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Go nna sekaka ga lefelo

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dikgaolo tsa lefatshe le le omeletseng di bontshiwa mo moalong lefatshe ka bophara , go lebilwe seelo sa komelelo se se badilweng mo palogareng ya dingwaga di le masome a mararo ka 1981 go ya go 2010. Dikaka tse di tlwaelesegileng di supiwa ke setlhopha sa hyper-arid (serolwana/mmala wa lephutshe yo o sa gatelelang).
Go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo go feteletseng kwa Somalia

Go nna sekaka ga lefelo ke mofuta wa go senyega ga lefatshe mo go diragalang ka iketlo mo lefatshe le le nonneng go fetoga go nna sekaka se se omeletseng ka ntlha ya kopano ya ditiragalo tsa tlholego le ditiro tsa batho.

Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka gantsi ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa loapi, go epa mmu go dira temothuo, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa mmu ga dimela go oketsega. [1] Mmu yo o sa sirelediwang fa godimo, le yo omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa e gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang mmu yo o ka fa tlase yo o sa nonang thata gore o nne mo letsatsing mme o felele o omelela thata o ka seke o ungwe. [2] [3]

Banni ba kana masome a le boferabongwe mo lekgolong (90%) ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokodisiwang ke diemo tsa itsholelo le morafe. [4] Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go fokotsega boleng jwa lefatshe mo go fokotsang go ungwa ga lone, go sa tlhomamang ga methale ya go itshetsa le go nna dingalo gore batho ba fitlhelele metswedi ya madi le ditshono.

Dikgaolo mo lefatsheng tse di amegang thata di mo Aforika ( kgaolo ya Sahel ), Asia ( Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia ) le dikarolo tsa Amerika Borwa . Lefatshe le le omeletseng le tsaya mo e ka nnang masome a mane go ya go a le mane le bongwe mo lekgolong (40–41%) ya lefatshe la Lefatshe (Earth's land) mme ke legae la batho ba le dibilione di le pedi. Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka di akaretsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, go tlhoka go tshepha go nna teng ga dijo, le lehuma . [5]

Methale ya go fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo go akaretsa go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu, go dira dikaka ditala, go laola mafulo, le go jala ditlhare ( go jala dikgwa sesha le go jala dikgwa ) [6]

Mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa popego ya lefatshe, go nna teng ga dikaka go diragetse ka tlholego mo nakong e e telele thata. [7] Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980 kwa Sahel . [8]

Ditlhaloso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go nna sekaka ga lefelo ke tiragalo e e diregang ka iketlo ya go oketsega ga komelelo ya mmu . Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go tlhalositswe mo mokwalong wa Tumalano ya Ditšhabakopano ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka (UNCCD) jaaka "go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga mmu mo dikgaolong tse di omileng, tse di omeletseng go le sekae le tse di omileng mme di na le bokgola jo bo kwa tlase mo go bakiwang ke mabaka a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le dipharologano tsa seemo sa loapi le ditiro tsa batho." [9]

Tlhaloso ya Sekaka – Lefelo mo lefatsheng le selekanyo sa pula le kapoko se leng kwa tlase thata go na le mafelo a mangwe, le palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga disenthimithara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Tlhaloso ka UNO (1995) – Go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo mafelong a a senang sepe, a a bokgola le a a seng bokgola ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho go bidiwa go nna sekaka. [10]

Go tloga ka 2005, go ne go na le kganetsano e tona ka ga tlhaloso e e siameng ya lefoko desertification(go nna sekaka) ka ditlhaloso tse di fetang lekgolo tsa semmuso tse di neng di le teng. [11] E e neng ya amogelwa thata ke ya thanodi ya Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Princeton e e neng ya e tlhalosa jaaka " tiragalo e lefatshe le le nonneng le fetogang sekaka ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa, komelelo kgotsa temothuo e e sa siamang ".[ citation needed ] Tlhaloso e e bontshitse ka tlhamalalo kgolagano ya go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka le ditiro tsa batho, segolobogolo tiriso ya lefatshe le mekgwa ya taolo ya lefatshe. E ne gape ya tlhagisa ditlamorago tsa itsholelo, loago le tikologo tsa go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso e ya ntlha ya gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go ne go akaretsa go atolosiwa ga dikaka ke batho e gannwe ka gonne mogopolo o o ne wa tswelela ka go fetoga fa e sale ka nako eo.

Gape go na le dikganetsano dingwe mabapi le go aroganngwa ga mefuta ya sekaka, go akaretsa, boammaaruri le mosola wa tlhaloso ya mafoko a a a tshwanang le "sekaka se se dirilweng ke batho" le "sekaka se se senang moalo". [12]

tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

tsa pele/ntlha fela

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo ga ntlha fela ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi, go epa mmu go lema, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego ya mmu le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa ga dimela go oketsega. [1] Mmu yo o fa godimo yo o sa sirelediwang, le yo o omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa di gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa mmu go fisiwa ke letsatsi mme di omelele thata di palelwe ke go ungwa. [13]

Tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Dithutopatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne di nganga gore nngwe ya dilo tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo e ne e le go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go ja dimela go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo le diruiwa tse dingwe. [14] Le fa go ntse jalo, seabe sa tiriso e e feteletseng ya selegae mo go bakang go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo nakong e e fetileng ya bosheng go na le dikganetsano. [8] Jaanong go akanngwa gore komelelo mo kgaolong ya Sahel e bakilwe thata ke go fetoga ga seelo sa pula ka dipaka tse di dirwang ke go fetoga ga mogote wa metsi a fa godimo a lewatle, mo go bakwang thata ke go fetogafetoga ga tlholego le go ntshiwa ga di-aerosol ( dikarolwana tsa sulfate tse di bonaletsang ) le digase tse di bakiwang ke batho. [15] Ka ntlha ya se, go fetoga ga mogote wa lewatle le go fokotsega ga mesi ya sulfate go dirile gore kgaolo e e nne tala gape. [15] Se se dirile gore barutegi bangwe ba bolele gore go latlhegelwa ke dimela mo go bakiwang ke temothuo ke selo se sennye se se ka dirang gore lefelo le fetoge sekaka. [8]

Diphetogo tsa palo ya batho di na le ditlamorago tse di tona mo go fudiseng go feta selekanyo, go lema go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa, mekgwa ye ya pele e e neng e amogelesega lantlha e setse e sena tswelelopele jaanong. [16]

Go na le mabaka a mantsi a balemibarui ba dirisang temothuo e e tseneletseng go na le temothuo e e tswelelang fela lebaka le legolo ke go oketsa thobo. [17] Ka go oketsa thobo, ba tlhoka menontshane e mentsi thata, dibolaya-ditshedi le badiri go tlhokomela didirisiwa. Tiriso e e tswelelang e ya lefatshe e fetsa ka bonako dikotla tsa mmu mo go dirang gore go nna sekaka ga legelo go aname. [18] [19]

