Ida B. Wells

Ida B. Wells
Wells, c. 1893
Tsalo	Ida Bell Wells (1862-07-16)Phukwi 16, 1862 Holly Springs, Mississippi, U.S.
Leso	Mopitlwe 25, 1931(1931-03-25) (aged 68) Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Burial place	Oak Woods Cemetery
Maina amangwe	Ida B. Wells-Barnett Iola (pen name)
Thuto	Rust College Fisk University LeMoyne-Owen College
Tiro	Civil rights and women's rights activist journalist and newspaper editor teacher
Political party	Republican
Other political affiliations	Independent (1930)
Mosadi	Ferdinand L. Barnett ​ ​ (m. 1895)​
Bana	4, including Alfreda Duster

Ida Bell Wells-Barnett (Phukwi a le lesome le borataro, 1862 – Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 1931) e ne e le mmegadikgang wa dipatlisiso wa Moamerika, moithutaloago, morutabana, le moeteledipele wa ntlha mo mokgatlhong wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi. E ne e le mongwe wa basimolodi ba Mokgatlho wa Bosetshaba wa Kgatelopele ya Batho ba Mmala (NAACP). Wells o ne a neela tiro ya gagwe go lwantsha tlhaolele le tirisodikgoka, le go buelela tekatekano ya Maaforika le Amerika—bogolo jang ya basadi.

Go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1890, Wells o ne a kwala go bolawa ga Maaforika-Amerika kwa United States mo diphaposing le ka dibukana tse jaaka Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases le The Red Record, e e neng ya senola phoso e e neng e buiwa kgapetsakgapetsa ke basweu ka nako eo ditlolomolao tsotlhe tsa go bolawa ga batho ba Bantsho di neng di le botlhokwa. Wells o ne a senola bosetlhogo jwa go bolaya batho ka go ba kaletsa, mme a sekaseka thuta-loago ya yone, a bolela gore basweu ba ne ba dirisa go bolaya batho go tshosa Maaforika a Amerika kwa Borwa ka gonne ba ne ba emela kgaisano ya itsholelo le ya sepolotiki—mme ka jalo e le matshosetsi a go latlhegelwa ke maatla—mo basweung. O ne a ikaeletse go bontsha boammaaruri ka ga tirisodikgoka e le go buelela gore go tsewe dikgato tsa go e emisa.

Wells o ne a tsholelwa mo bokgobeng kwa Holly Springs, kwa Mississippi. O ne a gololwa e le lesea ka fa tlase ga Kitsiso ya Kgololesego, fa masole a Union Army a ne a gapa Holly Springs. Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro, o ne a latlhegelwa ke batsadi ba gagwe ka bobedi le morwarraagwe wa lesea mo leroborobong la letshoroma le le serolwana la 1878. O ne a bona tiro ya go ruta mme a boloka lelwapa lotlhe le le mmogo ka thuso ya ga nkukuagwe. Moragonyana, o ne a fudugela le bangwe ba bana ba gagwe kwa Memphis, kwa Tennessee. Go ise go ye kae, Wells o ne a nna le lekwalodikgang la Memphis Free Speech and Headlight le go le kwalela, koo dipego tsa gagwe di neng di bega ka ditiragalo tsa go kgaoganngwa ga merafe le go sa lekalekane. Kgabagare, bobegadikgang jwa gagwe jwa dipatlisiso bo ne jwa rwalwa mo nageng yotlhe mo makwalodikgannyeng a a neng a beilwe ke Bantsho. E re ka Wells a ne a tswelela a tshosediwa le go sotliwa ka bokebekwa, go akaretsa le fa segopa sa batho ba basweu se ne se senya ofisi ya gagwe ya makwalodikgang le metshini ya gagwe ya go gatisa, o ne a tswa kwa Memphis a ya kwa Chicago, kwa Illinois. O ne a nyala Ferdinand L. Barnett ka 1895 mme a nna le lelwapa fa a ntse a tsweletse ka tiro ya gagwe ya go kwala, go bua, le go rulaganyetsa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le mokgatlho wa basadi botshelo jwa gagwe jotlhe.

