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Haile Selassie
ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ
Negusa Nagast
Selassie, in his seventies, with a full beard, wearing formal military dress uniform.
Selassie in 1970
Emperor of Ethiopia
Reign2 April 1930 – 12 September 1974Tempolete:Refn
Coronation2 November 1930
PredecessorZewditu
SuccessorAmha Selassie
Prime Minister
Regent of Ethiopia
PredecessorTessema Nadew
MonarchZewditu
SuccessorKirubel Abraham
TsaloLij Tafari Makonnen
(Täfäri Mäkonnän)
ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን
(1892-07-23)23 Phukwi 1892
Ejersa Goro, Hararghe, Ethiopian Empire
Leso27 Phatwe 1975(1975-08-27) (aged 83)
Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Phitho5 November 2000
Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1911; died 1962)​
Mathata
Detail
Regnal name
ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ
(Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé)
NtloShewa
DynastySolomonic dynasty
RraagweMakonnen Wolde Mikael
MmagweYeshimebet Ali
TumeloEthiopian Orthodox Tewahedo
MonwanaHaile Selassie ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ's signature
Chief Minister
In office
12 December 1926 – 1 May 1936
Pele Ga GagweHabte Giyorgis Dinagde
Morago Ga GagweWolde Tzaddick
1st and 5th Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity
In office
25 May 1963 – 17 July 1964
Morago Ga GagweGamal Abdel Nasser
In office
5 November 1966 – 11 September 1967
Pele Ga GagweJoseph Arthur Ankrah
Morago Ga GagweMobutu Sese Seko
Military career
AllegianceTempolete:Country data Ethiopian Empire
Dingwag tsa a le mo tirong1930–1974
Maemo
Commands heldCommander-in-chief
Dintwa
Tempolete:Listen

Haile Selassie I[a] (o tshotswe ka Tafari Makonnen kgotsa Lij Tafari;[1] Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro 1892 – Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le bosupa 1975)[2] e ne e le Mmusimogolo wa Ethiopia go tloga ka 1930 go ya go 1974. O ne a simolola go busa e le Moeteledipele wa Ethiopia (Enderase) ka fa tlase ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu fa gare ga 1916 le 1930. O tsewa ke botlhe e le motho yo o tlhalosang mo ditsong tsa segompieno ya Ethiopia, o newa botlhokwa jwa bomodimo mo Rastafari, bodumedi jwa ga Aborahame jo bo neng jwa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930. Dingwaga di le mmalwa pele ga a simolola puso ya gagwe mo Mmusong wa Ethiopia, Selassie o ne a fenya molaodi wa sesole sa Ethiopia Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, setlogolo sa ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, kwa Ntweng ya Anchem.[3][4] E ne e le wa lesika la segosi lwa ga Solomone, le le neng la tlhongwa ke Mmusimogolo Yekuno Amlak ka 1270.

Selassie, a batla go dira Ethiopia ya segompieno, o ne a tlhagisa diphetogo tsa sepolotiki le tsa loago go akaretsa le molaomotheo wa 1931 le go fedisa bokgoba ka 1942. O ne a etelela pele mmusomogolo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Italo-Ethiopia, mme morago ga go fenngwa ga one o ne a isiwa lejwa kwa United Kingdom. Fa Italy e ne e simolola go gapa Afrika Botlhaba, o ne a ya kwa Sudan ya Maesemane le Egepeto go ya go rulaganya ntwa ya Ethiopia kgatlhanong le Italy ya Bofasi; o ne a boela gae morago ga letsholo la Afrika Botlhaba la Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi. O ne a phatlalatsa Mokgatlho wa Ethiopia le Eritrea, o o neng wa tlhongwa ke Kokoanokakaretso ya Lekgotla la Ditshaba ka 1950, mme a tsaya Eritrea jaaka nngwe ya dikgaolo tsa Ethiopia, fa gape a ne a lwa go thibela go ikgaoganya ga Eritrea.[5] Jaaka motlhotlheletsi wa boditshabatshaba, Selassie o ne a etelela pele go tsena ga Ethiopia mo Lekgotleng la Ditshaba.[6] Ka 1963, o ne a okametse go tlhamiwa ga Mokgatlho wa Kutlwano ya Aforika, o o tsileng pele ga wa Kopano ya Aforika, mme a nna modulasetulo wa one wa ntlha. Ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960, ba mmuso wa bojammogo a a tlhageletseng a Aforika jaaka Kwame Nkrumah a ne a akanya go tlhamiwa ga "Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Aforika". Puo ya bone e ne e le kgatlhanong le Bophirima; Selassie o ne a bona seo e le matshosetsi mo dikgolaganong tsa gagwe. O ne a leka go tlhotlheletsa go ema ka tsela e e itekanetseng mo setlhopheng.[7]