Dipharologanyo tsa tlholego

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Baitseanape ba maranyane ba dumalana gore go nna teng ga sekaka mo lefelong le sekaka sa Sahara se leng mo go lone jaanong ke ka ntlha ya dipharologanyo tsa tlholego tsa letsatsi ka ntlha ya go dikologa ga Lefatshe. [20] Dipharologanyo tse di tshwanang le tse di tlhotlheletsa maatla a Monsoon ya Aforika Bophirima, mo go bakang gore dimela di fetoge gape le go ntsha lerole le le di godisang go gefoga fa seemo sa loapi, pula e na gape go tla go nna le komelelo mo Sahara. [21] Gape go na le kakanyo ya gore phetogo ya Sahara go tswa mo savanna go ya kwa sekakeng ka nako ya bogareng jwa Holocene e ne e le ka bontlhabongwe ka ntlheng ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo tsa baagi ba lefelo le. [22]

Baitseanape ba tsweletse ka go ithuta dikgaolo tse di botlhokwa, ba netefatsa gore ditiro tsa batho le boitekanelo jwa mmu di kopanela le mabaka a bosa jaaka dilo tse ditona tse di nang le seabe mo go nneng sekaka ga lefelo. Mo Sekakeng sa Mu Us, boitekanelo jwa mmu bo dira 37% ya ditiragalo tsa go nna sekaka fa ditiro tsa bosa le tsa batho di dira go lwantsha tiragalo e ka 46% le 17%, ka go latelana. Go nna sekaka mo teng ga Mongolia go tlhaolwa ka 24% ya mabaka a tsa bosa le 34.7% ya melemo ya mmu mo tikologong e yotlhe. Shaanxi ke sekai se se ganetsenang se mo go sone mabaka a bosa a berekang kgatlhanong le go nna sekaka mme mmu o one o gakatsa seemo, mo go supang ditlhotlheletso tse di farologaneng tsa mabaka a tlholego go tsamaya ka dikgaolo. [23]

Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Dipatlisiso ka ga go fetoga ga legelo go nna sekaka di farologane, mme ga go na seelo se le sengwe se se ka tlhalosang dintlha tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e e tseneletseng ya seemo sa bosa e santse e solofetswe go oketsa mafelo a a omeletseng mo dikontinenteng tsa Lefatshe: go tswa go 38% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bomasome mabedi go ya go 50% kgotsa 56% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga, ka fa tlase ga Ditsela tsa Boemedi tsa "mo bogareng" le tse di thuthafetseng thata tsa dipalo 4.5 le 8.5. Bontsi jwa katoloso bo tla bonwa mo dikgaolong tse di tshwanang le "borwabophirima jwa Amerika Bokone, ntlha e e kwa bokone jwa Aforika, borwa jwa Aforika, le Australia". [17]

Dikgaolo tse di omeletseng di tsere 41% ya moalo jwa lefatshe mme di akaretsa 45% ya lefatshe la temothuo mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Dikgaolo tse di gareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tse di mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya seemo sa loapi le tiriso ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho ka jalo di mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka. Thutopatlisiso e e ikaegileng ka go lebelela seemo ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo e ne ya dirwa ka 2020 mme e ne ya tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa loapi, menontshane ya CO2 mmogo le diphetogo tsa tikologo tse di bakiwang ke tiriso ya lefatshe ka iketlo le ka bonako. [24] Thutopatlisiso e e ne ya bona gore, magareng ga 1982 le 2015, 6% ya mafatshe a a omeletseng a lefatshe a ne a fetoga go nna sekaka mo go bakilweng ke mekgwa ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e senang tswelelopele e e neng e okeditswe ke phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho. Le fa go nna tala ga lefatshe ka bophara go le teng, phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho e digile boleng jwa lefatshe ka 12.6% ( 5.43 milione ya km 2 ) mo nageng e e omeletseng eo, mo go nang le seabe mo go fetogeng ga naga go nna sekaka le go ama batho ba le didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le boraro , 93% ya bone e le ba ba nnang mo diitsholelong tse di santseng tlhabologang . [24]

Temothuo le ditiro tsa temothuo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditiro tsa temothuo jaaka go fudisa go feta selekanyo di baka go nna sekaka ga lefelo. Mo tirong e ya temothuo, diruiwa tse di tshwanang le dikgomo di letlelelwa go fula mo karolong ya lefatshe e le nngwe ka nako e telele ntle le go jala bojang go busetsa jo bo fudilweng. Ka ntlha ya se, lefatshe le nna lebala fela, mo go dirang gore le betswe ke mogoten o o tswang mo letsatsing o o dirang gore le thatafale, phefo e e bokete gape le yone e dira gore lefatshe le latlhegelwe ke dikotla tsa lone. [25] Go lemolola mmu go feta selekanyo le go jwala mofuta o le mongwe wa semela ke ditiro tse dingwe tsa temothuo tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Aforika. Go jala semela se le sengwe kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng le le lengwe go ntsha dikotla tse di botlhokwa mo lefatsheng. Fa mmu o setse o fedile boleng, o latlhegelwa ke menontshane ya one ya tlholego le bokgoni jwa go boloka bokgola, mme se se dire gore mmu o thatafale le go phanyega. [26]

Ditlamorago

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Setshwantsho sa Borogo jwa Boemadikepe jwa Sydney jo bo khurumeditsweng ke lerole

Go nnile le koketsego ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) ya lerole mo lefatsheng e le dipalo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga magareng ga bokhutlo jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesomeleboferabongwe go fitlha gompieno. [27] Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo gape go okeditse selekanyo sa motlhaba o o motlhofo le lerole le phefo e ka le tsayang la felela le nna setsuatsue. Ka sekai, ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa Botlhabagare "di nna kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana" ka gore "phokotsego ya pula ya paka e telele [e baka] bokgola jo bo kwa tlase jwa mmu le phokotsego ya khurumetso ya dimela ". [28]

Difefo tsa lerole di ka nna le seabe mo malwetseng mangwe a go hema jaaka nyumonia, malwetsi a letlalo, khupelo le a mangwe a mantsi. [29] Di ka kgotlela metswedi ya metsi e e bulegileng , tsa fokotsa go atlega ga maiteko a lookwane/maatla a a phepa, le go emisa bontsi jwa mefuta ya dipalamo.