Wells o ne a bua ka tlhamalalo mabapi le ditumelo tsa gagwe jaaka molweladitshwanelo tsa basadi ba Bantsho mme o ne a lebana le go sa amogelwe ke setshaba ka metlha, ka dinako tse dingwe go akaretsa le go tswa mo baeteledipeleng ba bangwe mo teng ga mokgatlho wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi le mokgatlho wa tshwanelo ya basadi ya go tlhopha. O ne a le matlhagatlhaga mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi le mo mokgatlhong wa basadi wa go tlhopha, a tlhoma mekgatlho e le mmalwa e e tlhomologileng ya basadi. Sebui se se nang le bokgoni le se se tlhotlheletsang, Wells o ne a tsamaya mo lefatsheng lotlhe le kwa mafatsheng a mangwe ka maeto a go tlhatlhelela. Wells o ne a tlhokafala ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 1931, kwa Chicago, mme ka 2020 o ne a tlotliwa morago ga leso la gagwe ka nopolo e e kgethegileng ya Mokgele wa Pulitzer "ka ntlha ya go bega ga gagwe ka tsela e e tlhomologileng le e e bopelokgale ka tirisodikgoka e e tshosang le e e setlhogo kgatlhanong le Maaforika a Amerika ka nako ya go kaletswa ga batho."

Botshelo jwa pele

Ntlo ya Bolling–Gatewood. Lelwapa la ga Wells le ne le nna mo matlong a makgoba a a neng a le kafa morago ga ntlo ya ga Spires Boling fa e le makgoba a gagwe, e jaanong e lengmotlobo wa ditso o o tlhomileng mogopolo mo go Wells .

Ida Bell Wells o tsholetswe kwa Polasing ya Boling gaufi le Holly Springs, kwa Mississippi. O tshotswe ka Phukwi a le lesome le borataro, 1862, mme e ne e le ngwana wa ntlha wa ga James Madison Wells (1840-1878) le Elizabeth "Lizzie" (Warrenton). James Wells o ne a tsholwa ke mosadi yo o neng a dirilwe lekgoba yo o bidiwang Peggy le mong wa ga Peggy yo mosweu, ka jalo o ne a dirilwe lekgoba ka fa tlase ga thuto ya partus sequitur ventrem. Fa James a le dingwaga di le lesome le boferabongwe, rraagwe o ne a mo tlisa kwa Holly Springs, a mo thapa go nna moithuti wa go betla kwa go moagi Spires Boling, mme tuelo ya ga James e ne e ya kwa mothong yo o neng a mo dira lekgoba. Mongwe wa bana ba le lesome ba ba tsholetsweng mo tshimong kwa Virginia, Lizzie o ne a thopiwa le go rekisiwa kgakala le ba lelwapa la gagwe le bana ba gagwe mme a leka go bona lelwapa la gagwe morago ga Ntwa ya Selegae mme a seka a atlega. Lizzie e ne e le lekgoba la ga Boling go dira tiro ya mo gae mo legaeng la gagwe, le jaanong e leng Ntlo ya Bolling–Gatewood. Pele ga Kitsiso ya Kgololesego e ntshiwa, batsadi ba ga Wells ka bobedi ba ne ba dirilwe makgoba a ga Boling, mme ka jalo Ida le ene o ne a tsholwa e le lekgoba. James Wells o ne a aga bontsi jwa ntlo ya ga Bolling–Gatewood, e Boling a neng a nna mo go yone, mme e ka Mopitlo 2002 e neng ya nna Motlobo wa ditso wa gaIda B. Wells–Barnett. Lelwapa la ga Wells le ne le nna go sele mo lefelong leo. Dipolane tse di bontshiwang kwa Motlobong wa Ida B. Wells–Barnett di supa mekhukhu e e ka fa morago ga ntlo jaaka bonno jwa lelwapa la ga Wells.

