Go tsuologa ga batho ba Mau Mau le phimolo dikeledi ya puso ya Britain
Go tsuologa ga batho ba Mau Mau le phimolo dikeledi ya puso ya Britain go raya tsheko le tshwetso e e neng ya tsewa gareng ga lefatshe la United Kingdom le batswasetlhabelo ba kwa Kenya ba pogisego le tshotlo ka nako ya ntwa ya batho ba Kenya le ba Britain ka ngwaga wa 1952 go tsena ka 1960. Tsheko e fedile ka tumalano ya botlhokwa ya ngwaga wa 2013, e puso ya United Kingdom e dumalaneng go duela didikadike di le lesome le boferabongwe jwa diponto, e le go phimola dikeledi batho ba Kenya ba ba dirileng dikopo ba le dikete tlhano, makgolo a mabedi, masome a mabedi le boferabobedi, ba bo ba ntsha le mokwalo wa semmuso go supa maikotlhao a bone a ka fa ba neng ba tshwere batho ka teng ka nako e ya dipheretlhego.
Ditso
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Ntwa ya Mau Mau, e e itsegeng gape ka seemo sa tshoganyetso sa kwa Kenya, e ne e le tsuologo ya ditlhobolo kgatlhanong le molao wa go laolwa ke lefatshe la Britain kwa Kenya ka ngwaga wa 1952 go tsena ka 1960. Ka nako eo ya kgotlhang, matona a kwa Britain a ne a tshwara palo kakanyetso ya sedikadike le botlhano jwa batho ba Kenya kwa dikampeng le metse e e sa nniweng, kwa pogiso, tiriso dikgoka ya tlhakanelo dikobo, le ditsela tse dingwe tsa go sa tshwarwe sentle di neng tsa kwalwa.[1]
Tsheko e ne ya tlhagelela gape dingwaga ngwaga morago, fa bagodi ba ba falotseng ba kwa Kenya ba ne ba batla tshiamelo ya tshotlo e ba e itemogetseng. Tsheko e e thusitswe thata ke go fitlhelwa ga mabolokelo a sephiri kwa Hanslope Park, a a neng a na le dikete tsa dikwalo tse di supang ka fa ditshotlo tse di neng di ntse ka teng.[2]
Dikgato tsa semolao
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Kopo ya ntlha
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Ka ngwaga wa 2009, Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le boraro, ofisi ya molao ya kwa london ya leigh day e ne ya dira kopo ya phimollo dikeledi kgatlhanong le puso ya kwa Britain mo boemong jwa bagodi ba le batlhano ba kwa Kenya ba ba neng ba supa fa ba ne ba bogisiwa ke sesole sa kwa Britain ka nako ya ntwa ya Mau Mau. Baikopedi ba ntlha e ne e le:[3]
- Ndiku Mutua - o a supang a ne a kgaolwa ditshika tse di fetisang peo ya bonna
- Pauolo Muoka Nzili - o a supang a ne a kgaolwa ditshika tse di fetisang peo ya bonna
- Jane Muthoni Mara - o o dirisitsweng botlhaswa mo tlhakanelong dikobo le go bogisiwa
- Wambugu Wa Nyingi - o o supang a ne betswa mo go tsenelesteng a bo a bogisiwa
- Susan Ciong'ombe Ngondi - o o supang a ne a bogisiwa (o ne a tlhokafala ka nako ya tsheko ka ngwaga wa 2011)
Karabo ya Puso le dikgwetlho tsa semolao
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Puso ya kwa Britain pele e ne e ganetsa dikopo ka mabaka a le mantsi, ba nganga gore:
- Nako e ntsi e fetile fa e sale ditirigalo tseo di dirwa
- Dikopo di tshwanetse go isiwa kwa pusong ya Kenya ka e le bone lefatshe le le tlhatlhamang
- Ga go na bosupi jo bo lekaneng go ema nokeng melato e e bolelwang e[4]
Go upololwa ga mabolokelo kwa Hanslope Park
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Dilo di ne tsa fetoga fa ofisi ya mafatshe a kwa ntle le a selekane e ne e supa mabolokelo kwa parkeng ya Hanslope kwa Buckinghamshire. Mabolokelo a a ne a na le difaele di ka nna dikete di ferabobedi le makgolo a ferabobedi go tswa kwa dikoloneng di le masome a mararo le bosupa tsa Britain di akaretsa Kenya, o a neng a isiwa kwa United Kingdom ka sephiri ka nako ya bokolone bo ema.[5]
Go upololwa ga makwalo a, a a neng a na le dintlha tsotlhe ka pogiso le tshotlo ya batho ba Kenya kwa dikampeng, go ne ga thatafatsa tsheko ya ba ba dirileng kopo, mme ga digela tlase seemo sa puso sa gore ditshotlo tseo e ne e le ditiragalo tse di farologaneng tse di neng di dirwa ke ditsuolodi.
