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Historically black colleges and universities

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Diyunibesithi tsa batho bantsho tsa histori (HBCUs) ke ditheo tsa thuto e e kwa godimo kwa United States tse di tlhomilweng pele ga Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Botho wa 1964 ka maikaelelo a go direla Maaforika-Amerika. [1]Bontsi jwa tsone di kwa borwa jwa United States mme di ne tsa tlhomiwa ka nako ya Reconstruction (1865 - 1877) morago ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika.[2] Maikaelelo a bona a kwa tshimologong e ne e le go tlamela thuto go Maaforika a Amerika mo nakong e dikholetšhe le diyunibesiti di le dintsi mo United States di neng di sa letle baithuti ba bantsho go ikwadisa.[3][4]

Mo ngwagakgolong morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba jwa Amerika ka 1865, dikholetshe le diyunibesiti tsotlhe tsa kwa Borwa jwa United States di ne tsa iletsa Maaforika-Amerika go tsenela dithuto jaaka go ne go batliwa ke melao ya Jim Crow kwa Borwa, fa ditheo tsa kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa naga di ne di dirisa dikabelo go lekanyetsa go amogelwa ga batho-bantsho. [5][6][7][8]HBCUs di ne tsa tlhomiwa go tlamela ka ditšhono tse dintsi go Maaforika-Amerika mme di na le maikarabelo a magolo a go tlhoma le go atolosa setlhopha sa maemo a magareng sa Maaforika-Amerika.[9] [10]Ka bo1950 le bo1960, go kgaoganya batho ka lotso mo thutong go ne go sa letlelelwa semolao mo Borwa (le gongwe le gongwe kwa United States), mme go ne ga amogelwa melawana e mengwe ya go sa kgetholole.

Go na le dikolo di le lekgolo le bongwe tsa HBCU kwa United States (go tswa mo ditheong di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le bongwe tse di neng di le teng ka bo1930),[11]tse di emelang diperesente di le tharo (3%) tsa dikolotsa setshaba,[12]go akaretsa ditheo tsa puso le tsa makalana a a ikemetseng ka nosi.[13] Masome a mabedi le bosupa e na le mananeo a bongaka, masome a matlhano le bobedi e na le mananeo a borutegi, masome a le boferabobedi le boraro e na le mananeo a dikirii ya bachelor, mme masome a mararo le boferabobedi e na le dikirii ya associate.[14][15][16]HBCUs ga jaana e ntsha mo e ka nnang 20% ya baithuti ba dikholetšhe ba Maaforika a Amerika le 25% ya baithuti ba STEM ba Maaforika a Amerika.[17]Mo gare ga baithuti ba HBCUs ke moeteledipele wa ditshwanelo tsa botho Martin Luther King Jr., Moatlhodi wa Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ya United States Thurgood Marshall, motsamaisi wa difilimi wa Amerika Spike Lee, motlatsa moporesidente wa pele wa United States Kamala Harris le moitsedipalo wa kwa Amerika yo o tlhokafetseng Katherine Johnson.

  1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-1
  2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-Anderson1988-2
  3. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-3
  4. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-4
  5. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-7
  6. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-9
  7. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-6
  8. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-8
  9. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-10
  10. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-11
  11. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-12
  12. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-13
  13. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-pewresearch.org-14
  14. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-16
  15. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-BolandGasman2014-17
  16. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-15
  17. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#cite_note-18