Morago ga go gololwa, James o ne a nna motlhokomedi wa Yunibesithi ya Shaw e e neng e sa tswa go tlhongwa (e jaanong e leng Kholetshe ya Rust) kwa Holly Springs. O ne a gana go tlhopha bontlhopheng ba Democratic ka nako ya Kagosesha, a nna leloko la Loyal League, mme a itsege jaaka "monna wa letso" ka ntlha ya go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking le boineelo jwa gagwe mo Lekokong la Republican. O ne a tlhoma kgwebo e e atlegileng ya go betla kwa Holly Springs ka 1867, mme mosadi wa gagwe Lizzie o ne a itsege jaaka "mmaseapei yo o tumileng".

Ida B. Wells e ne e le mongwe wa bana ba bone ba robabobedi, mme o ne a ikwadisa kwa Yunibesithing ya Shaw. Ka Lwetse 1878, batsadi ba ga Ida ka bobedi ba ne ba swa ka nako ya leroborobo la letshoroma le le serolwana le gape le neng la bolaya mongwe wa bomorwarraagwe. Wells o ne a etetse kwa polasing ya ga nkukuagwe gaufi le Holly Springs ka nako eo mme o ne a bolokwa.

Morago ga diphitlho tsa batsadi ba gagwe le morwarraagwe, ditsala le ba losika ba ne ba swetsa ka gore bana ba le batlhano ba ba setseng ba ga Wells ba kgaoganngwe mme ba romelwe kwa magaeng a go godisa bana. Wells o ne a ganana le kakanyo eo. Go boloka bomonnawe ba le mmogo jaaka lelwapa, o ne a bona tiro ya go nna morutabana kwa sekolong se se botlana sa kwa magaeng sa Bantsho kwa ntle ga Holly Springs. Nkukuagwe wa ga rraagwe, Peggy Wells (yo o tshotsweng e le Peggy Cheers; 1814–1887), mmogo le ditsala tse dingwe le ba losika, ba ne ba nna le bomonnawe mme ba ba tlhokomela mo gare ga beke fa Wells a ne a ruta.

Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le pedi morago ga foo, nkukuagwe Wells (Peggy) o ne a tshwarwa ke bolwetse jwa go swa mhama mme morwadiarraagwe Eugenia a tlhokafala, Wells le barwadiarragwe ba babedi ba ba botlana ba ne ba fudugela kwa Memphis go ya go nna le rakgadiabone, Fanny Butler (yo o tshotsweng e le Fanny Wells; 1837–1908), ka 1883. Memphis e ka nna dikilometara di le masome a ferabongwe go tswa kwa Holly Springs.

Tiro ya gagwe ya pele le go nna kgatlhanong le kgaoganyo

Ka bonako fela fa Wells a sena go fudugela kwa Memphis, kwa Tennessee, o ne a thapiwa kwa Woodstock ke tsamaiso ya sekolo sa Kgaolo ya Shelby. Ka nako ya malatsi a gagwe a boikhutso a selemo, o ne a tsenela dithulaganyo tsa selemo kwa Yunibesithing ya Fisk, e leng kholetshe e e kileng ya bo e le ya Bantsho kwa Nashville, Tennessee. Gape o ne a tsena Kholetshe ya LeMoyne–Owen, e leng kholetshe e e kileng ya bo e le ya Bantsho kwa Memphis. O ne a na le maikutlo a a nonofileng a sepolotiki mme a galefisa batho ba le bantsi ka maikutlo a gagwe ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi. Fa a le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le bone, o ne a kwala jaana: "Ga nkitla ke simolola mo letsatsing le le le latelang ka go dira se mowa wa me o se tlhoileng; banna ba ba sukiri, dibopiwa tse di bokoa tse di tsietsang, ka boferefere go ba boloka jaaka balebedi kgotsa go kgotsofatsa ipusolosetso."

. . . Ke ka go tlhoka boitumelo gore ke ina diatla tsa me mo bonweenweeng jo bo senotsweng fa ... Mongwe o tshwanetse go bontsha gore morafe wa Maaforika-Amerika o leofetswe go feta go leofa, mme go lebega go wetse mo go nna go dira jalo.