Katlholo ya kgotlatshekelo
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Ka ngwaga wa 2012, Phatwe a le malatsi a matlhano, Mr. Justice McCombe wa kgotlatshekelo ya tshiamo o ne a tsaya tshwetso ya gore boraro jwa baikopedi ba ba santseng ba tshela (Mutua, Nzili le Mara) ba ka tswelela ka tsheko ya bone kgatlhanong le ofisi ya tsa mafatshe a sele le mafatshe a selekane. Moatlhodi o ne a bona gore le ntswa nako e fetile, go na le bosupi jo bo lekaneng jwa gore baikopedi ba ka nganga kgang ya bone, le gore go tla kgonagala gore ba nne le tsheko e e senang tlhaolele.[6]
Tshwetso e e ne e le maleba ka e ne e le lantlha kgotlatshekelo ya kwa Britain e letlelela dikopo tsa ditshotlo tsa nako ya bokolone go ya tshekong.
Tharabololo le phimilo dikeledi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Mafoko a puso
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Ka ngwaga wa 2013, Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro, mokwaledi wa mafatshe a sele William Hague o en a itsise palamente fa puso ya Britain e rarabolotse kgang kwa ntle ga kgotlatshekelo le baikopedi ba Mau Mau. Mo mafokong a gagwe, Hague o ne a supa maikotlhao a magolo ka tshotlo e e neng ya diragala, a bo a amogela gore batho ba kwa Kenya ba ne ba bogisiwa le go sa tshwarwe sentle mo go farologaneng mo diatleng tsa batsamaisi ba bokolone.[7]
Le fa go ntse jalo, puso e ne ya itshwarelela ka gore ga e amogele boikarabelo jwa semolao jwa ditiri tsa batsamaisi ba bokolne, ba gatelela le gore tharabololo e dirilwe ntle le kamogelo ya boikarabelo.
Phimolo dikeledi ya madi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Tharabololo e ne e supa tse di latelang:
- Madi otlhe a phimolo dikeledi: diponto di le didikadike di le lesome le boferabongwe le dikete di ferabongwe
- Palo ya baikopedi: bafalodi ba kwa Kenya ba le dikete tlhano, makgolo a mabedi, masome a mabedi le boferabobedi
- Dituelo tsa motho ka bongwe ka bongwe: madi a a ka nnang diponto di le kete pedi, makgolo a marataro
- Ditshenyegelo tsa semolao: di tla duelwa ke puso ya Britain
- Letlotlo la segopotso: madi a mangwe gape a segopotso kwa Nairobi[8]
Segopotso
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Jaaka bontlha jwa tharabololo, puso ya Britain e ne ya ntsha madi go duelela kago ya segopotso kwa Nairobi go gopola batswasetlhabelo ba pogiso le tsotlo ka nako ya bokolone. Segopotso, se se neng se filwe setlhogo sa "Segopotso sa batswasetlhabelo ba pogiso le tshotlo ka dinako tsa bokolone,1952 go tsena 1960", se ne sa apolwa ka ngwaga wa 2015, Lwetse a le lesome le bobedi kwa Uhuru Park.[9]
Botlhokwa jwa se mo ditsong
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Go tsaya malebela mo molaong
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Tharabololo ya Mau Mau e ne ya dira malebela a a botlhokwa:
- Kopo ya ntlha go atlega ya dipogiso tsa nako ya bokolone kgatlhanong le puso ya Britain
- E supile gore tshiamololo ya bogologolo e ka sekiwa mo kgtlatshekelong le ntswa go fetile nako e ntsi
- E aletse dikopo tse di tla tlang mo bokamosong, tsa tshotlo ya bokolone moalo[10]
Tlhotlheletso mo go tlhaloganyeng ditso
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Tsheko e e dirile gore go nne le patlisiso gape ya ditso tsa bokolone jwa Britain:
- E dirile gore go tlhomiwe leitlho bosupi jo bo ntseng bo fitlhilwe jwa pogiso
- E upolotse go senya le go fitlha bosupi jwa dikwalo tsa bogologolo
- E rotloeditse dipatlisiso tsa thuto mo tirisong dikgoka ya nako ya bokolone
- E dirile gore go nne le dipatlisiso tse di tshwanang mo dikgotlhang tsa bokolone[11]
Boikarabelo jwa puso
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Tharabololo e e dirile gore go nne le kamogela e e sa diragaleng motlhofo ya ditshotlo tsa nako ya bokolone ke puso ya Britain, le ntswa ba ba kgalang ba ne ba supa:
