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Go ipolaya

Fetola dikgolaganyo
Go tswa ko Wikipedia
Suicide
The Suicide by Édouard Manet
SpecialtyPsychiatry
Ditshimologo tse ditwaelesegileng>70 and 15–30 years old[1]
CausesHanging, pesticide poisoning, firearms[2][3]
Risk factorsDepression, bipolar disorder, autism, schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, alcoholism, substance abuse[2][4][5][6]
PreventionLimiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful media reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions[2]
Frequency12 per 100,000 per year[7]
Deaths793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)[8][9]

Go ipolaya ke tiragolo ya go ipolaya ka boomo.[10] Malwetsi kgotsa makoa a tlhaloganyo —a a akaretsang go tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong, bolwetse jwa go tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong, autism, schizophrenia, mathata a botho, mathata a go tlhobaela le go dirisa diritibatsi ka tsela e e sa siamang—go akaretsa le go tshwakgolwa ke bojalwa le go dirisa dipilisi tsa benzodiazepine —ke dilo tse di ka nnang kotsi.[2][4][11][6] Dipolao dingwe ke ditiro tse di dirwang ka go sa akanyetse ka ntlha ya go ngomoga pelo, tse di jaaka go tswa mo mathateng a madi, mathata a botsalano a a tshwanang le go kgaogana, kgotsa go kgerisiwa.[2][12][13] Ba ba kileng ba leka go ipolaya ba mo kotsing e kgolo ya go leka go ipolaya mo nakong e e tlang.[2] Maiteko a a atlegang a go thibela go ipolaya a akaretsa go fokotsa go fitlhelela mekgwa ya go ipolaya—e e jaaka ditlhobolo, diritibatsi le botlhole; go alafa malwetsi a tlhaloganyo le go dirisa diritibatsi ka tsela e e sa siamang; go bega ka kelotlhoko ga metswedi ya dikgang ka go ipolaya; le go tokafatsa maemo a itsholelo.[2][14] Le fa megala ya mathata e tlwaelegile, ga e ise e ithutiwe sentle.[15][16]

Mokgwa o o dirisiwang thata wa go ipolaya o farologana go ya ka mafatshe, mme bontlha bongwe jwa one bo amana le go nna teng ga ditsela tse di nang le matswela.[17] Mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya go ipolaya e akaretsa go kalediwa, go tshelwa botlhole jwa dibolaya-ditshenekegi, le go dirisa ditlhobolo.[2][3] Go ipolaya go ne ga baka dintsho di le 828 000 mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka ngwaga wa 2015, e leng koketsego go tswa go dintsho di le 712 000 ka ngwaga wa1990.[18][19] Seno se dira gore go ipolaya e nne selo sa bo lesome se se bakang dintsho tse dintsi mo lefatsheng lotlhe.[4][7]

Selekanyo se se ka nnang 1.5% ya batho ba swa ka go ipolaya.[9] Mo ngwageng o o rileng seno se ka nna lesome le Blanc bobedi mo bathong ba le 100 000.[7] Dielo tsa go ipolaya ka kakaretso di kwa godimo mo banneng go na le mo basading, go simolola ka makgetlo a le 1.5 mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang go ya go makgetlong a le 3.5 mo mafatsheng a tlhabologileng.[1] Go ipolaya ka kakaretso go tlwaelegile thata mo bathong ba ba fetang dingwaga di le masome a supa le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafatsheng mangwe, batho ba dingwaga tse di fa gare ga lesome le botlhano le masome a mararo ke bone ba ba mo kotsing e tona [1] Yuropa e ne e na le dipalo tse di kwa godimo thata tsa go ipolaya go ya ka dikgaolo ka ngwaga wa 2015.[20] Go fopholediwa gore go na le di le 10 go ya go di le 20 dimilione di le dimilione tse di sa bolayeng tsa maiteko a go ipolaya ngwaga le ngwaga.[21] Maiteko a go ipolaya a a sa bolayeng a ka baka dikgobalo le bogole jwa nako e telele.[22] Mo lefatsheng la Bophirima, maiteko a tlwaelegile thata mo bašweng le mo basading.[22]