Mo gare ga ditsogologo tse di tlwaelesegileng, Selassie o ne a menolwa ke Derg ka 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état. Ka tshegetso ya Soviet Union, Derg e ne ya simolola go busa Ethiopia jaaka puso ya Bo-Marxist le Bo-Lenin. Ka 1994, dingwaga di le tharo morago ga go wa ga puso ya sesole sa Derg, go ne ga senolelwa setshaba gore Derg e bolaile Selassie kwa Ntlong ya Bogosi ya Jubilee kwa Addis Ababa ka Phatwe a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ka 1975.[8][9] Ka di Ngwanatsele a le malatsi matlhano ka 2000, masalela a gagwe a a neng a epolotswe a ne a fitlhwa kwa Kerekeng e Kgolo ya Tharonngwe e e Boitshepo ya Addis Ababa.

Mo gare ga balatedi ba Rastafari, Selassie o bidiwa Jesu yo o boileng, le fa e ne e le molatedi wa Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ethiopia ka boene.[10][11] O ile a kgalwa ka ntlha ya go gatelela ga gagwe ditsuolodi mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba lefatshe (Mesafint), ba ba neng ba nna ba le kgatlhanong le diphetogo tsa gagwe. Ba bangwe ba nyaditse go palelwa ga Ethiopia go dira dilo tsa segompieno ka bonako jo bo lekaneng.[12][13] Ka nako ya puso ya gagwe, batho ba Harari ba ne ba bogisiwa mme ba le bantsi ba ne ba tlogela magae a bone.[14][15][16] Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya kgalwa jaaka ya bobusaesi le e e sa gololesegang ke ditlhopha di tshwana Human Rights Watch.[13][17] Go ya ka metswedi mengwe, morago ga nako ya puso ya ga Selassie, puo ya Oromo e ne ya thibelwa mo thutong, go buiwa phatlalatsa le go dirisiwa mo tsamaisong,[18][19][20] le fa go ne go ise go ke go nne le molao o o neng o dira gore puo epe e nne bosenyi.[21][22][23] Puso ya gagwe e ne ya fudusetsa batho ba le bantsi ba Amhara kwa borwa jwa Ethiopia.[24][25][26] Morago ga loso lwa molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi wa Ethiopia e bong Hachalu Hundessa ka 2020, setshwantsho sa ga Selassie kwa United Kingdom se ne sa senngwa ke baipelaetsi ba Ba-Oromo, mme sefikantswe sa dipitse se se bontshang rraagwe se ne sa tlosiwa kwa Harar.[27][28][29]

Leina

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Haile Selassie o ne a itsege fa a sa ntse a le ngwana e le Lij Tafari Makonnen (Sege'eze: ጅጅ ኰፈሪ መኮንን, ka Seroma: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). Lij e ranotswe jaaka "ngwana" mme e dira go supa gore mosha ke wa madi a a tlotlegang. Leina la gagwe la Tafari le kaya "yo o tlotliwang kgotsa yo o tshabiwang". Jaaka bontsi jwa Baethiopia, leina la gagwe la sebele "Tafari" le latelwa ke la ga rraagwe Makonnen le la ga rraagwemogolo Woldemikael. Leina la gagwe la Haile Selassie le ne la newa fa a ne a kolobediwa a le lesea mme la amogelwa gape jaaka karolo ya leina la gagwe la bogosi ka 1930.[30]

Ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 1905, a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, Tafari o ne a tlhomiwa ke rraagwe go nna Dejazmatch wa Gara Mulatta (kgaolo e e ka nnang dimaele di le masome a mabedi kwa borwabophirima jwa Harar).[31] Thanolo ya nnete ya Dejazmatch ke "motlhokomedi wa lebati"; ke sereto sa botlhokwa se se lekanang le sa count.[32] Ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le bosupa 1916, o ne a itsisiwe jaaka Kgosana ya Segosi le mojaboswa wa setilo sa bogosi (Alga Worrach),[33][34] mme a tlhomiwa go nna Moeteledipele yo o Nang le Dithata Tse di Tletseng (Balemulu Silt'an Enderase).[33][35] Ka Tlhakole a le lesome le motso 1917, o ne a rwesiwa korone ya Le'ul-Ras[36] mme a itsege jaaka Ras Tafari Makonnen reetsa. Ras e ranotswe jaaka "tlhogo"[37][34] mme ke maemo a botlhokwa a a lekanang le kgosana,[34][38] le fa gantsi e ranolwa mo thanolong jaaka "morwakgosi". Kwa tshimologong sereto sa Le'ul, se se rayang "Motlotlegi wa gago", se ne se dirisiwa fela jaaka mofuta wa go bitsa;[39] le fa go ntse jalo, ka 1916 sereto sa Le'ul-Ras se ne sa tsaya sebaka sa ofisi e kgolo ya ga Ras Bitwoded mme ka jalo sa nna se se lekanang le kgosana ya segosi.[40][41] Ka 1928, Kgosigadi Zewditu o ne a rulaganya go mo naya setilo sa bogosi sa Shewa; le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako ya bofelo ya kganetso go tswa go babusi bangwe ba dikgaolo e ne ya baka phetogo mme sereto sa gagwe sa Negus kgotsa "Kgosi" se ne sa newa ntle le go tshwanelega ga lefelo kgotsa tlhaloso.[42][43]

Ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi mabedi 1930, morago ga loso lwa ga Mohumagatsana Zewditu, Tafari o ne a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa Negusa Nagast, ka tlhamalalo "Kgosi ya Dikgosi", e e ranotsweng ka Seesemane jaaka "Mmusimogolo".[44] Fa a tlhatloga, o ne a tsaya leina la gagwe la bogosi la Haile Selassie I. Haile e kaya ka Se-Ge'ez "Maatla a" mme Selassie e kaya tharonngwe – ka jalo Haile Selassie e ranolwa go nna "Maatla a Tharonngwe".[45] Sereto se se feletseng sa ga Selassie mo maemong a gagwe e ne e le "Ka Tau e e Fenyang ya Morafe wa Juda, Motlotlegi wa gagwe wa Bogosi Haile Selassie I, Kgosi ya Dikgosi tsa Ethiopia, Morena wa Marena, Motlhophiwa wa Modimo".[46][36] [39][47][48] Sereto seno se bontsha dingwao tsa losika lwa segosi lwa Ethiopia, tse di reng dikgosi tsotlhe di tshwanetse go latedisa losika lwa tsone go ya go Menelik I, yo o tlhalosiwang ke Kebra Nagast (epic ya bosetshaba ya lekgolo la bolesome le bone la dingwaga C.E.) jaaka morwa wa Kgosi Solomone wa lekgolo la bolesome la dingwaga B.C.E. le Kgosigadi ya Sheba.[49]

Mo Baethiopia, Selassie o ntse a itsege ka maina a le mantsi, go akaretsa Janhoy ("Motlotlegi") Talaqu Meri ("Moeteledipele yo Mogolo") le Abba Tekel ("Rraagwe Tekel", leina la gagwe la pitse).[50] Mokgatlho wa Rastafari o dirisa bontsi jwa maina ano, gape o mo bitsa Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, le HIM (khutshwafatso ya "His Imperial Majesty").[50]

