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HIV/AIDS

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HIV/AIDS
Maina a mangweHIV disease, HIV infection[1][2]
A red ribbon in the shape of a bow
The red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS.[3]
SpecialtyInfectious disease
DikaiEarly: Flu-like illness[4]
Later: Large lymph nodes, fever, weight loss[4]
DitamoragoOpportunistic infections, tumors[4]
DurationLifelong[4]
CausesHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)[4]
Risk factorsExposure to blood, breast milk, sex[4]
Diagnostic methodBlood tests[4]
PreventionSafe sex, needle exchange, male circumcision, pre-exposure prophylaxis, post-exposure prophylaxis[4]
TreatmentAntiretroviral therapy[4]
PrognosisNear normal life expectancy with treatment[5][6]
11 years life expectancy without treatment[7]
Frequency
  • 71.3–112.8 million total cases[8]
  • 1.3 million new cases (2022)[8]
  • 39.9 million living with HIV (2022)[8]
Deaths
  • 42.3 million total[8]
  • 630,000 (2023)[8]

Mogare wa tlhaelo ya masole a mmele le bolwetse jwa tlhaelo ya masole a mmele ( HIV/AIDS ) ke makalana a a farologanyeng a a bakiwang ke mogare wa tlhaelo ya masole a mmele ( HIV ).[9][10][11] Morago ga go tsenwa ke mogare ele lantlha motho a ka nna a se ka a lemoga dikai dipe, kgotsa a ka nna a itemogela go tsenwa ke bolwetse jo tshwanang le jwa mohikela.[4] Gantsi, seno se latelwa ke nako e telele e e senang dikai.[5] Fa tsenwa ke mogare go tswelela pele, go kgoreletsa thata masole a mmele, go oketsa borajw ya go tsenwa ke malwetsi aa tlwaelesegileng jaaka bolwetsi jwa kgoltholo e tona, malwetsi a mangwe a kgona go nnang teng, le ditlhagala tse di sa tlwaelegang mo bathong ba ba nang le masole a mmele aa tlwaelesegileng.[4] Dikai tsedi itshupang morago tse di bidiwa AIDS.[5] Kgato e gantsi e amanngwa le go latlhegelwa ke mmele mo gosa rulaganngwang.[5]

HIV e anamisiwa thata ke tlhakanelodikobo e e sa sireletsegang (go akaretsa le tlhakanelodikobo ya marago le ya molomo ), go tshelwa madi a a kgotlelesegileng, dinnale tse di tsenngwang mo letlalong, le go tswa mo go mmè go ya kwa ngwaneng ka nakong ya boimana, pelegi kgotsa go anyisa ka lebele.[12] Diedi dingwe tsa mmele, jaaka mathe, mofufutso le dikeledi, ga di fetise mogare ono.[13] HIV ke leloko la setlhopha sa megare ee di bidiwang retroviruses.[14]

Mekgwa ya thibelo e akaretsa thobalano e e babalesegileng, mananeo a go fapaanela dinnale, go alafa ba ba tsenweng ke mogare, thibelo ya pele le morago ga go tlhagelela, le go rupa ga banna.[4] Bolwetse mo leseyeng gantsi bo ka thibelwa ka go neela mmangwana le ngwana melemo ya antiretroviral.[4] Ga go na kalafi kgotsa mokento ; le fa go ntse jalo, kalafi ya antiretroviral e ka dira gore bolwetse bo se ka jwa kekela mme e dire gore motho a tshele lobaka lo lo tlwaelegileng la botshelo.[5][6] Kalafi e simololwa gone foo fa mogare o tshwerwe.[15] Kwantle ga kalafi, nako ya go tshela morago ga go tsenwa ke mogare ke dingwaga tsedi lesome le bongwe.[7]

Ka 2021, batho ba le dimilione dile masome mararo le boferabobedi ba ne ba tshela ka mogare mme go nnile le dintsho di le 650 000.[8] Go akanyediwa gore dimilione di le 20,6 tsa batho ba ba nna kwa botlhaba le borwa jwa Aferika.[16] Mo gare ga nako e bolwetsi jwa AIDS bo neng bo lemogiwa ka jone (mo tshimologong ya bo1980) le 2018, bolwetse jo bo ne jwa baka dintsho tsa batho go akanyediwa go nna dimilione dile 32 . [17] HIV/AIDS e tsewa e le leroborobo —go runya ga bolwetse jo bo leng teng mo lefelong le legolo mme bo anama ka matlhagatlhaga.[18] HIV e ne ya tlola go tswa mo diphologolong tse dingwe tse di tshelang go ya kwa bathong kwa bophirima-bogare jwa Afrika mo tshimologong go ya kwa bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga.[19] AIDS e ne ya lemogiwa la ntlha ke lekalana la United States la Taolo le Thibelo ya Malwetse (CDC) ka 1981 mme se se e bakang—go ama HIV—se ne sa lemogiwa mo karolong ya ntlha ya dingwaga di le lesome.[20]

