e ne ya thusa go simolola mokgatlho wa go fedisa bokgoba.[20]

Morago ga go bala ka Kgetsi ya ga Somersett, Joseph Knight, Moaforika yo o neng a dirilwe lekgoba yo o neng a rekilwe ke mong wa gagwe e bong John Wedderburn kwa Jamaica mme a tlisiwa kwa Scotland, o ne a mo tlogela. E re ka a ne a nyetse e bile a na le ngwana, o ne a tlhatlhela kgetsi ya kgololesego, ka mabaka a gore o ne a ka se ka a tshwarwa jaaka lekgoba kwa Great Britain. Mo kgetseng ya ga Knight kgatlhanong le Wedderburn (1778), Wedderburn o ne a re Knight o ne a mo kolota "go nna lekgoba la bosakhutleng". Kgotlatshekelo ya Session ya Scotland e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le ene, ya re bokgoba jwa chattel bo ne bo sa amogelwe ka fa tlase ga molao wa Scotland mme makgoba a ne a ka batla tshireletso ya kgotlatshekelo go tlogela mong kgotsa go tila go tlosiwa ka dikgoka kwa Scotland go busediwa kwa bokgobeng kwa dikoloning.[15]

Mo ntlheng e plantocracy e ne ya tshwenyega, mme ya rulaganngwa, ya tlhoma Mokgatlho wa Lontone wa Bajadi le Bagwebi ba West India go emela maikutlo a bona. Fa e sa le mokgatlho oo o simologa ka 1780, o ne wa nna le seabe se segolo mo go ganetseng go fedisiwa ga kgwebo ya makgoba le ya bokgoba ka bojone. Mokgatlho o ne wa kopanya ditlhopha di le tharo tse di farologaneng: bagwebi ba sukiri ba Borithane, balemi ba ba neng ba seyo le baemedi ba bokolone.[21]

Fa raditso wa Moaforika le Moamerika e bong W. E. B. Du Bois ka 1948 a ne a kwala ka go sa itlhoboge ga Baesemane mo go fediseng kgwebo ya makgoba, o ne a re, .

Go tlhagelela ga kgopolo ya kgololesego le ya bopelotshweu mo karolong ya bofelo ya lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le borobabedi go tlhalosa, e le ruri, kgolo e e seng nnye ya go nna kgatlhanong le bokgoba le kgwebo ya makgoba; mme e dira fela karolo ya yone. Dintlha tse dingwe le tse di neng di laola e ne e le go fokotsega ga dipoelo tsa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika ka boyone, go tshona ga itsholelo ya sukiri ya India Bophirima ka phetogo ya Haiti, go tsenelela ga ga Napoleon le kgaisano ya Spain. Fa go ne go se na kgatelelo eno ya maatla a itsholelo, Palamente e ka bo e sa ineela motlhofo jalo mo ntweng ya bodumedi ya go fedisa bodumedi. Mo godimo ga moo, go ne go buletswe Maesemane masimo a masha a go beeletsa le go dira dipoelo ka go kopanngwa ga mmusomogolo kwa India le ka go nna le dikarolo tse disha tsa tlhotlheletso kwa China le kwa mafelong a mangwe. Kwa Aforika, puso ya Borithane tota e ne ya nonotshiwa ke ntwa ya bodumedi e e neng e lwantsha bokgoba, ka gonne kgaolo e ntsha e ne ya tsewa le go laolwa ka fa tlase ga tlhokomelo ya kgololesego. Go ka se nne molemo go belaela ka nakwana gore Sharpe, Wilberforce, Buxton le balatedi ba bone ba boammaaruri. Mme maatla a boitsholo a ba neng ba a emetse a ka bo a kopane le kganetso e kgolo fa a ne a sa dire ka mela e e siametseng dipeeletso tsa Seesemane le dipoelo tsa bokolone.[22]