Botshelo jwa pele

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Lesika la segosi la ga Tafari (ka nkokoagwe wa ga rraagwe) le ne le tswa mo kgosing ya ga Solomone ya Shewan Amhara, Sahle Selassie.[51] O tshotswe ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 1892, kwa motseng wa Ejersa Goro, kwa kgaolongng ya Hararghe kwa Ethiopia. Mmaagwe Tafari, Woizero ("Mohumagadi") Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar, e ne e le wa letso la Oromo ka rre mme e le wa boswa jwa Silte ka mmaagwe, fa rraagwe, Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, e ne e le wa letso la Amhara ka mmaagwe mme losika lwa gagwe lwa ga rraagwe lo sa ntse lo ganetswa.[52][53][54] Rraagwemogolo Tafari e ne e le wa lelwapa la batlotlegi go tswa kwa Shewa mme e ne e le mmusi wa dikgaolo tsa Menz le Doba, tse di kwa Semien Shewa.[55] Mmaagwe Tafari e ne e le morwadia kgosi e e busang go tswa kwa Were Ilu kwa kgaolong ya Wollo, Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar.[56] Ras Makonnen e ne e le setlogolo sa ga Kgosi Sahle Selassie yo o kileng a bo a le mmusi wa Shewa. O ne a direla jaaka mojenerale mo Ntweng ya Ntlha ya Italo–Ethiopia, a nna le seabe se segolo mo Ntweng ya Adwa;[56] Ka jalo Selassie o ne a kgona go tlhatlogela kwa setilong sa bogosi ka nkokoagwe wa ga rraagwe, Woizero Tenagnework Sahle Selassie, yo e neng e le rakgadi wa ga Mmusimogolo Menelik II le morwadia Kgosi ya Amhara ya ga Solomone ya Shewa, Negus Sahle Selassie. Ka go nna jalo, Selassie o ne a bolela gore o tswa ka tlhamalalo mo go Makeda, Kgosigadi ya Sheba, le Kgosi Solomone wa Iseraele wa bogologolo.[57]

Ras Makonnen o ne a rulaganyetsa gore Tafari mmogo le ntsalae wa ntlha, Imru Haile Selassie, ba amogele thuto kwa Harar go tswa go Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin, moitlami wa Moethiopia wa Mo-Capuchin, le go tswa go Dr. Vitalien, ngaka ya loaro go tswa kwa Guadeloupe. Tafari o ne a bidiwa Dejazmach (ka tlhamalalo "molaodi wa kgoro", e e ka nnang e lekana le "count")[58] fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 1905.[59][31] Ka bonako morago ga moo, rraagwe, Makonnen o ne a tlhokafala kwa Kulibi, ka 1906.[60]

Bobusi

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Dejazmatch Tafari, jaaka mmusi wa Harar

Tafari o ne a tsaya puso ya Selale ka 1906, e leng lefelo le le neng le se botlhokwa thata,[61] mme e le le le neng la mo kgontsha go tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe.[59] Ka 1907, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mmusi wa karolo nngwe ya kgaolo ya Sidamo. Go bolelwa gore ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo dingwageng tsa bonana, Selassie o ne a nyala Woizero Altayech, mme go tswa mo kopanong e, morwadie Kgosigatsana Romanework o ne a tsholwa.[62]

Morago ga loso lwa ga morwarraagwe Yelma ka 1907, puso ya Harar e ne ya tlogelwa e se na ope,[61] mme tsamaiso ya yone e ne ya tlogelwa kwa go mojenerale yo o ikanyegang wa ga Menelik, Dejazmach Balcha Safo. Tsamaiso ya ga Balcha Safo ya Harar e ne e sa atlege, mme ka jalo ka nako ya bolwetse jwa bofelo jwa ga Menelik II, le puso e khutshwane ya ga Mohumagatsana Taytu Betul, Tafari o ne a dirwa mmusi wa Harar ka 1910 kgotsa 1911.[60][62]