HIV/AIDS e nnile le ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo setšhabeng, jaaka bolwetse le jaaka motswedi wa kgethololo.[21] Bolwetse jo gape bo na le ditlamorago tse dikgolo tsa ikonomi.[21] Go na le dikakanyo tse dintsi tse di fosagetseng ka HIV/AIDS, jaaka tumelo ya gore e ka tshelanwa ka go amana ka tsela e e sa reng sepe e e seng ya thobalano.[22] Bolwetse jono bo ile jwa baka dikganetsano tse dintsi tse di amanang le bodumedi, go akaretsa le maemo a Kereke ya Katoliki jwa go sa tshegetsa tiriso ya sekausu jaaka thibelo.[23] Go ngokile tlhokomelo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya kalafi le ya sepolotiki mmogo le matlole a magolo fa e sale e supiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980.[24]

Ditshupiso

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  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "AIDS2010GOV".
  2. ↑ "HIV Classification: CDC and WHO Staging Systems | AIDS Education and Training Centers National Coordinating Resource Center (AETC NCRC)". aidsetc.org (in Sekgoa). AIDS Education and Training Center Program. Archived from the original on Phalane 18, 2017. Retrieved Lwetse 10, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Wear your red ribbon this World AIDS Day | UNAIDS". www.unaids.org. UNAIDS Secretariat. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "HIV/AIDS Fact sheet N°360". World Health Organization. Ngwanatsele 2015. Archived from the original on Tlhakole 17, 2016. Retrieved Tlhakole 11, 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "About HIV/AIDS". CDC. Sedimonthole 6, 2015. Archived from the original on Tlhakole 24, 2016. Retrieved Tlhakole 11, 2016.
  6. 1 2 "The quest for an HIV vaccine". May 18, 2012. http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/.
  7. 1 2 UNAIDS, World Health Organization (December 2007). "2007 AIDS epidemic update" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2022 fact sheet". UNAIDS. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  9. ↑ Sepkowitz KA (June 2001). "AIDS – the first 20 years". The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (23): 1764–72. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106073442306. PMID 11396444.
  10. ↑ Krämer, Alexander; Kretzschmar, Mirjam; Krickeberg, Klaus (2010). Modern infectious disease epidemiology concepts, methods, mathematical models, and public health (Online-Ausg. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-387-93835-6. Archived from the original on Lwetse 24, 2015. Retrieved Seetebosigo 27, 2015.
  11. ↑ Kirch, Wilhelm (2008). Encyclopedia of Public Health. New York: Springer. pp. 676–77. ISBN 978-1-4020-5613-0. Archived from the original on Lwetse 11, 2015. Retrieved Seetebosigo 27, 2015.
  12. ↑ Rom WN, Markowitz SB, eds. (2007). Environmental and occupational medicine (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 745. ISBN 978-0-7817-6299-1. Archived from the original on Lwetse 11, 2015. Retrieved Seetebosigo 27, 2015.
  13. ↑ "HIV and Its Transmission". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2003. Archived from the original on February 4, 2005. Retrieved May 23, 2006.
  14. ↑ "Retrovirus Definition". AIDSinfo. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  15. ↑ Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (PDF). World Health Organization. 2015. p. 13. ISBN 978-92-4-150956-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on Phalane 14, 2015.
  16. ↑ "Fact Sheet - World AIDS Day 2019" (PDF). www.unaids.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  17. ↑ "Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet". www.unaids.org (in Sekgoa). UNAIDS. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  18. ↑ Kallings LO (March 2008). "The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS". Journal of Internal Medicine. 263 (3): 218–43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x. PMID 18205765.(subscription required)
  19. ↑ Sharp PM, Hahn BH (September 2011). "Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 1 (1): a006841. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841. PMC 3234451. PMID 22229120.
  20. ↑ Gallo RC (October 2006). "A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years". Retrovirology. 3 (1): 72. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-72. PMC 1629027. PMID 17054781.
  21. 1 2 "The impact of AIDS on people and societies". 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic (PDF). UNAIDS. 2006. ISBN 978-92-9173-479-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  22. ↑ Endersby, Jim (2016). "Myth Busters". Science. 351 (6268): 35. Bibcode:2016Sci...351...35E. doi:10.1126/science.aad2891. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  23. ↑ McCullom, Rob (Tlhakole 26, 2013). "An African Pope Won't Change the Vatican's Views on Condoms and AIDS". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on Mopitlo 8, 2016. Retrieved Tlhakole 14, 2016.
  24. ↑ Harden, Victoria Angela (2012). AIDS at 30: A History. Potomac Books Inc. p. 324. ISBN 978-1-59797-294-9.
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