Ditsuatsue tsa lerole le motlhaba di ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo seemong sa loapi mo go ka dirang gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go nne maswe le go feta. [30] [31] Dikarolwana tsa lerole mo phefong di phatlalatsa marang a a tsenang go tswa mo letsatsing (Hassan, 2012). Lerole le le ka dira khurumetso ya nakwana ya mogote yo o fa fatshe mme fela mogote wa lefaufau one o tla oketsega. Se se ka senya le go khutshwafatsa botshelo jwa maru se se ka felelang se baka pula e e nnye. [17]

Go tlhoka go tsepama ga seemo sa go nna teng ga dijo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go nna le dijo mo lefatsheng lotlhe go tshosediwa ke go fetoga ga naga go nna sekaka. Fa palo ya batho e gola, go tshwanetse ga jalwa dijo tse dintsi . Kgwebo ya temothuo e fudusiwa go tswa mo lefatsheng le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. Sekai, Yuropa ka palogare e reka dijo tsa bone di feta sephatlo mo lekgolong go tswa kwa ntle. Mme jalo, 44% ya lefatshe la temothuo le fitlhelwa mo mafatsheng a a omeletseng mme a tlamela ka 60% ya dijo tsa lefatshe lotlhe ka bophara. Go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka go fokotsa selekanyo sa lefatshe le le nang le tswelelopele la tiriso ya temothuo mme letlhoko la dijalo le tsweletse ka go gola. Mo isagong e e gaufi, letlhoko le tlaa feta thobo. [32] Dikgotlhang tse di maswe tsa badisa le balemibarui kwa Nigeria, Sudan, Mali le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya Sahel di gakaditswe ke phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, go senyega ga lefatshe le kgolo ya palo ya batho . [33] [34]

Koketsego ya lehuma

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Kgothego ya mmu kwa ntle ga Leuchars

Palo e ka nna 90% ya baagi ba mafatshe a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokolang ka ntlha ya maemo a a bokoa a itsholelo le lefatshe. [4] Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go latlhegelwa ke boleng jwa lefatshe ka ntlha ya phokotsego ya bokgoni jwa lone jwa go ungwa, go sa tlhomamang ga maemo a botshelo le bothata jwa go fitlhelela metswedi le ditshono tsa go fetola diemo tse.

Mafatshe a a sa tlhabologang ka bontsi a amiwa ke seemo sa go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go lapa ga lefatshe le go ntsha metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go feta selekanyo ka ntlha ya dikgatelelo tsa go dirisa mafelo a a omeletseng a a kwa thoko go dira temothuo. Batsaa ditshwetso ga ba rate go beeletsa mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kwa tlase. Go tlhoka dipeeletso mo go dira gore dikgaolo tse di kgaphelwe kwa thoko. Fa diemo tse di siamang tsa temothuo-seemo sa loapi di kopanngwa le go tlhoka mafaratlhatlha le phitlhelelo ya mebaraka, ga mmogo le mekgwa ya go lema dijo e e sa tlwaelesegang sentle le setšhaba se se sa jesiweng sentle gape se se sa rutegang sentle, bontsi jwa dikgaolo tse di ntseng jaana di kgaphelwa thoko mo tlhabololong. [35]

Go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka gantsi go dira gore mafelo a a kwa magaeng a se ka a kgona go tshegetsa palo ya batho e e tshwanang le ya pele e e neng e nna gone mo lefelong. Se se felela se baka khudugo ya bontsi mo tswa mo magaeng go ya kwa ditoropong segolobogolo mo Aforika mo go dirang letlhoko la ditiro le mekhukhu . [36] [37] Palo ya batshabi ba ba diemo tsa tikologo e a gola ngwaga le ngwaga, mme diponelopele tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara di bontsha koketsego e e ka nnang teng go tswa mo didikadikeng di le lesome le bone ka 2010 go ya go didikadike di ka nna makgolo a mabedi ka 2050. Se se dira mathata kwa pele mo kgaolong e, ka gore ditšhaba tse di mabapi ga di na bokgoni jwa go tshegetsa palo ya batho ba le bantsi ya batshabi. [38] [39]

Kwa Mongolia, 90% ya lefatshe ke le le omileng le le bokoa, se se dirang gore badisa ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa toropong go ya go bereka. Ka ditsompelo tse di lekanyeditsweng thata, badisa ba ba nnang mo lefatsheng le le omeletseng ba fudisa ka kelotlhoko thata gore ba kgone go somarela lefatshe. [40]

Temothuo ke nngwe ya metswedi e megolo ya lotseno mo merafeng ya banni ba sekaka mo Aforika. Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo dikgaolong tse go sentse lefatshe mo e leng gore batho ga ba tlhole ba kgona go lema le go rua ka tsela e e nang le thobo le go dira dipoelo. Se se amile itsholelo ka tsela e e sa siamang le go oketsa seelo sa lehuma. [41]

Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le go oketsega ga bobueledi jwa lefatshe ka bophara, sekai ba UN SDG 15 [42] go lwantsha go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka le go buseletsa mafatshe a a setseng a amegile.

Mafelo a amegileng

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mafelo a a omeletseng a tsaya mo e ka nnang 40–41% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe lotlhe mme ke magae a batho ba ka feta dibilione di le pedi. [43] Go nnile le palo kakanyetso ya gore mo e ka nnang 10–20% ya mafelo a a omeletseng a setse a latlhegetswe ke boleng, lefelo lotlhe le le amilweng ke go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo le fa gare ga disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le thataro le lesome le bobedi, gore mo e ka nnang 1–6% ya banni ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafelong a a sekaka, le gore batho ba le bilione ba mo kotsing ya go nna fa go fetogelang go nna sekaka go ya pele. [44] [45]

Sahel

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho mo go fetogeng sekaka ga lefelo di bonala mo kgaolong ya Sahel ya Aforika. Kgaolo e e tlhaolwa ka seemo sa loapi se se omeletseng go le mogote thata, dipalo tsa mogote tse di kwa godimo le pula e e kwa tlase (100–600 mm ka ngwaga). [46] Ka jalo, komelelo e a laola mo kgaolong ya Sahel. [47] Sahel e latlhegetswe ke lefatshe le ka nna botona jwa ba 650 000 km 2 ya lefatshe la yone la temothuo le le nang le dipoelo mo dingwageng di le 50 tse di fetileng; go anama ga go nna sekaka mo lefelong le go bonala thata. [48] [49]

Kgaolo ya Sahel ya Mali

Seemo sa loapi sa Sahara se nnile le diphetogo tse dikgolo mo dingwageng di le dikete di le makgolo tse di fetileng, [50] se fetogafetoga fa gare ga go metsi (naga ya bojang) le go omelela (sekaka) dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le dikete di le masome a mabedi, [51] (tiragalo e go dumelwa gore e bakilwe ke diphetogo tsa nako e telele mo Seemong sa loapi sa Aforika Bokone, se se fetolang tsela ya Monsooni wa Aforika Bokone , mo e ka nnang ga dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mane, mo go one go sekama ga axis ya lefatshe go fetogang fa gare ga 22° le 24,5°). [52] Dipalopalo dingwe di supile gore, fa e sale ka 1900, Sahara e atologile ka dikholomithara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano go ya kwa borwa mo godimo ga karolo ya lefatshe mme go tswa kwa bophirima go ya kwa botlhaba ka dikete di le thataro tsa dikholomithara ka boleele. [53]