Lenyalo

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Mmogo le mosadi wa gagwe, Mohumagatsana Menen Asfaw, ka 1955

Ka Phatwe a le malatsi a marao 1911, Tafari o ne a nyala Menen Asfaw wa Ambassel, setlogolo sa mojaboswa wa setilo sa bogosi Lij Iyasu. Menen Asfaw o ne a na le dingwaga di le masome mabedi fa Tafari ene a le dingwaga di le lesome le boferabongwe. Menen o ne a setse a nyetse batlotlegi ba babedi ba pele, fa Tafari ene a ne a na le mosadi a le mongwe wa pele le ngwana a le mongwe. Lenyalo la ga Menen Asfaw le Selassie le ne la tsaya dingwaga di le masome matlhano. Le fa gongwe e ne e le motshameko wa sepolotiki o o neng o diretswe go dira kagiso fa gare ga batlotlegi ba Ethiopia, lelwapa la banyalani ba le ne le rile ba nyalane ka tumalano ya bobedi. Selassie o tlhalositse molekane wa gagwe jaaka "mosadi yo o senang bosula bope".[63]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Atiso, Kodjo. "Subject & Course Guides: Emperor Haile Selassie Research Guide : Biography of Emperor Haile Selassie". guides.lib.ku.edu. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  2. ↑ Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  3. ↑ Erlich, Haggai (2002), The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-970-5, p. 192.
  4. ↑ Murrell, p. 148
  5. ↑ Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. pp. 45–46.
  6. ↑ Karsh, Efraim (1988), Neutrality and Small States. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00507-8, p. 112.
  7. ↑ Keller, Edmond J. (1988). Revolutionary Ethiopia, From Empire to People's Republic. Indiana University Press. p. 92.
  8. ↑ Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት) [The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)]. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. 81–97. ISBN 978-0-7915-9662-3.
  9. ↑ "Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Nov 2, 1930 CE: Haile Selassie Becomes Emperor of Ethiopia Archived 23 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine National Geographic
  11. ↑ Barrett, Leonard E. (1988). The Rastafarians. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1039-6.
  12. ↑ Meredith, Martin (2005), The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair. Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-398-6, pp. 212–213.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Rebellion and Famine in the North under Haile Selassie" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  14. ↑ Huurne, Dieneke. 'It's like carrying a heavy box with many people.' A study about the contributions of indigenous social security systems to poverty reduction (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 36.
  15. ↑ History of Harar and Hararis (PDF). pp. 141–144. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  16. ↑ Feener, Michael (2004). Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-57607-516-6. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  17. ↑ Dimbleby, Jonathan (8 December 1998), "Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine", The Independent, UK, archived from the original on 13 October 2019, retrieved 29 August 2017 (taken from Chapter 3 of Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia Alexander de Waal (Africa Watch, 1991))
  18. ↑ Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016), "Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive", The Guardian, archived from the original on 14 February 2016, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.
  19. ↑ Language & Culture (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022
  20. ↑ Ethiopians: Amhara and Oromo, January 2017, archived from the original on 19 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.
  21. ↑ Bender, M. L. (1976). Language in Ethiopia. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–190. ISBN 978-0-19-436102-6.
  22. ↑ Scholler, Heinrich; Brietzke, Paul H. (1976). Ethiopia: Revolution, Law and Politics. Munich: Weltforum-Verlag. p. 154. ISBN 3-8039-0136-7.
  23. ↑ Ewing, William H.; Abdi, Beyene (1972). Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. II. Addis Ababa: The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University. p. 1105.