Balweladitshwanelo ba a rulaganya

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Ignatius Sancho (mo e ka nnang ka 1729–1780), lekgoba le le neng la tshaba, o ne a itsege jaaka mofedisi yo o tlhagafetseng wa Borithane wa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga.[23] O ne a bula lebenkele le le ratwang thata kwa Mayfair mme a tlhakana le batho ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso. E ne e le motho wa ntlha wa lotso lwa Aforika go tlhopha.[24]

Maikutlo a go lwantsha bokgoba a ka tswa a ile a gola kwa Ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Borithane mo dingwageng di le mmalwa tsa ntlha morago ga kgetsi ya Somersett. Ka 1774, a tlhotlheleditswe ke kgetsi eno le ke dikwalwa tsa mofedisi wa bo-Quaker e bong Anthony Benezet, John Wesley, moeteledipele wa tshekamelo ya Bo-Methodist mo Kerekeng ya Engelane, o ne a gatisa Thoughts Upon Slavery, e mo go yone a neng a kgala mokgwa oo ka tlhoafalo.[25] Mo bukeng ya gagwe ya 1776 ya A Dissertation on the Duty of Mercy and Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals, moruti Humphry Primatt o ne a kwala jaana, "monna yo mosweu (le fa go na le bogagapa jwa ngwao le tlhaolele), ga a kake a nna le tshwanelo, ka ntlha ya mmala wa gagwe, ya go dira batho ba bantsho makgoba le go ba fenya."[26] Mokgatlho wa Dingangisano tse di Lokologileng wa Lefatshe Lotlhe o o kwa Dublin o ne wa gwetlha maloko a one go akanyetsa gore a "go dira morafe wa Bantsho makgoba [go] siame go ya ka melaometheo ya melao ya setho?"[27]

Thomas Clarkson (1760–1846) o ne a neela botshelo jwa gagwe go fedisa bokgoba, o ne a tsamaya dimaele di le dikete tse masome mararo le botlhano a etela maemelodikepe a kokoanya bosupi kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya makgoba go bo tlhagisa kwa palamenteng.[28][29]

Le fa bokgoba bo ne jwa khutla kwa Great Britain, mafatshe a a neng a laolwa ke Mmusomogolo wa Borithane kwa India Bophirima di ne tsa tswelela di bo dira. Dibanka tsa Borithane di ne tsa tswelela go tlamela ka madi a dithoto le madirelo a dikepe mo dikoloning tse ba neng ba di tlhomile pelenyana tse di neng di santse di ikaegile ka bokgoba, le fa go ne go na le ditlhabololo tsa semolao kwa Great Britain.[30] Ka 1785, mmoki wa Moesemane e bong William Cowper o ne a kwala jaana,

Ga re na makgoba kwa gae.—Mme ke ka ntlha yang kwa moseja?

Mme bone ka bobone ba kile ba tsamaya mo godimo ga lekhubu

Seo se re kgaoganya, re gololwa le go gololwa.

Makgoba ga a kgone go hema kwa Engelane; fa mafatlha a bone

Amogela mowa wa rona, motsotso oo ba gololesegile,

Ba ama naga ya rona dikeetane tsa bone di a wa.

Seo se tlotlegile, mme se bua setšhaba se se motlotlo

Mme a fufegela tshegofatso. E anamise he,

Mme e dikologe mo tshikeng nngwe le nngwe

Ya mmusomogolo wa gago otlhe. Gore kwa maatla a Boritane

Fa a utlwiwa, batho le bone ba ka utlwa kutlwelobotlhoko ya gagwe.[31]

Cowper e ne e le tsala e kgolo ya ga John Newton, yo o neng a na le seabe mo kgwebong ya makgoba ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo sesoleng sa lewatle. Mo botshelong jwa gagwe jwa moragonyana, morago ga go sokologela mo Bokereseteng, le go tlhomiwa ga gagwe mo Kerekeng ya Enyelane, Newton e ne e le mofedisi yo o tlhagafetseng. O tlhalositse bokgoba jaaka "leswe mo sethong sa rona sa Bosetshaba." Sengwe sa botlhokwa se Newton a neng a se dira mo go fediseng bokgoba e ne e le tlhotlheletso e a neng a na le yone mo go William Wilberforce. Newton o ne a dira gore Wilberforce a dumele gore o ne a tla fitlhelela dilo di le dintsi ka go nna mo Palamenteng go na le go nna moruti mo Kerekeng ya Enyelane.