Letsha la Chad, le le mo kgaolong ya Sahel, le ile la kgala ka ntlha ya go gogwa ga metsi mo go lone go nosetsa le go fokotsega ga selekanyo sa pula. [54] Letsha le le ngotlegile ka go feta 90% fa e sale ka 1987, mme se sa fudusa didikadike tsa banni. [55] Maiteko a mo bosheng a kgonne go dira kgatelopele nngwe mo go tsosoloseng go le buseletsa mme go sa ntse go tsewa fa le le mo kotsing ya go nyelela gotlhelele. [56]

Go fokotsa go nna sekakaga mafelo, letsholo la Great Green Wall (Aforika) le ne la simololwa ka 2007 mme le ne le akaretsa go jala dimela mo karolong e e ka nnang dikholomithara di le dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a masupa le botlhano (7 775 . km), dikholomithara di le lesome le botlhano ka bophara, go akaretswa mo lenaneong le mafatshe a le masome a mabedi le bobedi go fitlha ka 2030. [57] Maikaelelo a letsholo le ke tona le la go jala dimela ke go tokafatsa go boloka metsi mo mmung morago ga pula ya paka, ka jalo go rotloetsa tsosoloso ya lefatshe le temothuo ya mo bokamosong. Senegal e setse e tsentse letsogo mo lenaneong le ka go jala ditlhare tsa diheketara di le dikete di le masome a matlhano. Go bolelwa fa se se tokafaditse boleng jwa lefatshe le go baka koketsego ya tshono ya go gola ga itsholelo mo kgaolong e. [58]

Aforika

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Setshwantsho sa Bani - Kgaolo ya Sahel - Burkina Faso

Kgaolo ya Sahel

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Sahel, e leng kgaolo ya dikholomithara di dikete di le tlhano le makgolo a le mane e tsanaisana le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi sa Sekaka sa Sahara le dikgwa tse di bokgola tsa Sudan, e emela ngwe ya dikgaolo tsa lefatshe tse di ka tlhaselwang ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo ka bofefo. [59] Go ya ka dipelo go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go senyega ga tikologo le go nna sekaka go ama mo e ka nnang 45% ya karolo yotlhe ya lefatshe mo teng ga Sahel, e leng mo e ka nnang disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le 2.43 tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng.

Dilo tse di bakang go nna sekaka kwa Sahel ke ditiro tsa batho le seemo sa loapi. Le fa dipalo tsa mogote mo kgaolong e di ile tsa oketsega ka 0,5°C go ya go 1,5°C mo lekgolong le le fetileng la dingwaga—tse di bakileng dipaka tse di sa tlhomamang thata tsa dipula tsa monsoon—go oketsega ga palo ya batho go ile ga oketsa kgatelelo ya tikologo le gone. [60] Ka palo ya batho ba kgaolo e e akanyediwang go atologa thata ka 2050, letlhoko la lefatshe le le ka lengwang le la go rua le dirile gore go feta 70% ya mafulo a Sahel a fulwe thata le 80% ya mafatshe a temothuo a itemogele go fokotsega mo go tseneletseng ga dikotla. [61] Tatlhegelo e ya khurumetso ya dimela e dira gore mmu o o senang sepe o amiwe ke diphefo tse di omileng tsa Harmattan, mme se se itlhaganedisa go atologa go ya kwa borwa, maemo a go fetoga sekaka se se omileng thata. Dikgato tsa go lwantsha se, segolobogolo letsholo la Great Green Wall, di ikaelela go busetsa diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng le ka 2030. [62]

Dithutopatlisiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Sahel

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo kgaolong ya Sahel—e e simololang kwa Senegal go ya kwa Chad—go nna sekaka ga legelo go bakwa thata ke kgatelelo e e tseneletseng ya batho e kopantswe le go fetofetoga ga seelo sa pula. Dithutopatlisiso tsa tikologo tsa mo bosheng di supa gore go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo kgaolong e ke ga popego e bile go a oketsega. [63]

  • Selekanyo sa go latlhegelwa ke boleng: Go ya ka tshedimosetso go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go feta 45% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe kwa Sahel e amiwa thata ke go fetoga lefelo go nna sekaka, mme mo e ka nnang 80% ya masimo a temothuo a kgaolo e a setswe a laotswe gore a latlhegetswe ke boleng.
  • Go Sutela kwa Borwa (Mafelo a Nigeria a a kwa Pele): Kwa "mafelong a a kwa pele" a bokonebotlhaba jwa Nigeria (a a tshwanang le lefelo la Yobe), Sekaka sa Sahara se tsenelela kwa borwa. Tshedimosetso ya go tlhotlhomisa go tswa kgakala e bontsha gore go anama ga dithota tsa motlhaba go oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta, go ya kwa tlase ka seelo sa palo kakanyetso ya dikholomithara di le 0.6 ka ngwaga le go feta diheketara di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano le bongwe tsa lefatshe la dijalo ka ngwaga.
  • Ditiro tsa batho tse di bakamg go fetiga sekaka ga lefelo tsa konokono: Le fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e na le seabe, dithutopatlisiso mo mafelong ao di supa gore kgolo ya palo ya batho, lehuma la itsholelo le mekgwa mengwe ya temothuo e e tseneletseng ke tsone tse di dirang gore lefelo e nne sekaka ka bofefo. Go fudisa go feta selekanyo fela ka bo gone go dira mo e ka nnang 58% ya tshenyego ya lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo tse di omeletseng go le se kae, ka dipalopalo tsa leruo di apola khurumetso ya dimela tse di sireletsang mmu ka bonako go feta ka fa dimela tse di boang gape di gola ka bo tsone.