  24. ↑ Oromo Continue to Flee Violence, September 1981, archived from the original on 12 April 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  25. ↑ Country Information Report ethiopia, 12 August 2020, archived from the original on 11 July 2013, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  26. ↑ Ethiopia. Status of Amharas, 1 March 1993, archived from the original on 25 January 2021, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  27. ↑ "Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park". BBC News. 2 July 2020. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  28. ↑ "Deadly protests erupt after Ethiopian singer killed". BBC News. 30 June 2020. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  29. ↑ Ethiopians Angered at Singer's Death Topple Statue, 30 June 2020, archived from the original on 15 December 2020, e nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  30. ↑ "Haile Selassie I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 November 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Selassie, Haile I (1976). My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.
  32. ↑ Copley, Gregory R. Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 115.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Bellizzi, Francesco; Wondim, Simeon; Feqade, Ras (2013). The Order of Coronation. Italy: Debre Zeyt Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-88-908905-0-5.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Copley, Gregory R. Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 114.
  35. ↑ Selassie, Haile I (1976). My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 48–50. ISBN 0-19-713589-7.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Steffanson, Borg G.; Starrett, Ronald K. (1976). Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. I: The Decline of Menelik II to the Emergence of Ras Tafari, later known as Haile Selassie, 1910–1919. Salisbury, North Carolina: Documentary Publications. p. 133. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.
  37. ↑ Murrell, pp. 172–173
  38. ↑ Haile Selassie 1999, vol. 2, p. xiii.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Asserate, p. 325
  40. ↑ Asserate, p. 350
  41. ↑ Copley, Gregory R. Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. ISBN 1-892998-00-9. p. 117
  42. ↑ Steffanson, Borg G.; Starret, Ronald K. (1976). Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. II. North Carolina, U.S.: Documentary Publications. p. 112. ISBN 0-89712-008-6.
  43. ↑ Bahru Zewde (2001). A History of Modern Ethiopia (2nd ed.). Oxford: James Currey. p. 135. ISBN 0-85255-786-8.
  44. ↑ Roberts, Neil (2015). Freedom as Marronage. University of Chicago Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-226-20104-7.
  45. ↑ Murrell, p. 159.
  46. ↑ Rubenson, Sven (July 1965). "The Lion of the Tribe of Judah Christian Symbol and/or Imperial Title". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 3 (2): 85.
  47. ↑ Rey, Charles F. (1935). The Real Abyssinia. New York City.: J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 117. ISBN 0-8371-2656-8.
  48. ↑ Ge'ez ግርማዊ ቀዳማዊ አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ሞዓ አንበሳ ዘእምነገደ ይሁዳ ንጉሠ ነገሥት ዘኢትዮጵያ ሰዩመ እግዚአብሔር; girmāwī ḳedāmāwī 'aṣē ḫayle śillāsē, mō'ā 'anbessā ze'imneggede yihudā niguse negest ze'ītyōṗṗyā, siyume 'igzī'a'bihēr.
  49. ↑ Ghai, Yash P. (2000), Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78642-8.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Kasuka, Bridgette (2012). Prominent African Leaders Since Independence. Bankole Kamara Taylor. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.
  51. ↑ Pétridès, S. Pierre (1963). Le Héros d'Adoua: Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie. Paris: Librairie Plon. p. 299.
  52. ↑ Bridgette, Kasuka (2012). Prominent African Leaders Since Independence. Tanzania: New Africa Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.
  53. ↑ Henze, Paul B (2001). Layers of time a history of Ethiopia. New York: Palgrave. p. 189.
  54. ↑ Woodward, Peter (1994), Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: federalism and its alternatives. Dartmouth Pub. Co. ISBN 1-85521-486-5, p. 29.
  55. ↑ S. Pierre Pétridès, Le Héros d'Adoua. Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie, p. 28
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 de Moor, Jaap, and Wesseling, H. L. (1989), Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa. Brill. ISBN 90-04-08834-2, p. 189.
  57. ↑ Shinn, p. 265.
  58. ↑ Haile Selassie 1999, vol. 2, p. xii.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Shinn, pp. 193–4.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Roberts, p. 712.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 White, pp. 34–35.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Mockler, Anthony, Haile Selassie's War (2003), p. xxvii
  63. ↑ Haile Selassie, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress (Chicago: Frontline Distribution International, 1999), pp. 41f.
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