— – Ida B. Wells (1892)

Ka Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano, 1883, le gape ka Motsheganong a le gane, 1884, molaodi wa terena le Seporo sa Chesapeake le Ohio o ne a laela Wells gore a tswe mo setilong sa gagwe mo koloing ya basadi ya maemo a ntlha mme a fudugele kwa koloing e e go gogiwang, e e neng e setse e tletse ka bapagami ba bangwe. Ka 1883, Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya United States e ne e atlhotse kgatlhanong le Molao wa puso wa Ditshwanelo tsa Baagi wa 1875 (o o neng o thibetse go tlhaola batho ka letso mo mafelong a bonno a botlhe). Katlholo eo e ne e tshegetsa dikomponi tsa diterena tse di neng tsa tlhopha go kgaoganya bapalami ba tsone ka letso. Fa Wells a ne a gana go tlogela setilo sa gagwe ka Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano, molaodi wa terena le banna ba babedi ba ne ba mo goga ba mo ntsha mo tereneng. Wells o ne a itsege kwa Memphis fa a ne a kwala setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang la The Living Way, e leng beke le beke ya kereke ya Bantsho, ka tsela e a neng a tshwarwa ka yone mo tereneng. Kwa Memphis, o ne a thapa mmueledi mongwe wa Moaforika-Amerika gore a sekisetse seporo. Fa mmueledi wa gagwe a ne a rekiwa ke seporo, o ne a thapa mmueledi wa mosweu.

Wells o ne a fenya kgetsi ya gagwe ka Sedimonthole a le masome mabedi le bone, 1884, fa kgotlatshekelo ya potologo ya lefelo leo e ne e mo naya madi a a kana ka $500 (~$17,498 ka 2024). Komponi ya terena e ne ya ikuela kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo ya Tennessee, e e neng ya busetsa morago katlholo ya kgotlatshekelo e potlana ka 1887. E ne ya swetsa ka gore: "Re akanya gore go bonala sentle gore boikaelelo jwa mosekisiwa ka phoso e ne e le go tshwenya ka ntlha ya kgetsi eno, le gore go ngakalala ga gagwe go ne go se maleba go ka mofa setilo se se manobonobo mo mosepeleng o o o mokhutshwane." Wells o ne a laelwa go duela ditshenyegelo tsa kgotlatshekelo. Tsibogo ya gagwe mo tshwetsong ya kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne ya senola tumelo ya gagwe e e nonofileng ka ga ditshwanelo tsa baagi le tumelo ya bodumedi, jaaka a ne a araba jaana: "Ke ne ke ikutlwa ke swabile thata ka gonne ke ne ke solofetse dilo tse dikgolo jalo go tswa mo kgetsing e ya me mo bathong ba me. ... O Modimo, a ga go na ... tshiamiso mo lefatsheng leno mo go rona?"

Fa a ntse a tswelela go ruta kwa sekolong se sebotlana, Wells o ne a nna matlhagatlhaga thata jaaka mmegadikgang le mokwadi. O ne a amogela maemo a borulaganyi mo lekwalodikgannyeng le le nnye la Memphis, Evening Star, mme a simolola go kwala diphaposi tsa beke le beke tsa lekwalodikgang la The Living Way ka leina la pene la "Iola". Diphaposi tse a di kwadileng ka fa tlase ga leina la gagwe la pene di ne di tlhasela melao ya bosemorafe ya Jim Crow. Ka 1889, o ne a nna morulaganyi le mong-mmogo le J. L. Fleming wa The Free Speech and Headlight, lekwalodikgang le le neng le tlhomilwe ke Moruti Taylor Nightingale (1844–1922) mme le le kwa Kerekeng ya Baptist ya Beale Street kwa Memphis.

Ka 1891, Wells o ne a lelekwa mo tirong ya gagwe ya borutabana ke Bolaodi jwa Thuto ya Memphis ka ntlha ya diphaposi tsa gagwe tse di neng di kgala maemo mo dikolong tsa Bantsho tsa kgaolo eo. O ne a utlwile botlhoko thata mme a sa tshoge, mme a tsepamisa maatla a gagwe mo go kwaleng diphaposi tsa The Living Way le Free Speech and Headlight.