Lenaka la Aforika

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Kwa Botlhaba jwa Lenaka la Afrika (bogolo jang Somalia, Ethiopia le Kenya), go nna sekaka ga mafelo go ile ga fefoswa thata ke diemo tsa seemo sa loapi tse di iseng di ko di nne teng e bile di latelana, e se ka ntlheng ya ditiro tsa batho fela. [64]

  • Kgakgamatso ya seemo sa bosa ya dingwaga di le masome a masupa: Magareng ga 2020 le 2023, kgaolo e e ne ya nna le leuba le le sa tlwaelesegang mo ditsong la dingwaga di le dintsi le le neng le bakwa ke tiragalo ya La Niña e e neng ya tswelela dingwaga di le tharo. Se se ne sa felela ka gore go nne le dipaka tsa pula di le tlhano tse di latelanang tse di sa atlegang—e leng paka e e maswe go gaisa tsotlhe ya komelelo e e tsereng nako e telele mo kgaolo e e kileng ya gatisiwa mo dingwageng di le masome a masupa tse di fetileng.
  • Bokete jwa go sa sireletsega ga lefatshe: Go tlhaela ga bokgola jwa mmu mo go feteletseng go dirile gore dimela di swe ka bonako. Kwa Somalia, mo e ka nnang 49% ya lefatshe lotlhe mo bogompienong e itemogela go senyega ga tikologo mo go fa gare, fa 30% e arogantswe jaaka e e senyegileng thata mme e fetogela ka bonako go nna sekaka sa sennela ruri.
  • Tsa itsholelo ya batho: Mekgatlho e e elang tlhoko diemo tsa tikologo di bolela gore ka nako ya leuba/komeleo e e kwa godimo yeo, go feta 95% ya matsha a mannye a metsi a a kwa godimo ga lefatshe a ne a kgala mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng. Se se ne sa pateletsa merafe ya badisa go tsamaya sekgala se se fa gare ga dikholomithara di le 8.6 le 17.6 go batla metswedi ya metsi e e ka dirisiwang, e e emelang koketsego ya 38% go feta palogare mo ditsong.
  • Tse di fefosang gore go nne le komelelo: Go ya ka ditso, dikomelelo tse di tona mo Lenakeng la Aforika di ne di diragala mo go ka nnang gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le thataro. Fa e sa le ka 2005, dipalo tse di oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi; dikomelelo tse di feteletseng jaanong di a ipoeletsa gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le tharo, mme se ga se fe mmu yo o fa godimo nako e e lekaneng go buseletsa menontshane ya one ya tlholego kgotsa go boloka dikotla.

Tshwantshanyo ya Dikgaolo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Lenaneo le le latelang le farologanya tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo le ditlamorago tsa go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo ka bobedi : [65]

Tshwantshanyo ya Diphetogo tsa go Nna Sekaka ga lefelo
Kgaolo Lebaka la konokono Dipalo Ditlamorago tsa Konokono
Sahel Ditiro tsa batho (Go fudisa go feta selekanyo, temothuo e e tseneletseng, kgatelelo ya palo ya batho) masome a le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (80%) ya masimo a a senyegile kana a latlhegetswe ke boleng Go tsenelela ga dithota tsa motlhaba go ya kwa borwa ka 0.6 km ngwaga le ngwaga
Lenaka la Aforika Diemo tsa bosa tse di maswe thata (Komelelo e e ipoeletsang ya dingwaga di le dintsi, La Niña) tshenyo ya masome a le mararo mo lekgolong (30%) e e masisi ya lefatshe (Somalia) Go kgala ga 95% ya metswedi ya metsi e e godimo ga lefatshe; go swa ka bonako ga dimela.

Lenaka la Aforika

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo Lenakeng la Aforika, go nna sekaka ga lefelo go bonala itshupa ka go phutlhama ga thulaganyo ya go tshela ga diphologolo tsa tikologo mo go bakwang ke diemo tse di latelanang, tse di di masisi tsa komelelo. Go nna mo kotsing ga mafulo a kgaolo a a omileng go sekae go ne ga supiwa ke go palelwa mo go tseneletseng ga dipaka tsa dipula tse di latelanang fa gare ga 2023 le 2025, mo go neng ga senya khurumetso ya dimela le go itlhaganedisa go omelela ga mmu o o fa godimo go ralala Somalia, botlhaba jwa Kenya, le borwa jwa Ethiopia. [66] Morago ga go palelwa gotlhelele ga dipula tsa bofelo jwa 2025, Somalia e ne ya itsise gore go na le seemo sa tshoganetso sa setšhaba sa komelelo, ka go senyega ga lefatshe le go latlhegelwa ke metswedi ya metsi a leruo go ne ga fudusa badisa ba ba fetang dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano kwa bofelong jwa 2025 le tshimologo ya 2026.

Go fetoha ga mafelo a bojang a a ungwang go nna mafelo a a tshwanang le sekaka kwa Afrika Botlhaba go gakadiwa ke go rengwa ga dikgwa mo lefelong le go dira magala le go kgaoganngwa ga ditsela tsa setso tsa go fuduga ga batho, mo go bakang gore go nne le leruo le le ntsi mo mafulong a a bokoa. Go tsibogela seemo sa tatlhegelo ya mmu se se anameng, dipuso tsa dikgaolo di fetogetse kwa go direng ditekanyetso-kakanyetso tsa triro ya madi tse di ka kgonang go emelana le seemo sa bosa; ka sekai, maiteko a lefatshe mo diemong tsa tikologo kwa Kenya a remeletse thata mo tsosolosong ya ditikologo tsa mafulo tse di dirisitsweng go feta selekanyo go fokotsa go senyega ga mmu mo go tswelelang, gape le go thibela letlhoko le le tona la dijo mo itsholelong. [67]

Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Lefelo le lengwe le le tona le le amiwang ke go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo ke Sekaka sa Gobi se se kwa Bokone jwa China le kwa Borwa jwa Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi ke sekaka se se atologang ka bonako go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka gore se fetola go feta disekwerekhilomithara di le dikete di le tharo tsa naga ya bojang go nna naga e e latlhegetsweng ke boleng ngwaga le ngwaga. [68] Le fa Sekaka sa Gobi ka bosone se sa ntse se le kgakala le Beijing, dipego go tswa mo dithutong tsa lefelo di bolela gore go na le dithota tse ditona tsa motlhaba tse di ipopang sekgala sa dikholomithara di le masome a le bosupa fela kwa ntle ga toropo. [69]

Kwa Mongolia, mo e ka nnang 90% ya naga ya bojang e tsewa e le e e ka nnang sekaka ke UN . Palokakanyetso ya 13% ya go nna sekaka ga lefelo kwa Mongolia e bakwa ke mabaka a tlholego; a mangwe ke ka ntlha ya tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho segolobogolo go fudisa go feta selekanyo le kgothego ya mmu e e oketsegileng mo mafelong a a lemilweng. [70] [71] Mo pakeng ya 1940 go ya go 2015, palogare ya mogote wa phefo e ne ya oketsega ka 2.24 °C. [72] Paka e e bothitho thata ya dingwaga di le lesome e ne e le mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta mo bosheng go fitlha ka 2021. Pula e fokotsegile ka 7% mo pakeng e e mo go bakileng koketsego ya diemo tsa komelelo go ralala Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi se tswelela ka go atologa go ya kwa bokone, ka lefatshe le le fetang 70% la Mongolia le le senyegileng ka ntlha ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo, go rengwa ga dikgwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Mo godimo ga moo, puso ya Mongolia e kwadile melelo ya dikgwa, go swa ga dimela, ditiro tsa dikgwa tse di sa tsweleleng pele le tsa meepo jaaka dilo tse di bakang go fetoga ga naga sekaka mo nageng e . Phetogo go tswa mo temothuong ya dinku go ya kwa go ya dipodi gore go kgonwe go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsa go rekisa kwa ntle boboa jwa cashmere go bakile go senyega ga lefatshe la mafulo. Fa di bapisiwa le dinku, dipodi di dira tshenyo e ntsi mo mafulong ka go ja medi le dithunya. [73]