Ka 1783, go ne ga simolola mokgatlho o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba kwa Borithane. Mo ngwageng oo setlhopha sa Ba-Quaker se ne sa tlhoma mokgatlho wa sone wa ntlha wa go fedisa bokgoba. Ba-Quaker ba ne ba tswelela go nna le tlhotlheletso mo botshelong jotlhe jwa mokgatlho o, ka ditsela tse dintsi ba etelela pele letsholo le[32] Ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ka 1783, Sir Cecil Wray (mongwe wa Maloko a Palamente a Westminster) o ne a ntsha boikuelo jwa Ba-Quaker kwa palamenteng. Gape ka 1783, Beilby Porteus, Bishopo wa Chester, o ne a ntsha pitso go Kereke ya Enyelane gore e kgaotse go nna le seabe mo kgwebong ya makgoba le go tlhama molao wa go tokafatsa maemo a makgoba a Aforika le Caribbean. Go tlhotlhomisa kontinente ya Aforika ke ditlhopha tse di jaaka African Association (1788) go ne ga rotloetsa lebaka la bafedisi. Maeto a a ntseng jalo a ne a tlhagisa go tlhakatlhakana ga thulaganyo ya loago ya Aforika; pele ga se, Bayuropa ba ne ba ba tsaya e le ‘ba bangwe’ le ba ba sa tlhabologang. Mokgatlho wa Aforika o ne o na le kamano e e gaufi le William Wilberforce, yo o neng a itsege jaaka motho yo o tlhageletseng mo letsholong la go fedisa bokgoba mo Pusong ya Borithane.[33]

MaAforika ka bobone a ne a na le seabe se se bonalang mo mokgatlhong wa go fedisa bokgoba. Kwa Borithane, Olaudah Equiano, yo buka ya gagwe ya botshelo jwa gagwe e neng ya gatisiwa ka dikgatiso di le robongwe mo botshelong jwa gagwe, o ne a lwa le kgwebo ya makgoba a sa lape. Gape se se botlhokwa e ne e le ditshwantsho tse di tshosang jaaka medallion e e tumileng ya Wedgwood e e kgatlhanong le bokgoba ya 1787 le setshwantsho se se gabilweng se se bontshang thulaganyo e e tshosang ya sekepe sa makgoba, Brookes.[34]