- Go gana go amogela boikarabelo jwa molao ga puso
- phimilo dikeledi e e seng kalo
- tiego ya go rarabolola tshiamololo e
- dipotso ka dikopo tse dingwe tse di sa rarabololwang[12]
Ditlamorago le tse di tsweletseng
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Kanamiso ya phimolo dikeledi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Go anamisiwa ga dituelo tsa phimilo dikeledi go simologile ka ngwaga wa 2013, ka bontsi jwa madi a ntshitswe ka ngwaga wa 2015. Le fa go ntse jalo, thulaganyo e e itemogetse dikgwetlho:
- Go tlhomamisa sesupo sa baikopedi le maitemogelo a bone
- Go fitlhelela bafalodi ba bagodi kwa mafelong a a kgakala
- Go rarabolola ditsholofelo tsa bokete jwa madi a phimilo dikeledi
- Go rarabolola dikopo tsa ba ba sa akarediwang mo tharabololong ya ntlha.[13]
Ditlamorago tse dikgolo
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Tharabololo ya Mau Mau e rotloeditse dipuisano ka:
- Dituelo tsa ditshiamololo tse dingwe tsa bogologolo
- Maikarebelo a baeteledipele ba pele ba bokolone ka ditshotlo tse
- Go bewa le tetla ya mabolokelo a bokolone
- Ditsela tsa go rarabolola ditshiamololo tsa bogologolo
Go kgala le ngangisano
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Tharabololo e e amogetse maikutlo a a farologaneng:
Ba ba emang nokeng ba ne ba nganga gore:
- Se se dira gore go lemogilwe ditshotlo tsa nako ya bokolone
- Go dira tshiamelo ya bagodi ba bafalodi
- Go dira motlhala o o botlhokwa wa maikarabelo
Ba ba kgatlhanong ba ne ba nganga gore:
- Ba tlhaetse go amogela maikarabelo a bone
- ga ba a duela mo go lekaneng go ya ka tshotlo e e diragetseng
- ga ba rarabolola mefuta le methale ya kgokgontsho ya bokolone
- ba nnile thari ka batswasetlhabelo ba le bantsi ba setse ba tlhokafetse[14]
Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- ↑ Elkins, Caroline (2005). Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0805076530.
- ↑ Anderson, David (2012). "Mau Mau in the High Court and the 'Lost' British Empire Archives: Colonial Conspiracy or Bureaucratic Bungle?". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 40 (5): 801–828. doi:10.1080/03086534.2012.730828.
- ↑ "The Mau Mau claims". Leigh Day. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
- ↑ Mutua v Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Court case). High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division. 2011.
- ↑ Cary, Anthony (2012). "The Migrated Archives: What Went Wrong and What Lessons Should We Draw?". The Round Table. 101 (6): 569–579. doi:10.1080/00358533.2012.746321 Retrieved 25 June 2025.
- ↑ "Mau Mau veterans win right to sue British government". The Guardian. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
- ↑ "Statement to Parliament on settlement of Mau Mau claims". GOV.UK. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
- ↑ "Mau Mau torture victims to receive compensation - Hague". BBC News. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
- ↑ "Kenya Mau Mau memorial funded by UK unveiled". BBC News. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
- ↑ Sands, Philippe (2013). "The Mau Mau Case and the Prospect of Accountability for Colonial Crimes". Journal of International Criminal Justice. 11 (4): 739–756. doi:10.1093/jicj/mqt044.
- ↑ Elkins, Caroline (2022). Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire. Knopf. ISBN 9780307272423.
- ↑ "Mau Mau: Breaking the silence of colonial torture". Al Jazeera. 14 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2025
- ↑ "Mau Mau compensation: 'The money can't restore my father's dignity'". The Guardian. 18 May 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
- ↑ Anderson, David (2013). "Guilty Secrets: Deceit, Denial, and the Discovery of Kenya's 'Migrated Archives'". History Workshop Journal. 75 (1): 142–161. doi:10.1093/hwj/dbt014.