Go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa letlhoko la madi ka ntlheng ya go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo kwa Inner Mongolia, Bai Jingying o ruta basadi go loga dilo tsa setso, tse morago ga moo ba di rekisang gore ba nne le lotseno lo lo oketsegileng. [74]

Ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa China tse di amanngwang le go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka mo dikgaolong tsa yone tse di kwa bokone le kwa bokonebophirima

Amerika Borwa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Amerika Borwa ke lefelo le lengwe le le mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka, ka 25% ya lefatshe e tlhaolwa jaaka mafelo a a omeletseng [75] mme go feta 68% ya lefatshe le nnile le kgothego ya mmu ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa le go fudisa go feta selekanyo. [76] 27 go ya go 43% ya mafelo a lefatshe kwa Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador le Peru a mo kotsing ka ntlha ya go fetoga sekaka. Kwa Argentina, Mexico le Paraguay, lefelo le le fetang sephatlo sa lefatshe le sentswe ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo mme ga se le le ka dirisetswang temothuo. Kwa Amerika Bogare, komelelo e bakile go oketsega ga letlhoko la ditiro le go fokotsega ga pabalesego ya go nna teng ga dijo - gape e baka le go fuduga ga batho. Go ile ga bonwa ditlamorago tse di tshwanang le tse kwa magaeng a Mexico kwa botona jwa disekwerekhilomithara di le sekete tsa lefatshe di latlhegileng ngwaga le ngwaga ka ntlha ya go nna sekaka. [76] Kwa Argentina, go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo go na le bokgoni jwa go kgoreletsa ditlamelo tsa dijo tsa lefatshe . [77]

Go busetsa morago seemo sa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Bokopano ka 2018 kwa New Delhi jo bo neng bo amana le Tumalano ya Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka
Ditshireleretso kgatlhanong le motlhaba kwa bokone jwa Sahara, kwa Tunisia
Ditshimo tsa jojoba, jaaka di supiwa, di nnile le seabe mo go lwantsheng ditlamorago tsa go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Sekaka sa Thar, India .
Saxaul e jetswe go bapa le ditsela kwa Xinjiang gaufi le Cherchen go fokotsa go nna sekaka ga lefelo

Mekgwa le dikgato tsa go lwantsha fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go fetoga go nna sekaka ga lefelo e teng. Mo dikgatong dingwe tse, go na le dikgoreletsi di le dintsi tse di itsang go diragatswa ga tsone. Mme le fa go ntse jalo, mo go tse dingwe tharabololo e tlhoka fela gore batho ba dirise ditlhaloganyo tsa bone.

Mogopolo mongwe wa go thusa seemo ke gore ditshenyegelo tsa go amogela mekgwa ya temothuo e e tswelelang ka dinako dingwe di feta dipoelo tsa balemibarui ka bongwe jwa bone, le fa di le mosola mo morafeng le mo tikologong. [78] Kgang e nngwe ke go tlhoka keletso ya sepolotiki, le go tlhoka madi a go tshegetsa mananeo a go tsosolosa lefatshe le go lwantsha go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka. [79]

Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go lemogwa jaaka matshosetsi a matona mo mefuteng ya ditshedi . Mafatshe a mangwe a tlhamile maano a tiro a mefutafuta ya ditshedi go lwantsha ditlamorago tsa seemo se, segolobogolo mabapi le tshireletso ya dimela le diphologolo tse di mo kotsing ya go nyelela . [80]

Go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mekgwa ya go dira se e remetse mo dintlheng tse pedi: tlamelo ya metsi, le go baakanya le go nontsha mmu thata. Go baakanya mmu gantsi go dirwa ka tiriso ya dipopoma tsa tshireletso, ditsha tsa dikgong le dithibelaphefo . Dithibelaphefo di dirwa ka ditlhare le matlhare mme di dirisiwa go fokotsa kgothego ya mmu le go latlhegelwa ke metsi ga dimela .

Mebu e mengwe (sekai, mmopa ), ka ntlha ya go tlhoka metsi e ka nna e e kopaneng go na le go nna le motlhofo (jaaka mmu wa motlhaba). Mekgwa e mengwe jaaka zaï kgotsa go epa di tlaabo morago go letla go lengwa ga dijalo. [81]

Mokgwa o mongwe ke go epa mesele . Se se diragala ka go epa mesele ya boleele jwa dimithara di le lekgolo le masomea matlhano le mithara o le mongwe wa boteng mo mmung. Mesele e e tlaabo e dirwa go tsamaisana le mela ya bogodimo jwa naga, go thibela metsi go elela mo teng ga mesela go baka kgothego ya mmu. Go bewa mabota a matlapa go dikologa mesele go thibela gore e seka ya tswalega gape. Mokgwa o o tlhamilwe ke Peter Westerveld. [82]

Go humisa mmu le go buseletsa menontshane ya one gantsi go fitlhelelwa ke dimela. Mo go tsone, dimela tsa dinawa tse di ntshang naeterojene mo phefong le go e tsenya mo mmung, dimela tse di matute (jaaka Opuntia ), [83] le dijalo/ditlhare tsa dijo jaaka digrains, barley, dinawa le di-date ke tsone tse di botlhokwa thata. Dithota tsa motlhaba di ka dirisiwa gape go laola go suta ga mmu le kgothego ya motlhaba.

Tsela e nngwe ya go busetsa menontshane ya mmu ke ka tiriso ya monontshane o o nang le naeterojene e ntsi. Ka ntlha ya tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo ya monontshane o, balemibarui ba le bantsi ba dipolasepotlana ba palelwa ke go o dirisa, segolobogolo mo dikgaolong tse temothuo ya go ja mo lwapeng e tlwaelesegileng. [84] Mafatshe a le mmalwa, a akaretsa India, Zambia le Malawi a ile a tsibogela se ka go tsenya mo tirisong dithuso tsa madi go thusa go kgothatsa batho gore ba dirise mokgwa o. [85]

Mafelo mangwe a dipatlisiso (sekai lefelo la Patlisiso la Bel-Air IRD/ISRA/UCAD) le one a dira ditekeletso tsa go kenta mefuta ya ditlhare ka mycorrhiza mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng. Di-mycorrhiza tota ke di-fungi tse di itshwarelelang mo meding ya dimela. Ka jalo di dira botsalano jwa tirisanommogo le ditlhare, di oketsa bophara jwa medi ya setlhare thata (mo go letlelelang setlhare go kokoanya dikotla tse dintsi thata go tswa mo mmung). [86]