Megopolo ka go ipolaya e ile ya tlhotlhelediwa ke ditlhogo tse di anameng tsa botshelo tse di jaaka bodumedi, tlotlo le bokao jwa botshelo.[23][24] Ditumelo tsa ga Aborahame ka tlwaelo di tsaya go ipolaya e le tlolomolao mo Modimong, ka ntlha ya tumelo mo boitshepong jwa botshelo.[25] Ka nako ya bosamurai kwa Japane, mofuta mongwe wa go ipolaya o o bidiwang seppuku ( harakiri ) o ne o tlotliwa e le tsela ya go duelela go palelwa kgotsa e le tsela ya go ipelaetsa.[26] Sati, e leng tlwaelo e e neng e thibetswe ke British Raj, e ne e lebeletse gore motlholagadi wa Moindia a ipolaye mo molelong wa phitlho ya monna wa gagwe, e ka tswa e le ka go rata kgotsa ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo ya balelapa la gagwe le setšhaba.[27] Go ipolaya le go leka go ipolaya, le mororo pele go ne go se kafa molaong, ga go tlhole go ntse jalo mo mafatsheng ka bontsi tsa Bophirima.[28] E santse e le tlolomolao mo mafatsheng mangwe.[29] Mo lekgolong la bo masome a mabedi le la bo masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga, go ipolaya go ile ga dirisiwa mo makgetlong a a sa tlwaelegang e le tsela ya go ipelaetsa, mme go thunya ka dibomo ka kamikaze le go ipolaya go ile ga dirisiwa e le leano la sesole kana la borukhutlhi.[30]

Ditshupiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. 1 2 3 Preventing suicide: a global imperative. WHO. 2014. pp. 7, 20, 40. ISBN 978-92-4-156477-9.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Suicide Fact sheet N°398". WHO. April 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  3. 1 2 Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W (September 2008). "Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 86 (9): 726–32. doi:10.2471/BLT.07.043489. PMC 2649482. PMID 18797649.
  4. 1 2 3 Hawton K, van Heeringen K (April 2009). "Suicide". Lancet. 373 (9672): 1372–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X. PMID 19376453. S2CID 208790312.
  5. ↑ De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P (March 2018). "Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances". Current Psychiatry Reports. 20 (4): 26. doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z. PMID 29594718. S2CID 4549236.
  6. 1 2 Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B (2014). "Suicide in autism spectrum disorders". Archives of Suicide Research. 18 (4): 327–39. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.824834. PMID 24713024. S2CID 25741716.
  7. 1 2 3 Värnik P (March 2012). "Suicide in the world". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 9 (3): 760–71. doi:10.3390/ijerph9030760. PMC 3367275. PMID 22690161.
  8. ↑ "Suicide across the world (2016)". World Health Organization. 2019-09-27. Archived from the original on 2004-07-01. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
  9. 1 2 Fazel S, Runeson B (January 2020). "Suicide". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (3): 266–74. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1902944. PMID 31940700. S2CID 210332277.
  10. ↑ Stedman's Medical Dictionary (28th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7817-3390-8.
  11. ↑ Dodds TJ (March 2017). "Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 19 (2). doi:10.4088/PCC.16r02037. PMID 28257172.
  12. ↑ Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS (March 2015). "Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review". Cadernos de Saude Publica. 31 (3): 463–75. doi:10.1590/0102-311x00036114. PMID 25859714.
  13. ↑ "Suicide rates rising across the U.S. | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC". www.cdc.gov (in American English). 11 April 2019. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2019. Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.
  14. ↑ Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals (PDF). 2008. ISBN 978-92-4-159707-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  15. ↑ Sakinofsky I (June 2007). "The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 52 (6 Suppl 1): 7S–20S. PMID 17824349. Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.
  16. ↑ Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, et al. (July 2016). "Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review". The Lancet. Psychiatry. 3 (7): 646–59. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X. PMID 27289303. Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.
  17. ↑ Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY (June 2012). "Means restriction for suicide prevention". Lancet. 379 (9834): 2393–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2. PMC 6191653. PMID 22726520.
  18. ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  19. ↑ Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
  20. ↑ "Suicide rates per (100 000 population)". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  21. ↑ Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A (October 2002). "Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective". World Psychiatry. 1 (3): 181–5. PMC 1489848. PMID 16946849.
  22. 1 2 Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R (September 2011). "The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies". Emergency Medicine Practice. 13 (9): 1–23, quiz 23–4. PMID 22164363.
  23. ↑ Tomer, Adrian (2013). Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes. Psychology Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-1-136-67690-1. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  24. ↑ Ritzer, George; Stepnisky, Jeffrey, eds. (2011). The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4443-9660-7. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  25. ↑ God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality. Archway Publishing. 2014. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4808-1124-9. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  26. ↑ Colt, George Howe (1992). The enigma of suicide (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-671-76071-7. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  27. ↑ "Indian woman commits sati suicide". Bbc.co.uk. 2002-08-07. Archived from the original on 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  28. ↑ White, Tony (2010). Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84905-115-6. Archived from the original on 2021-05-09. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  29. ↑ Lester D (2006). "Suicide and islam". Archives of Suicide Research. 10 (1): 77–97. doi:10.1080/13811110500318489. PMID 16287698. S2CID 35754641.
  30. ↑ Aggarwal N (2009). "Rethinking suicide bombing". Crisis. 30 (2): 94–7. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94. PMID 19525169. S2CID 35560934.
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