Kgolo ya mokgatlho

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  1. ↑ "Abolition of the slave trade and slavery in Britain". The British Library. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ka 2025.
  2. ↑ "Chronology – Who banned slavery when?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2025.
  3. ↑ "Timeline of Events Leading up to the Abolition of the Slave Trade" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2023. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2025.
  4. ↑ Nwaubani, Adaobi Tricia (2018-07-15). "My Great-Grandfather, the Nigerian Slave-Trader". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X.
  5. ↑ "The abolition of the slave trade in southeastern Nigeria, 1885-1950 | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org.
  6. ↑ Northrup, David (September 2007). "A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth". African Studies Review. 50 (2): 228–229. doi:10.1353/arw.2007.0116. ISSN 0002-0206.
  7. ↑ Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Rowman Altamira. pp. 265–67. ISBN 978-0-7591-0340-5.
  8. ↑ Matthew Wyman-McCarthy, "British abolitionism and global empire in the late 18th century: A historiographic overview." History Compass 16.10 (2018) .
  9. ↑ Wilson, Thomas D (2012). The Oglethorpe Plan: Enlightenment Design in Savannah and Beyond. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 201–206. ISBN 9780813932903. OCLC 907676628.
  10. ↑ "The Viking slave trade: entrepreneurs or heathen slavers?". History Ireland. 2013-03-05
  11. ↑ Mtubani, V. C. D. (1981). "African Slaves and English Law" (PDF). Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies. 3 (2): 71–75. ISSN 0256-2316.
  12. ↑ Heinegg, Paul. "Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware". www.freeafricanamericans.com. Retrieved 2019-08-09., "Weaver Family: Three members of the Weaver family, probably brothers, were called "East Indians" in Lancaster County, [VA] [court records] between 1707 and 1711."; "'The indenture of Indians (Native Americans) as servants was not common in Maryland ... the indenture of East Indian servants was more common.", e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2025.
  13. ↑ Francis C. Assisi, "First Indian-American Identified: Mary Fisher, Born 1680 in Maryland"[usurped], IndoLink, Quote: "Documents available from American archival sources of the colonial period now confirm the presence of indentured servants or slaves who were brought from the Indian subcontinent, via England, to work for their European American masters.", e nopotswe Seetebo
  14. ↑ Black and British: A Forgotten History
  15. 1 2 "Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? – the Joseph Knight case". National Archives of Scotland. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2025.
  16. ↑ Moncreiff, Frederick Charles (2006). The Wit and Wisdom of the Bench and Bar. Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange. pp. 85–86. ISBN 9781584777243. OCLC 65538391.
  17. ↑ Mowat, Robert Balmain; Slosson, Preston William (1943). History of the English Speaking Peoples. London: Oxford University Press. p. 162. OCLC 560320214
  18. ↑ Murrin, John M (2013). Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Volume I: To 1877 (Concise 6th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 119. ISBN 9781133947738. OCLC 857231893.
  19. ↑ MacEwen, Martin (2002). Housing, Race and Law: The British Experience. London: Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 9780203032428. OCLC 1086444682.
  20. ↑ Hinks, Peter P; McKivigan, John R; Williams, R. Owen (2007). Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 643. ISBN 9780313015243. OCLC 230763683
  21. ↑ Butler, Kathleen Mary (1995). The Economics of Emancipation: Jamaica & Barbados, 1823–1843. Chapel Hill: UNC Press Books. p. 8.
  22. ↑ Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt (July 1, 1943). "The Realities in Africa: European Profit or Negro Development?". Foreign Affairs. Vol. 21, no. 4. ISSN 0015-7120.
  23. ↑ Carey, Brycchan. "Ignatius Sancho: African Man of Letters". Brycchan Carey. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2025.
  24. ↑ "Record of Ignatius Sancho's vote in the general election, October 1774". British Library. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2025.
  25. ↑ Carey, Brycchan (2002). "John Wesley (1703–1791)". Brycchan Carey. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  26. ↑ Primatt, Humphry (1776). A Dissertation on the Duty of Mercy and Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals. London: R. Hett. p. 11.
  27. ↑ Higgins, Padhraig (2010). A Nation of Politicians: Gender, Patriotism, and Political Culture in Late Eighteenth-Century Ireland. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 10.
  28. ↑ "Thomas Clarkson's diary and the 1807 abolition bill". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2025.
  29. ↑ "Thomas Clarkson". The Wisbech and Fenland Museum. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023.
  30. ↑ Christopher Hollis: Two Nations: A Financial Study of English History [ISBN missing] [page needed]
  31. ↑ Cowper, William, The task: a poem, in six books. By William Cowper, ... (London: printed for J. Johnson, 1785), p. 47. Online at "Eighteenth Century Texts Online"
  32. ↑ Tomkins, Stephen (22 March 2007). "BBC News | Magazine | Keeping it under their hats". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ka 2025.
  33. ↑ Hague, William (2008). William Wilberforce: The Life of the Great Anti-Slave Trade Campaigner. London: Harper Perennial. p. 327. ISBN 9780007228867. OCLC 192026996.
  34. ↑ McGrath, Elizabeth; Massing, Jean Michel (2012). The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem. London: Warburg Institute. ISBN 9781908590435. OCLC 811970449.
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