Boenjenere jwa ditshedi jwa ditshedi tse dinnye tsa mmu, segolobogolo tse di thusang go dira dijo tsa dimela, le tsone di boletswe le go tshwantshiwa jaaka mokgwa wa go sireletsa mafelo a a omeletseng. Maikaelelo e le go tokafatsa mekgwa ya tirisanommogo e e leng teng magareng ga ditshedi tse dinnye tsa mmu le dimela. [87]

Go dira sekaka gore se nne setala

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka gore go na le mefuta e mentsi e e farologaneng ya dikaka, go na gape le mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya go tsosolosa dikaka . Sekai sa se ke dipane tsa letswai kwa sekakeng sa Rub' al Khali kwa Saudi Arabia . Dipane tse tsa letswai ke dingwe tsa mafelo a a solofetsang thata mo kgaolong ya sekaka go thusa ka temothuo ya metsi a lewatle e bile di ka tsosolosiwa ntle le tiriso ya metsi a a phepa kgotsa maatla a mantsi.

Tsosoloso ya tlholego e e laolwang ke balemibarui (FMNR) ke mokgwa o mongwe o o ntshitseng maduo a a atlegileng a go leka go buseletsa lefatshe la sekaka. Fa e sa le ka 1980, mokgwa o wa go lema ditlhare mo lefatsheng le le senyegileng o ntse o dirisiwa ka katlego e e rileng kwa Niger. Mokgwa o o motlhofo yoo gape o sa ture o letleleletse balemibarui gore ba kgone go tsosolosa disekwerekhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le masome a marataro kwa Niger. Thulaganyo e e akaretsa go kgontsha kgolo ya ditlhare ka go kgaola matlhare a dimela mo go kgethegileng. Masalela go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di kgaotsweng a ka dirisiwa go tlamela ka go bewa fa godimo ga lefatshe le le lemilweng mo masimong ka jalo go oketsa go tshwara metsi ga mmu le go fokotsa go latlhegelwa ke metsi ga mmu. Mo godimo ga moo, ditlhare tse di katoganeng sentle le go kgaolwa dikala di ka oketsa thobo ya dijalo. Lenaneo la Tsosoloso e e Thusiwang ke Humbo e e dirisang mekgwa ya FMNR kwa Ethiopia e amogetse madi go tswa kwa Letloleng la BioCarbon la Banka ya Lefatshe, le le tshegetsang mananeo a a tshwarang kgotsa a somarelang khabone mo dikgweng kgotsa mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo tsa temothuo. [88]

Mokgatlho wa Dijo le Temothuo wa Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng o simolodisitse Letsholo la Tsosoloso ya Mafatshe a a Omeletseng la FAO ka 2012 go kopanya dithuto le kitso ka go tsosolosa mafatshe a a omeletseng. [89] Ka 2015, FAO e gatisitse dikaelo tsa lefatshe ka bophara tsa go tsosolosa dikgwa le lefatshe la naga le le senyegileng mo mafelong a a omeletseng, ka tirisanommogo le Lephata la Dikgwa le Merero ya Metsi la Turkey le Mokgatlho wa Tirisanommogo le Kgokaganyo wa Turkey. [90]

" Lebota le letala la China " ke sekai sa maemo a a kwa godimo sa mokgwa mongwe o o ntseng o bona katlego mo ntweng e ya go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka. [91] Lebota le ke mofuta o motona thata wa se balemibarui ba Amerika ba se dirileng ka dingwaga tsa bo1930 go emisa seelo sa lerole la Bophirmagare. Leano le le ne ntshiwa kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1970, mme le fetogile lenaneo le le tona la boenjenere jwa tikologo le go sa solofelweng gore le ka ema pele ga ngwaga wa 2055. Go ya ka dipego tsa China, go lemilwe di ka nna dibilione di le masome a marataro mo leboteng le legolo le letala la China. [92] Lebota le letala la China le fokoditse lefatshe la sekaka kwa China ka palogare ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya disekwerekhilomithara di le sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le masome a le boferabobedi. [93] Dipalo tsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba lefatshe ka bophara di wetse tlase ka masome a mabedi mo lekgolong (20%) ka ntlha ya lebota le letala. [94] Ka ntlha ya katlego e China e ntseng e e bona mo go emiseng go anama ga go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka, maano mo Aforika go simolola "lebota" go bapa le melelwane ya sekaka sa Sahara mmogo le go tlamelwa ka matlole ke Mokgatlho wa Tikologo sa Lefatshe Lotlhe sa Ditšhabakopano a ntse a dirwa mo nakong ya gompieno. [95]

Lebota le legolo le letala, mafatshe a a tsayang karolo le Sahel . Ka Lwetse 2020, go ne ga begwa gore GGW e ne ya kgona go lema fela 4% ya lefelo le le neng le rulaganyeditswe tiro ye.

Ka 2024, palo e e ne e oketsegile go fitlha kwa go 30% wa seelo se se beilweng mme e a oketsega. [96] Ka 2007 Kopano ya Aforika e ne ya simolola lenaneo la Lebota le Legolo le le Tala la Aforika gore e kgone go lwantsha go fetoga ga sekaka ga mafelo mo mafatsheng a le masome a mabedi. [97] Lebota le le dikholomithara di le dikete di le boferabobedi ka bophara, le anama go ralala bophara jotlhe jwa kontinente mme go na le didolara di le dibilione di le boferabobedi go tshegetsa lenaneo le. Lenaneo le le tsosolositse diheketara di le didikadike di le masome a mararo le borataro tsa lefatshe, mme ka 2030 letsholo le le rulaganyetsa go busetsa palogotlhe ya diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe.[98] Lebota le Legolo le le Tala le tlhodile ditshono di le tse dintsi tsa ditiro mo mafatsheng a a tsayang karolo, ka ditiro di feta dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di tlhamilweng kwa Nigeria fela. [99]

Go fudisa leruo mo go laolwang sentle

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Dikgaolo tsa bojang tse di tsosolositsweng di boloka CO 2 go tswa mo lefaufaung jaaka sediriswa sa menontshane ya dimela. Diruiwa tse di fulang, gantsi di sa tlogelwe go ya kwa le kwa, di ja bojang mme di fokotsa kgolo ya jone. [100] Mokgwa o o akantsweng wa go tsosolosa mafudiso bojang o dirisa magora go kgaogantswe go dira mafulo a mantsi a mannye , go sutisiwa leruo go tswa mafulong a mangwe go ya kwa go a mangwe morago ga letsatsi kgotsa a mabedi gore go kgonwe go dirwa nkare ke mafulo a tlholego mme se se letle bojang go gola ka botlalo. [100] [101] [102] Ba ba dumalanang le mekgwa ya go fudisa e e laolwang sentle ba bolela gore go oketsa mokgwa o go ka oketsa diteng tsa khabone mo mebung ya lefatshe ya diheketara di le dibilione di le tharo le sephatlo tsa naga ya bojang jwa temothuo le go fokotsa dingwaga di ka nna lesome le bobedi tsa mesi ya CO 2 . [100] Le fa go ntse jalo, babatlisisi ba le bantsi ba ile ba ganetsa dipolelo tse di ntseng jalo mme ba bolela gore ga di busetse morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo e bile ga di fokotse digase tse di ntshiwang ke tsone. [103]

Temothuo ya tiriso ya motlakase

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Babatlisisi kwa bokone jwa China ba akantshitse gore dithulaganyo tsa agrivoltaic tse di beilweng sentle di ka tshegetsa tiro ya thulaganyo ya tikologo ya mo dikakeng, le mo mafelong a a nang le pula e nnye tota. Thutopatlisiso ya 2025 e e sekasekilweng ke balekane e e gatisitsweng mo Scientific Reports e begile gore palo ya ditshed tse dinnye, boleng jwa mmu le diteng tsa dikotla di tokafetse "ka tsela e e bonalang thata" ka fa tlase ga dithulaganyo tse di kopantsweng tsa agrivoltaic, fa di bapisiwa le dijalo tse di sa diriseng marang a letsatsi le tse di dirisang letsatsi fela mo sekakeng sa Kubuqui, se se amogelang 300mm ya pula fela ngwaga le ngwaga. Babatlisisi ba ne ba amanya dipharologano tse le moriti o o tswang mo diphaneleng, o o neng wa fokotsa mogote wa mmu le go lekanyetsa selekanyo sa metsi a a tswang mo mmung, le tiro ya go thibela phefo ya diphanele, tse di neng di thibela motlhaba go katela dimela, le tirisanommogo le ditlhare tse di lemilweng, tse mmogo di neng tsa dira seemo sa bosa se se siameng go feta dithulaganyo tse dingwe fa di bapisiwa. [104] [105]

Ditso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Dikaka tse di itsegeng thata mo lefatsheng di bopilwe ke ditiragalo tsa tlholego tse di dirigatseng mo nakong e telele. Mo bontsing jwa dinako tse, dikaka di ile tsa gola le go ngotlega ka botsone go sa laolwe ke ditiro tsa batho. Dikaka tsa bogologolo ke mawatle a matona a motlhaba a jaanong a sa direng sepe ka gonne a baakantswe ke dimela, dingwe di feta melelwane ya mo bogompienong ya dikaka tsa konokono, tse di tshwanang le Sahara, sekaka se setona e bile se le mogote go di gaisa tsotlhe. [7]

Bosupi jwa ditso bo bontsha gore go senyega ga lefatshe mo go masisi le mo go tseneletseng mo go neng ga diragala makgolokgolo a dingwaga a a fetileng mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng go ne go na le mafelo a mararo: Mediterranean, Mogorogoro wa Mesopotamia le Loess Plateau ya China, kwa palo ya batho e neng e le ntsi teng. [106]

Puisano ya ntlha e e itsiweng ka ga kgang e e ne ya tlhagelela ka bonako fela morago ga gore Aforika Bophirima e nne kolone ya Fora, fa Comité d'Etudes e ne e laela gore go dirwe patlisiso ka ga desséchement progressif go sekaseka go atologa ga Sekaka sa Sahara pele ga ditso. [107] Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo1980 kwa Sahel . [8]

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  84. ↑ Krah, Kwabena; Michelson, Hope; Perge, Emilie; Jindal, Rohit (1 December 2019). "Constraints to adopting soil fertility management practices in Malawi: A choice experiment approach". World Development. 124. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104651. S2CID 202302505. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  85. ↑ Duflo, Esther; Kremer, Michael; Robinson, Jonathan (October 2011). "Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya" (PDF). American Economic Review. 101 (6): 2350–2390. doi:10.1257/aer.101.6.2350. hdl:1721.1/63964. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2015.
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  92. ↑ "China's 'Great Green Wall' Fights Expanding Desert". 21 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  93. ↑ "Across China: A guardian of the great green wall against China's second largest desert". 26 May 2018. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191009130927/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/26/c_137207841.htm.
  94. ↑ Beiser, Vince (1 September 2017). "A tree grows in China: can a "Green Great Wall" stop sand from devouring the countryside?". Mother Jones. 83 (4).
  95. ↑ Gadzama, Njidda Mamadu (2017). "Attenuation of the effects of desertification through sustainable development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa". World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development. 14 (4): 279–289. doi:10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021.
  96. ↑ Heath, Victoria (2024-10-22). "Will Africa's Great Green Wall ever be finished?". Geographical (in British English). Retrieved 2025-03-23.
  97. ↑ "Great Green Wall|Action Against Desertification|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". www.fao.org. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  98. ↑ Gadzama, Njidda (2017). "Attenuation of the Effects of Desertification through Sustainable Development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa". World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development. 14 (4): 279–289. doi:10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021.
  99. ↑ United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2019). "The Great Green Wall Initiative". United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
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  101. ↑ "Restoring soil carbon can reverse global warming, desertification and biodiversity loss". mongabay.com. 21 February 2008. https://news.mongabay.com/2008/02/restoring-soil-carbon-can-reverse-global-warming-desertification-and-biodiversity-loss/.
  102. ↑ "How eating grass-fed beef could help fight climate change". Time. 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 17 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130817083349/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953692,00.html.
  103. ↑ Briske, David D.; Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.; Brown, Joel R.; Fuhlendorf, Samuel D.; Wayne Polley, H. (Oct 2013). "The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change". Rangelands (in Sekgoa). 35 (5): 72–74. doi:10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1. hdl:10150/639967.
  104. ↑ Lawrence, Kristen (2026-01-10). "Scientists make incredible discovery after pairing solar panels with crops in desert: 'An effective pathway'". The Cool Down (in American English). Retrieved 2026-02-03.
  105. ↑ Ma, Mingjie; Yang, Fan; Zheng, Xiannian; Yang, Xinghua; Mamtimin, Ali; Zhou, Chenglong; Li, Chaofan; Huo, Wen; Zheng, Xinqian; Wang, Tianhe; He, Peng; Gong, Qing (2025-11-29). "Integrated photovoltaic-agriculture systems enhance soil health in desert ecosystems: evidence from microbial biomass and nutrient synergies". Scientific Reports. 16 (1): 472. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-29815-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 12775456. PMID 41318781. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help); Check |pmid= value (help)
  106. ↑ Dregne, H.E. "Desertification of Arid Lands". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  107. ↑ Mortimore, Michael (1989). Adapting to drought: farmers, famines, and desertification in West Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-521-32312-3. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
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